Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 70 (2017) 283e290

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Biochemical Systematics and Ecology

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Comparative phylogeography of two codistributed endemic cyprinids in southeastern Taiwan

Tzen-Yuh Chiang a, 1, Yi-Yen Chen a, 1, Teh-Wang Lee b, Kui-Ching Hsu c, * Feng-Jiau Lin d, Wei-Kuang Wang e, Hung-Du Lin f, a Department of Life Sciences, Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan b Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute, ChiChi, Nantou 552, Taiwan c Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan d Tainan Hydraulics Laboratory, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 709, Taiwan e Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan f The Affiliated School of National Tainan First Senior High School, Tainan 701, Taiwan article info abstract

Article history: Two cyprinid fishes, Spinibarbus hollandi and Onychostoma alticorpus, are endemic to Received 12 October 2016 southeastern Taiwan. This study examined the phylogeography of these two codistributed Received in revised form 3 December 2016 primary freshwater fishes using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences (1140 bp) to Accepted 18 December 2016 search for general patterns in the effect of historical changes in southeastern Taiwan. In total, 135 specimens belonging to these two species were collected from five populations. These two codistributed species revealed similar genetic variation patterns. The genetic Keywords: variation in both species was very low, and the geographical distribution of the genetic Spinibarbus hollandi Onychostoma alticorpus variation corresponded neither to the drainage structure nor to the geographical distances Mitochondrial between the samples. The results of a statistical dispersal-vicariance analysis suggested S-DIVA that the ancestral populations of these two species were distributed in southern Taiwan before their dispersal. Our study suggests that the initial colonization occurred in the Kaoping River followed by eastern and northward dispersal. Our results also indicate that the Central Range in Taiwan did not act as a barrier to the dispersal of S. hollandi or O. alticorpus. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Phylogeography is the phylogenetic analysis of intraspecific genealogies in relation to geography and ecology (Avise et al., 1987). Increasing numbers of phylogeographic studies have been published, and comparative analysis of such information allows the identification of whether a similar evolutionary history results in shared intraspecific phylogeographic patterns among codistributed species. Thus, comparative phylogeography has been defined as the study of biogeography of genetic variation in codistributed species (Gutierrez-García and Vazquez-Domínguez, 2011).

* Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (T.-Y. Chiang), [email protected] (Y.-Y. Chen), [email protected] (T.-W. Lee), [email protected] (K.-C. Hsu), [email protected] (F.-J. Lin), [email protected] (W.-K. Wang), [email protected] (H.-D. Lin). 1 These authors contributed equally to this work. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2016.12.010 0305-1978/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 284 T.-Y. Chiang et al. / Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 70 (2017) 283e290

