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Home , Aloe, Amaryllidaceae, Arecales, Asparagaceae, Asparagales, Asphodelaceae

Lilioids - petaloid monocots

4 main groups: Diversity and • Acorales - sister to all monocots • Alismatids of Monocots – inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit • Lilioids (lilies, orchids, yams) – grade, non-monophyletic . . . petaloid monocots . . . – petaloid • – – palms – – spiderwort – – – – – grasses & sedges

Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots

The represent five The lilioid monocots represent five orders and contain most of the orders and contain most of the showy monocots such as lilies, showy monocots such as lilies, , blue flags, and orchids tulips, blue flags, and orchids

Majority are defined by 6 features: Majority are defined by 6 features:

1. Terrestrial/epiphytes: 2. Geophytes: herbaceous above typically not aquatic ground with below ground modified perennial stems: , , ,

1 Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots

The lilioid monocots represent five orders and contain most of the showy monocots such as lilies, tulips, blue flags, and orchids

Majority are defined by 6 features:

3. without : . . . thus common in two biomes blade typically broader and • temperate forest understory attached directly to stem without (low light, over-) petiole • Mediterranean (arid summer, cool wet winter)

Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots

The lilioid monocots represent five The lilioid monocots represent five orders and contain most of the orders and contain most of the showy monocots such as lilies, showy monocots such as lilies, tulips, blue flags, and orchids tulips, blue flags, and orchids

Majority are defined by 6 features: Majority are defined by 6 features:

4. : showy in 2 5. Nectaries: usually well- of 3 each; usually all developed tissue at the petaloid, or outer series not base of or ; green and -like & with no or -pollinated

2 Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots

The lilioid monocots represent five Systematic issues with this group: orders and contain most of the showy monocots such as lilies, Exceptions abound! - most people tulips, blue flags, and orchids have classified with lilioids (tepals, nectar) Majority are defined by 6 features:

6. /: a 3-parted capsule or berry

Pontederia cordata - Pickerel weed [Commelinid]

Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots

Systematic issues with this group: Systematic issues with this group: Will the real “” please Will the real “Liliaceae” please CA 3 CO 3 A 6 G (3) stand up! stand up!

The floral pattern in “Liliaceae” is . . . and anything deviating from the plesiomorphic (primitive) for the generalized form has been placed in entire group of petaloid monocots separate families

Trillium - e.g., for with 3 green

Lilium - lily (Liliaceae)

3 Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots

Systematic issues with this group: Systematic issues with this group: Will the real “Liliaceae” please Will the real “Liliaceae” please stand up! stand up!

. . . and anything deviating from the . . . and anything deviating from the generalized form has been placed in generalized form has been placed in separate families separate families

e.g., for e.g., for viney flowers with inferior ovary plants with petioled leaves

Smilax - catbriar

Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots

Systematic issues with this group: Systematic issues with this group: Will the real “Liliaceae” please Will the real “Liliaceae” please stand up! stand up!

. . . and anything deviating from the Liliaceae thus included a lot of unrelated taxa that are generalized form has been placed in now placed in at least three orders separate families warning: Gleason&Cronquist & UW website still use Liliaceae lato (in the broad sense) e.g., many families that are warning: the new Flora and Flora “woody” use lilioid families incorrectly! - dragon

4 Lilioids - petaloid monocots Lilioids - petaloid monocots

See last page of lab handouts for correct placement of Five orders - highlight 3 families: genera into families: : *Liliaceae s.s. (lilies) : * () Asparagales: * (orchids)

Briefly examine: • other “Liliaceae” families of these two • yams and screw pines of and

Liliales: *Liliaceae s.s. - lilies Liliales: *Liliaceae s.s. - lilies

CA 3 CO 3 A 6 G (3)

North temperate of 16 genera and 700

• bulbed or rhizomatous perennials • leaves without petioles, stemmed or • “Liliaceae” (tepals) but often spotted virginica - Indian cucumber • capsule or berry

