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Diversity and Evolution of Monocots

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Diversity and Evolution of Monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots 4 main groups: Diversity and Evolution • Acorales - sister to all monocots • Alismatids of Monocots – inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit • Lilioids (lilies, orchids, yams) – grade, non-monophyletic . petaloid monocots . – petaloid • Commelinids – Arecales – palms – Commelinales – spiderwort – Zingiberales –banana – Poales – pineapple – grasses & sedges Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots The lilioid monocots represent five The lilioid monocots represent five orders and contain most of the orders and contain most of the showy monocots such as lilies, showy monocots such as lilies, tulips, blue flags, and orchids tulips, blue flags, and orchids Majority are defined by 6 features: Majority are defined by 6 features: 1. Terrestrial/epiphytes: plants 2. Geophytes: herbaceous above typically not aquatic ground with below ground modified perennial stems: bulbs, corms, rhizomes, tubers 1 Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots The lilioid monocots represent five orders and contain most of the showy monocots such as lilies, tulips, blue flags, and orchids Majority are defined by 6 features: 3. Leaves without petiole: leaf . thus common in two biomes blade typically broader and • temperate forest understory attached directly to stem without (low light, over-winter) petiole • Mediterranean (arid summer, cool wet winter) Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots The lilioid monocots represent five The lilioid monocots represent five orders and contain most of the orders and contain most of the showy monocots such as lilies, showy monocots such as lilies, tulips, blue flags, and orchids tulips, blue flags, and orchids Majority are defined by 6 features: Majority are defined by 6 features: 4. Tepals: showy perianth in 2 5. Nectaries: usually well- series of 3 each; usually all developed nectar tissue at the petaloid, or outer series not base of ovary or stamens; insect green and sepal-like & with no or bird-pollinated bracts 2 Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots The lilioid monocots represent five Systematic issues with this group: orders and contain most of the showy monocots such as lilies, Exceptions abound! - most people tulips, blue flags, and orchids have classified Pontederiaceae with lilioids (tepals, nectar) Majority are defined by 6 features: 6. Capsule/berry: fruit a 3-parted capsule or berry Pontederia cordata - Pickerel weed [Commelinid] Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots Systematic issues with this group: Systematic issues with this group: Will the real “Liliaceae” please Will the real “Liliaceae” please CA 3 CO 3 A 6 G (3) stand up! stand up! The floral pattern in “Liliaceae” is . and anything deviating from the plesiomorphic (primitive) for the generalized form has been placed in entire group of petaloid monocots separate families Trillium - trillium e.g., Trilliaceae for flowers with 3 green sepals Lilium - lily (Liliaceae) 3 Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots Systematic issues with this group: Systematic issues with this group: Will the real “Liliaceae” please Will the real “Liliaceae” please stand up! stand up! . and anything deviating from the . and anything deviating from the generalized form has been placed in generalized form has been placed in separate families separate families e.g., Amaryllidaceae for e.g., Smilacaceae for viney flowers with inferior ovary Eucharis plants with petioled leaves Smilax - catbriar Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots Systematic issues with this group: Systematic issues with this group: Will the real “Liliaceae” please Will the real “Liliaceae” please stand up! stand up! . and anything deviating from the Liliaceae thus included a lot of unrelated taxa that are generalized form has been placed in now placed in at least three orders separate families warning: Gleason&Cronquist & UW Herbarium website still use Liliaceae sensu lato (in the broad sense) e.g., many families that are warning: the new Michigan Flora and Wisconsin Flora “woody” use lilioid families incorrectly! Dracaena - dragon tree 4 Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots See last page of lab handouts for correct placement of Five orders - highlight 3 families: genera into families: Liliales: *Liliaceae s.s. (lilies) Asparagales: *Iridaceae (iris) Asparagales: *Orchidaceae (orchids) Briefly examine: • other “Liliaceae” families of these two order • yams and screw pines of Dioscoreales and Pandanales Liliales: *Liliaceae s.s. - lilies Liliales: *Liliaceae s.s. - lilies CA 3 CO 3 A 6 G (3) North temperate family of 16 genera and 700 species • bulbed or rhizomatous perennials • leaves without petioles, stemmed or basal • “Liliaceae” flower (tepals) but often spotted Medeola virginica - Indian cucumber root • capsule or berry Lilium - lily (Liliaceae) 5 Liliales: *Liliaceae s.s. - lilies Liliales: *Liliaceae s.s. - lilies Erythronium americanum - yellow trout lily Tulipa sp. - tulip Clintonia borealis - Yellow blue-bead lily Liliales: Smilacaceae - catbriars Liliales: Smilacaceae - catbriars Small family, mainly of South Flowers unisexual, dioecious Hemisphere, climbers via tendrils plants; carrion flowers are foetid (modified stipules), starchy tubers, large, net-veined leaves and definite petiole Male umbel Female umbel Fruit an umbel of black berries (red berries are from jack-in-the pulpit) Smilax herbacea - bristly greenbriar 6 Liliales: Melanthiaceae Liliales: Melanthiaceae Zigadenus death camas Trillium grandiflorum - large flowered trillium Trillium recurvatum - prairie trillium Xerophyllum beargrass Liliales: Colchicaceae Liliales: Colchicaceae Colchicum autumnale - meadow saffron Disrupts spindle mechanism Uvularia grandiflora - bellwort in mitosis 7 Asparagales: sister to the Commelinids Asparagales: sister to the Commelinids • in the Lilioid grade, • much of the order Asparagales is sister to the Asparagales had been Commelinids included in “Liliaceae” • Orchidaceae is sister to the • characterized by phytomelan rest of the order in seed coats and arum-type mychorrizal connection (vs. • Iridaceae (iris family) is the Paris-type in Liliales) other large family Asparagales: Asparagaceae Asparagales: Asparagaceae (Ruscaceae) Maianthemum canadense - wild lily of the valley Asparagus officinalis - asparagus 8 Asparagales: Asparagaceae (Ruscaceae) Asparagales: Asparagaceae (Ruscaceae) Polygonatum Smilacina = Maianthemum Solomon’s-seal False Solomon’s-seal Dracaena drago - Dracaena marginata Sansevieria - dragon tree of - houseplant from mother-in-law Canary Islands Madagascar tongue Asparagales: Asparagaceae (Agavaceae) Asparagales: Asparagaceae (Hyacinthaceae) Agave - century plant Scilla sibirica - English bluebell Yucca whipplei (and yucca moth) Yucca brevifolia Joshua Tree in Mohave 9 Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae Narcissus sp. - daffodil Hymenocallis - spider lily • inferior ovary • corona (staminal) Eucharis – Amazon lily Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae) Asparagales: Xanthorrhoeaceae Hemerocallis fulva - day lily [Hemerocallidaceae] Allium tricoccum - Wild leak (umbels and S compounds) Grass Trees [Xanthorrhoeaceae] 10 Asparagales: Xanthorrhoeaceae Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris Iridaceae always recognized as distinctive family of lilioids Aloe dichotomoa [Asphodelaceae] Haworthia [Asphodelaceae] Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris A family primarily of Mediterranean climate geophytes. — Leaves are basal and equitant - folded and overlapping. CA 3 CO 3 A 3 G (3) Tepals 6, the 3 inner (petals) forming the “flags or standards” The 3 outer (sepals) forming the “falls” with nectar guides The 3 stamens are positioned under the 3 petal-like styles The gynoecium is inferior and forms a 3-parted capsule Iris virginica - Blue flag, iris Iris virginica - Blue flag, iris 11 Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris — CA 3 CO 3 A 3 G (3) Fleur-de-Lis Iris pseudacorus - Yellow flag Introduced and potentially invasive Iris virginica - Blue flag, iris Iris versicolor - Blue flag Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris Endangered species restricted to fringe areas of northern Great Lakes; clonal growth Iris lacustris Dwarf lake iris Sisyrinchium campestre - blue-eyed grass 12 Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris Crocus vernalis - crocus Crocus sativus - saffron cultivated cultivated Crocuses are all introduced but are The dried styles of C. sativus yields some of the earliest flowering plants the expensive saffron. in the spring. Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris Asparagales: Hypoxidaceae - star grass Geissorhiza South Africa Hypoxis hirsuta - Yellow star grass Large radiations occur in several — genera in Mediterranean climate CA 3 CO 3 A 3+3 G (3) regions of South Africa Family has been placed in Liliaceae or Amaryllidaceae but is Moraea - peacock lily now known to be near Iridaceae 13.
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