Taiwan, a subtropical island, is located off the southeastern coast of mainland China and is separated from China by the shallow Taiwan Strait. Many previous studies (e.g., Chiang et al., 2010, 2013; Chang et al., 2016) have suggested that Taiwan Island provides an excellent opportunity to examine phylogeographic patterns. Geological evidence indicates that the land bridges connected the island to the Asian continent three to four times, initially in the Pliocene and possibly two to three times in the Pleistocene (Gascoyne et al., 1979; Fairbanks, 1989). Biological studies also indicate a close evolutionary rela- tionship between the species of Taiwan and continental China (Oshima, 1923; Ota, 1991, 1997). Moreover, phylogeographical studies suggest that conspecific populations in Taiwan were founded by different colonization events from mainland China (e.g., Chiang et al., 2010, 2013; Lin et al., 2016). Taiwan Island presently has numerous topographically, climatically and ecologically diverse habitats. According to important geohistorical events and characteristic ichthyofauna, Tzeng (1986) identified three major zoogeographical districts in Taiwan: (1) the Eastern District, (2) the Southern District, and (3) the North Central District. The North Central District can be divided into two sub-districts by the Miaoli Plateau. The freshwater fishes in Taiwan have several distribution patterns. For example, Candidia barbatus, Cobitis sinensis, Onychostoma barbatulum and Acrossocheilus paradoxus are distributed throughout Taiwan; Sinogastromyzon puliensis and Microphysogobio alticorpus are distributed south of the Miaoli Plateau; M. brevirostris is distributed on and north of the Miaoli Plateau; and Opsariichthys evolans, Squalidus argentatus, Sinibrama macrops and Hemibarbus labeo are only found in the Tamsui River (north of and excluding the Miaoli Plateau) (e.g., Chiang et al., 2010; Chang et al., 2016; Lin et al., 2016). Geological, biological and phylogeographical studies show that different colonization routes, times and migration potentials could affect species distribution ranges and patterns in intraspecific genetic variation (e.g., Chang et al., 2016; Lin et al., 2016). In this study, we found that the distribution patterns of two endemic freshwater fishes, Spinibarbus hollandi Oshima, 1919 and Onychostoma alticorpus Oshima, 1920, are different from those described above. These two species are moderately sized freshwater fish in the Cyprinidae family and are only distributed in southeastern Taiwan (Fig. 1). Moreover, many phylo- geographical studies of freshwater fish have been conducted in northern and western Taiwan but fewer in southeastern Taiwan. Thus, our study examined the phylogeography of these two species to search for general patterns in the effects of environmental changes in southeastern Taiwan. The major question in our study is how did S. hollandi and O. alticorpus colonize Taiwan and the different rivers in southeastern Taiwan? To address the previously mentioned problems, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b (cyt b) gene was used to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships and population genetic structures of S. hollandi and O. alticorpus. Moreover, mtDNA sequences are usually analyzed in studies of animal phylogeography (e.g., Chang et al., 2016; Lin et al., 2016). Comparing the results would provide information on the general patterns of the effects of environmental changes in southeastern Taiwan.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Sampling and molecular methods

In this study, two cyprinids, S. hollandi and O. alticorpus, were collected. A total of 135 specimens were collected from five sites in southeastern Taiwan (Table 1; Fig. 1). The fishes were collected from field sites with seines and fatally anesthetized with MS-222 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). All individuals were adult fish and were preserved in 95% ethanol. Spinibarbus caldwelli (AY195631) and Onychostoma rara (HQ235764) were used as the outgroups. Genomic DNA was extracted from the muscle tissue using a Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Gentra Systems, Valencia, CA). The entire cyt b gene was amplified using po- lymerase chain reactions (PCR) using primers adapted from Xiao et al. (2001). Each 50 ml of PCR reaction mixture contained 5 ng of template DNA, 5 mlof10 reaction buffer, 5 ml of dNTP mix (10 mM), 5 pmol of each primer and 2U of Taq polymerase (Promega, Madison, WI, U.S.A.). The PCR was programmed on an MJ Thermal Cycler as one cycle of denaturation at 95 C for 4 min; 30 cycles of denaturation at 94 C for 45 s, annealing at 48 C for 1 min 15 s and extending at 72 C for 1 min 30 s; a 72 C extension for 10 min; and 4 C for storage. The cycle sequencing reactions of the purified PCR products were run on an ABI 377 automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, U.S.A.). Chromatograms were checked with the CHROMAS software (Technelysium), and sequences were manually edited using BIOEDIT 6.0.7 (Hall, 1999).

2.2. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic inferences

The nucleotide sequences were aligned using Clustal X 1.81 (Thompson et al., 1997). Phylogenetic analyses were per- formed using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). The best-fit nucleotide substitution model was selected using the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) in jModelTest 2.0 (Darriba et al., 2012). The most appropriate models of nucleotide substitution were HKY for S. hollandi and HKY þ G for O. alticorpus. The ML analysis was conducted via programs in DAMBE v. 5.3.78 (Xia, 2013) and MEGA 6 (Tamura et al., 2013). Bootstrapping was performed with 1000 replications. The BI analysis was performed using MrBayes 3.0b4 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist, 2001). The posterior probability values were used as support for the Bayesian topology. Log-likelihood stability was reached after approximately 1,500,000 generations; the first 350 trees were excluded as burn-in values, and the remaining trees were used to compute a 50% majority rule consensus. The p-distance between haplotypes was estimated by MEGA 6. Download English Version: https://daneshyari.com/en/article/5154993

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