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Lucky That East Germany Also Exists”: Yugoslavia Between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic (1955-1968)

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Lucky That East Germany Also Exists”: Yugoslavia Between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic (1955-1968) “Lucky that East Germany also exists”: Yugoslavia between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic (1955-1968) by Alan Maricic A thesis presented to the University Of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2019 © Alan Maricic 2019 Examining Committee Membership The following served on the Examining Committee for this thesis. The decision of the Examining Committee is by majority vote. External Examiner DR. MARK KRAMER Program Director, Project on Cold War Studies, Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies Supervisor DR. GARY BRUCE Professor of History Internal Member DR. DAVID MONOD Professor of History Internal-external Member DR. JOHN JAWORSKY Professor Emeritus of Political Science Other Member DR. ALAN MCDOUGALL Professor of History ii AUTHOR'S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. iii Abstract This dissertation explores the relations between Yugoslavia and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the period between 1955 and 1968. This is the first analysis using sources from all three countries, and the first one written in English. In 1955, the FRG developed a set of diplomatic measures which aimed to prevent the GDR’s international recognition as a sovereign country. These measures became known as the Hallstein Doctrine, named after one of the West German civil servants responsible for developing them. Under these measures, the FRG would break off diplomatic relations with any third country that recognized the GDR. Thus the two Germanies became involved in a diplomatic battle, with the GDR searching for recognition and the FRG trying to thwart these efforts. Much of the GDR’s counter-efforts in the early years of the Doctrine were aimed at Yugoslavia, which was in the process of rebuilding its relations with the Soviet Union following the Tito-Stalin split in 1948. This development opened the door for Yugoslav cooperation with other Eastern Bloc countries, including the GDR. In 1957, Yugoslavia finally recognized the GDR. This caused the FRG broke off relations with Yugoslavia, a decision it would reverse eleven years later, in 1968. This dissertation shows that Yugoslavia’s decision to recognize the GDR did not reflect its general foreign policy goals, and that in subsequent years, Yugoslavia was more concerned with developing good economic relations with the FRG. This dissertation also shows that the GDR expected Yugoslavia to influence other non-aligned countries to recognize it, but that Yugoslavia was reluctant to jeopardize its position in the non-aligned world by lobbying for the GDR. By using multi-archival sources, this dissertation examines the relations between Yugoslavia and the two Germanies, focusing on their bilateral relations and agency, but also takes into account the broader Cold War context, including superpower interests and Yugoslavia’s role as a leading non- aligned country. iv Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor, Gary Bruce, who has helped me shape my research into a proper dissertation and offered advice when I was stuck, which happened more than a few times. I would also like to thank my committee members, Alan McDougall and David Monod, for their comments. They helped me look beyond my narrow topic and consider a broader context. I am especially thankful to Dr. Monod for the excellent Cold War readings and engaging discussions during my first year in the program. I also thank Mark Kramer for agreeing to be external examiner at my defence. His comments brought up a number of perspectives that can only enrich my research. My gratitude also extends to Cecilia Piller and the Waterloo Centre for German Studies for partially funded my research trips. The administrative staff at the Department of History also have my gratitude. Without the help of Donna Hayes, Anne Leask, and Aaron Ducker I would have been truly lost. The staff at the archives in Belgrade, Berlin, and Zagreb were instrumental in helping me access and collect the documents for my research. I am also grateful to Hermann Wentker at the Institut für Zeitgeschichte in Berlin for his insight on the German side of my research, as well as literature recommendations. There are also people who I have never met in person, but who have played a role in getting my research over the finish line. I thank Milorad Lazić, Radmila Pejić, Aleksandar Marinković, Lorenz Lüthi and Robert J. McMahon for their time. Friends in and outside academia helped me get through my studies. Dinko Sinovčić, Ivan Spajić, Jakov Perković, Iva Ivan, Borko Magazin, Martin Scheidl, Lib Gen, Lana Grahek, Filip Tenšek, Saša Vejzagić, Marko Miljković, and Kaete O’Connell have all contributed in their own way. Ben Bradley has been a good friend and my unofficial guide through Canadian academia during my studies here, and has read and commented on a large portion of my writing. I look forward to finally having time to read his work. I consider myself lucky to have had Jennifer Redler as a friend and fellow PhD student. Always willing to help with both academic and bureaucratic problems, but also share laughs about the absurdities of the PhD process. I could not have asked for a better Doktorschwester. My family in Toronto has been a source of positive energy and love. Having had them with me during this journey was a joy. My parents back in Croatia have been so patient and loving throughout my life, and provided me with opportunities that allowed me to pursue this degree. I cannot thank them enough. v Finally, I would like to thank Laura, whose love, support, and own intellectual curiosity made these past five years infinitely more enjoyable. vi Table of Contents Examining Committee Membership......................................................................................................ii Author’s Declaration..............................................................................................................................iii Abstract....................................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................................v Table of Contents...................................................................................................................................vii Abbreviations........................................................................................................................................viii Introduction..............................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: No Guarantees: Yugoslavia and the two Germanies (1955-1956)..................................19 Chapter 2: Whose Success? Yugoslavia’s Recognition of the GDR in 1957.....................................49 Chapter 3: The Second Berlin Crisis and Yugoslavia (1958-1960)....................................................76 Chapter 4: The Two Germanies and the Belgrade Non-Aligned Conference................................114 Chapter 5: Time of Transition (1961-1964)........................................................................................143 Chapter 6: From Cairo to Kiesinger: The slow Decline of the Hallstein Doctrine (1964-1966)...202 Chapter 7: The new Ostpolitik and Yugoslavia (1967-1968).............................................................227 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................266 Bibliography.........................................................................................................................................275 Glossary.................................................................................................................................................290 vii Abbreviations AA Auswärtiges Amt (Foreign Office of the FRG) ADN Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst (General German News Service) AJ Arhiv Jugoslavije (The Archive of Yugoslavia) COMINFORM Communist Information Bureau CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CWIHP Cold War International History Project DSIP Državni sekretarijat za spoljne poslove (State secretariat for foreign affairs of Yugoslavia) FDP Freie Demokratische Partei (The Free Democratic Party) FNL Front de libération nationale (National Liberation Front, Algeria) FRG Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States GDR German Democratic Republic (East Germany) KPR Kabinet Predsednika Republike (The Cabinet of the President of the Republic) MfAA Ministerium für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the German Democratic Republic) NAM Non-Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization viii PA AA Politisches Archiv des Auswärtiges Amtes (Political Archive of the Foreign Office) SED Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party of Germany) SKJ Savez Komunista Jugoslavije (The League of Communists of Yugoslavia) SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
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