Lilium - lily (Liliaceae)

5 Liliales: *Liliaceae s.s. - lilies Liliales: *Liliaceae s.s. - lilies

Erythronium americanum - yellow trout lily

Tulipa sp. - borealis - Yellow blue-bead lily

Liliales: Smilacaceae - catbriars Liliales: Smilacaceae - catbriars

Small family, mainly of South Flowers unisexual, dioecious Hemisphere, climbers via tendrils plants; carrion flowers are foetid (modified ), starchy tubers, large, net-veined leaves and definite petiole

Male Female umbel

Fruit an umbel of black (red berries are from jack-in-the pulpit) herbacea - bristly greenbriar

6 Liliales: Liliales: Melanthiaceae death camas - large flowered trillium

Trillium recurvatum - prairie trillium beargrass

Liliales: Liliales: Colchicaceae

Colchicum autumnale -

Disrupts spindle mechanism grandiflora - bellwort in mitosis

7 Asparagales: sister to the Commelinids Asparagales: sister to the Commelinids

• in the Lilioid grade, • much of the order Asparagales is sister to the Asparagales had been Commelinids included in “Liliaceae” • Orchidaceae is sister to the • characterized by phytomelan rest of the order in coats and - mychorrizal connection (vs. • Iridaceae (iris family) is the -type in Liliales) other large family

Asparagales: Asparagales: Asparagaceae (Ruscaceae)

Maianthemum canadense - wild officinalis - asparagus

8 Asparagales: Asparagaceae (Ruscaceae) Asparagales: Asparagaceae (Ruscaceae)

Polygonatum Smilacina = Solomon’s-seal False Solomon’s-seal

Dracaena drago - Dracaena marginata - dragon tree of - from mother-in-law Canary Islands tongue

Asparagales: Asparagaceae (Agavaceae) Asparagales: Asparagaceae (Hyacinthaceae)

Agave - century plant

Scilla sibirica - English bluebell

Yucca whipplei (and )

Yucca brevifolia Joshua Tree in Mohave

9 Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae

Narcissus sp. - daffodil - spider lily

• inferior ovary • corona (staminal)

Eucharis – Amazon lily

Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae) Asparagales: Xanthorrhoeaceae

Hemerocallis fulva - day lily [Hemerocallidaceae]

Allium tricoccum - Wild leak ( and S compounds) Grass [Xanthorrhoeaceae]

10 Asparagales: Xanthorrhoeaceae Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris

Iridaceae always recognized as distinctive family of lilioids

Aloe dichotomoa []

Haworthia [Asphodelaceae]

Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris A family primarily of Mediterranean climate geophytes. — Leaves are basal and equitant - folded and overlapping. CA 3 CO 3 A 3 G (3) Tepals 6, the 3 inner () forming the “flags or standards”

The 3 outer (sepals) forming the “falls” with nectar guides

The 3 stamens are positioned under the 3 -like styles

The is inferior and forms a 3-parted capsule - Blue flag, iris Iris virginica - Blue flag, iris

11 Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris — CA 3 CO 3 A 3 G (3)

Fleur-de-Lis - Yellow flag Introduced and potentially invasive

Iris virginica - Blue flag, iris - Blue flag

Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris

Endangered species restricted to fringe areas of northern ; clonal growth Dwarf lake iris campestre - blue-eyed grass

12 Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris

Crocus vernalis - - saffron cultivated cultivated are all introduced but are The dried styles of C. sativus yields some of the earliest flowering plants the expensive saffron. in the .

Asparagales: *Iridaceae - iris Asparagales: - star grass

Geissorhiza South hirsuta - Yellow star grass Large radiations occur in several — genera in Mediterranean climate CA 3 CO 3 A 3+3 G (3) regions of Family has been placed in Liliaceae or Amaryllidaceae but is - peacock lily now known to be near Iridaceae

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