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Aspekty Prawa I Praktyki REPARACJE OD NIEMIEC po drugiej wojnie światowej w świetle prawa międzynarodowego Aspekty prawa i praktyki Jan Barcz i Jerzy Kranz REPARACJE OD NIEMIEC PO DRUGIEJ WOJNIE ŚWIATOWEJ W ŚWIETLE PRAWA MIĘDZYNARODOWEGO Aspekty prawa i praktyki Warszawa 2019 Publikacja dofinansowana przez Centrum Studiów Niemieckich i Europejskich im. Willy’ego Brandta Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Recenzenci: dr hab. Witold M. Góralski, prof. AEH Prof. dr hab. Krzysztof Ruchniewicz Opracowanie redakcyjne: Hanna Januszewska Korekta: zespół Projekt okładki: Agnieszka Miłaszewicz © Copyright by Authors and Dom Wydawniczy ELIPSA Warszawa 2019 ISBN 978-83-8017-224-1 Dom Wydawniczy ELIPSA ul. Inflancka 15/198, 00-189 Warszawa tel. 22 635 03 01 e-mail: [email protected], www.elipsa.pl Spis treści Noty biograficzne autorów ............................................ 9 Wykaz akronimów . 11 Wprowadzenie ...................................................... 13 Rozdział 1 Objaśnienia terminologiczne: w sprawie pojęcia reparacji ................ 21 1.1. Uwagi wstępne . 21 1.2. Formy reparacji wojennych....................................... 25 1.3. Zakres przedmiotowy reparacji, restytucje i rewindykacje, odszkodowania indywidualne . 26 1.4. Ograniczenie lub zrzeczenie się reparacji i innych roszczeń .......... 29 1.5. Wnioski ....................................................... 32 Rozdział 2 Jak uregulowano problem reparacji od Niemiec? ........................ 34 2.1. Uwagi wstępne . 34 2.2. Klęska Niemiec: konsekwencje prawne i związane z nimi rozbieżności ................................................... 35 2.3. Założenia wyjściowe sprawy reparacji ............................. 39 2.4. Ustalenia z Jałty i Poczdamu .................................... 41 2.5. Umowa paryska i reparacje w ramach tzw. masy zachodniej ......... 45 2.6. Reparacje w ramach tzw. masy wschodniej ......................... 51 2.6.1. Świadczenia reparacyjne dla Polski z puli ZSRR............... 51 2.6.2. Wartość przejętego przez Polskę niemieckiego mienia prywatnego zaliczana do reparacji .................... 54 2.6.3. Pobieranie reparacji przez Związek Sowiecki ................. 61 2.7. Wnioski ....................................................... 63 Rozdział 3 Czego Polska się zrzekła w 1953 roku?................................. 66 3.1. Uwagi wstępne . 66 3.2. Ramy prawne zrzeczenia z 1953 r. ............................... 66 3.2.1. Zakres zrzeczenia ......................................... 68 6 Spis treści 3.2.2. Moc prawna zrzeczenia w świetle prawa międzynarodowego .... 70 3.3. Droga ad absurdum: hipotetyczne następstwa uznania oświadczenia rządu PRL za nieważne ......................................... 75 3.4. Wnioski ....................................................... 78 Rozdział 4 Traktat „2+4”: reparacje w formule poczdamskiej i indywidualne roszczenia odszkodowawcze ............................. 80 4.1. Uwagi wstępne . 80 4.2. Uwarunkowania prawno-polityczne................................ 90 4.3. Traktat pokoju czy „ostateczna regulacja w znaczeniu prawa międzynarodowego”............................................. 95 4.4. Stanowisko członków Konferencji „2+4” wobec reparacji w formule poczdamskiej i odszkodowań indywidualnych ............. 106 4.5. NRD a sprawa odszkodowań podczas Konferencji „2+4” .............. 116 4.6. Izrael i organizacje żydowskie a zjednoczenie Niemiec i odszkodowania ................................................ 120 4.7. Traktat „2+4” a reparacje od Niemiec w formule poczdamskiej i odszkodowania indywidualne.................................... 124 4.8. Porozumienie RFN z Francją, Stanami Zjednoczonymi i Zjednoczonym Królestwem z 27–28 września 1990 roku . 127 4.9. Wnioski ....................................................... 135 Rozdział 5 Roszczenia indywidualne ofiar niemieckich zbrodni i prześladowań ........ 137 5.1. Uwagi wstępne . 137 5.2. Podstawy prawne roszczeń indywidualnych w umowach międzynarodowych ................................... 139 5.2.1. Umowa poczdamska ....................................... 139 5.2.2. Umowa paryska z 1946 roku ................................ 139 5.2.3. Porozumienia z Izraelem i Żydowską Konferencją Roszczeniową z 1952 roku .................................. 140 5.2.4. Umowa londyńska z 1953 roku .............................. 142 5.2.5. Umowa przejściowa z 1954 roku ............................ 144 5.2.6. Podsumowanie ............................................ 145 5.3. Wiedergutmachung .............................................. 145 5.3.1. Uwarunkowania polityczne ................................. 145 5.3.2. Regulacje prawne i praktyka ................................ 147 5.3.3. Umowy ryczałtowe (Globalabkommen) ....................... 151 5.3.4. Szczególne regulacje umowne ............................... 158 5.3.5. Ocena Wiedergutmachung................................... 163 5.4. Specyfika roszczeń indywidualnych: problemy interpretacyjne ......... 164 Spis treści 7 5.4.1. Czy roszczenia indywidualne za zbrodnie międzynarodowe są częścią reparacji? ....................................... 165 5.4.2. Prawo do indywidualnego odszkodowania i możliwość indywidualnego dochodzenia roszczeń ........................ 168 5.4.3. Zrzeczenie się przez państwo roszczeń indywidualnych jego podmiotów ........................................... 185 5.5. Wnioski ....................................................... 192 Rozdział 6 Porozumienie z 16 października 1991 r. w sprawie świadczeń dla zamieszkałych w Polsce ofiar niemieckich zbrodni.................... 194 6.1. Uwagi wstępne . 194 6.2. Podsumowanie prawnych i politycznych uwarunkowań okresu powojennego ............................................ 197 6.3. Przełom polityczny 1989 r.: w poszukiwaniu rozwiązania ............... 205 6.3.1. Uwarunkowania wyjściowe ................................. 205 6.3.2. Wizyta Kanclerza Helmuta Kohla w Polsce (8–14 listopada 1989 r.) .................................... 210 6.3.3. Konkretyzowanie się koncepcji rozwiązania pragmatycznego .... 216 6.4. Rozpoczęcie negocjacji ze zjednoczonymi Niemcami................. 222 6.5. Negocjacje pełnomocników szefów rządów ........................ 236 6.6. Ustalenie wysokości świadczenia ryczałtowego oraz powiązanie porozumienia z Traktatem z 17 czerwca 1991 r. .................... 246 6.7. Negocjacje nad treścią porozumienia na szczeblu ekspertów .......... 259 6.8. Kontrowersje wokół klauzuli kończącej ............................ 267 6.9. Struktura porozumienia z 16 października 1991 r. i jego wejście w życie ........................................... 275 6.10. Wnioski ....................................................... 285 Rozdział 7 Rokowania wielostronne 1998–2000 .................................... 290 7.1. Uwagi wstępne . 290 7.2. Ramy polityczno-prawne......................................... 292 7.3. Pozwy zbiorowe oraz główne problemy ............................ 295 7.4. Włączenie się Polski do negocjacji ................................ 297 7.5. Stanowiska wyjściowe ........................................... 303 7.6. Konsolidacja stanowiska państw EŚiW............................. 307 7.7. Wokół ustalenia sumy globalnej .................................. 309 7.8. Negocjacje dotyczące podziału sumy globalnej i związanych z tym problemów ................................... 316 7.8.1. Określenie głównych kwestii ................................ 316 7.8.2. Definicja pracy niewolniczej i przymusowej ................... 317 8 Spis treści 7.8.3. Zakres uwzględnienia spadkobierców......................... 318 7.8.4. Problem pracowników przymusowych w rolnictwie ............. 318 7.8.5. Uzgodnienie podziału sumy globalnej ........................ 318 7.8.6. Tzw. bezpieczeństwo prawne (pokój prawny) dla firm niemieckich ....................................... 325 7.9. Uwagi końcowe ................................................ 330 Załączniki ..................................................... 336 Rozdział 8 Opcja zerowa i okolice: pogoń za niemieckim króliczkiem ................ 339 8.1. Uwagi wstępne . 339 8.2. Podsumowanie uwarunkowań prawnych i politycznych ............... 341 8.3. Otwieramy sprawę reparacji . 347 8.4. Popieramy istnienie roszczeń niemieckich wysiedlonych .............. 351 8.5. Niemcy mają zapłacić swoim obywatelom za nieistniejące roszczenia ....................................... 352 8.6. Opcja zerowa, czyli szczyt absurdu . 356 8.7. Jak z Mazura zrobić Niemca ..................................... 358 8.8. Reparacje po raz kolejny ........................................ 360 8.9. Uwagi końcowe ................................................ 365 Wnioski końcowe .................................................... 368 Wybrana literatura .................................................. 376 Noty biograficzne autorów Jan Barcz: profesor prawa, były dyplomata. Członek polskiej delegacji uczestniczącej w Konferencji „2+4”, negocjującej traktat o potwierdzeniu granicy polsko-niemieckiej, Traktat z 17 czerwca 1991 r. oraz porozumienie z 16 października 1991 r. w sprawie świadczeń dla ofiar zbrodni nazistow- skich. W końcu lat 90. uczestniczył w negocjacjach z Austrią dotyczących świadczeń dla ofiar zbrodni i prześladowań nazistowskich oraz w końco- wym etapie negocjacji wielostronnych z RFN. Ambasador RP w Austrii w latach 1995–1999. Jerzy Kranz: profesor prawa, były dyplomata. W latach 1971–1975 redak- tor Agence France-Presse w Warszawie. W latach 1990–1995, 1998–2001 pracownik MSZ (dyrektor departamentu prawnego, podsekretarz stanu,
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