Adriano De Sousa Lopes (1879-1944). Um Pintor Na Grande Guerra

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Adriano De Sousa Lopes (1879-1944). Um Pintor Na Grande Guerra Adriano de Sousa Lopes (1879-1944). Um pintor na Grande Guerra Carlos da Silveira Gonçalves Tese de Doutoramento em História da Arte, Especialização em Museologia e Património Artístico Janeiro 2016 i Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em História da Arte – Especialização em Museologia e Património Artístico, realizada sob a orientação científica da Professora Doutora Raquel Henriques da Silva. Apoio financeiro da Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia através de fundos nacionais do Ministério da Educação e Ciência Referência SFRH/BD/79954/2011 ii Declaro que esta Tese de Doutoramento é o resultado da minha investigação pessoal e independente. O seu conteúdo é original e todas as fontes consultadas estão devidamente mencionadas no texto, nas notas e na bibliografia. O Candidato, __________________________________________________ (Carlos da Silveira Gonçalves) Lisboa, .......... de ................................ de ................ Declaro que esta Tese de Doutoramento se encontra em condições de ser apreciada pelo júri a designar. A Orientadora, _____________________________ (Professora Doutora Raquel Henriques da Silva) Lisboa, .......... de ................................ de ............... iii iv Agradecimentos A Professora Raquel Henriques da Silva foi mais do que a orientadora científica da presente tese. Foi um apoio sempre presente e generoso, quando mais precisei. As suas aulas, o seu rigor e o seu entusiasmo inspiraram o meu trabalho. Para ela o meu profundo agradecimento. O Tenente-Coronel Francisco Amado Rodrigues, Chefe da Repartição de Património da Direcção de História e Cultura Militar do Exército Português, e co-orientador da tese, teve um papel determinante no apoio do Exército a este doutoramento e em assegurar a colaboração dos seus serviços, o Museu Militar de Lisboa e o Arquivo Histórico Militar, como instituições de acolhimento do projecto. Estou-lhe muito grato por isso. Agradeço igualmente a confiança dos antigos Directores de História e Cultura Militar do Exército, Major-General Adelino Matos Coelho e Major-General João Santos de Carvalho. Um vivo agradecimento ao Coronel Luís de Albuquerque, Director do Museu Militar de Lisboa, por uma entusiasmante colaboração de quatro anos, não só no âmbito do doutoramento, e pelo seu interesse na investigação e ajuda constante. Agradeço também a toda a equipa do Museu. No Arquivo Histórico Militar uma palavra de agradecimento ao antigo Director, Coronel Raul Pires, e ao Dr. João Tavares pela ajuda preciosa na investigação. O Dr. José Pedro de Sousa Lopes Pérez e sua esposa Dr.ª Maria Teresa Pérez receberam-me com grande amizade e generosidade, deram-me acesso ao espólio do artista e à sua colecção de arte que muito enriqueceram esta tese. Para eles o meu profundo agradecimento. A Dr.ª Felisa Perez, sobrinha-bisneta do artista e também sua investigadora, foi uma amiga cúmplice deste projecto e cedeu-me generosamente material inédito. Na família do artista estou igualmente grato ao Dr. José Manuel de Sousa Lopes Pérez, Engenheiro Avelino de Sousa Lopes e Arquitecto Fernando Bagulho. Em Paris a Doutora Sylvie Le Ray-Burimi, responsável pelo Departamento de pintura, escultura, desenho, gravura e fotografia do Musée de l’Armée, e co-orientadora da investigação, foi de uma disponibilidade total para me proporcionar condições de observação e registo das obras do artista, oferecidas pelo governo português em 1922, e documentação referente. A Dr.ª Hélène Boudou-Reuzé ajudou-me na localização e fotografia das obras. A Dr.ª Michèle Mezenge encontrou informação relevante de arquivo. Quero ainda agradecer ao Dr. Jorge Costa, doutorando de História da Arte na Universidade de Paris, que me ajudou a encontrar estadia e pelo convívio na capital francesa. Afonso da Silva Maia recebeu-me com a maior amabilidade v para um tour da antiga frente portuguesa, em torno do cemitério militar de Richebourg, e beneficiei do seu conhecimento do terreno, que há três décadas vem cultivando. No Museu Nacional de Arte Contemporânea – Museu do Chiado beneficiei da amizade e incentivo da Dr.ª Maria de Aires Silveira, Conservadora do museu, e recordo com saudade tempos de trabalho em comum no Chiado. Fico-lhe grato pelo convite para organizar com ela a exposição e o catálogo de Sousa Lopes em 2015. Agradeço igualmente a confiança de antigos directores do museu, Doutor David Santos e Dr. Paulo Henriques. Nesta investigação tive ainda a ajuda preciosa do Dr. Ricardo Varandas dos Santos (Liga dos Combatentes), Dr.ª Fátima Lopes (Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal), Professor Fernando Rosa Dias e Professor Luís Lyster Franco (Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade de Lisboa), Dr. Élvio Melim de Sousa (Casa-Museu de Leal da Câmara), Dr.ª Ângela Pereira e Dr.ª Manuela Fernandes (Biblioteca Municipal Afonso Lopes Vieira) e Professora Carla Rego (Instituto Politécnico de Tomar). Agradeço igualmente as arguições de membros do júri da prova final, Professor Fernando Rosa Dias, Professora Laura Castro, Professor António Ventura e Professora Margarida Brito Alves. Apoiaram com generosidade a minha candidatura à bolsa da Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia o Professor Vítor Serrão, que viu nascer esta investigação, enquanto seu aluno na Faculdade de Letras, o Professor António Ventura, Professor Fernando António Baptista Pereira e Professora Arquitecta Helena Barranha. Uma palavra de agradecimento à Professora Maria Fernanda Rollo, pelo incentivo e interesse neste doutoramento e pelos desafios que me lançou. Beneficiei de conselhos de colegas e amigos, sobretudo de Joana Baião e de Luís Soares, que me indicaram pistas importantes de investigação, mas também de Begoña Farré Torras, Ana Celeste Glória, Marta Soares, Rosário Salema de Carvalho, Luís Sepúlveda Teixeira, Lúcio Moura, Pedro Tiago de Sousa Nunes e Sandra Leandro. Um agradecimento especial a Margarida Portela, pela partilha de tantos momentos felizes e por preciosos comentários e sugestões. Estarei para sempre grato a minha mãe, Maria Francisca, ao meu irmão Ricardo, e ao meu pai Alberto Ricardo, cuja memória está sempre comigo. vi Adriano de Sousa Lopes (1879-1944). Um pintor na Grande Guerra CARLOS DA SILVEIRA GONÇALVES RESUMO A presente tese estuda o período dedicado à Grande Guerra na vida e obra de Adriano de Sousa Lopes. Foi o único artista oficial do Corpo Expedicionário Português, em França, nomeado em Agosto de 1917, e por isso se discute as suas motivações, os objectivos que propôs ao ministro Norton de Matos e a sua experiência singular na frente de guerra da Flandres. Centrando a análise nas obras de arte e documentação inédita, a tese examina as múltiplas facetas e realizações do artista de guerra – o capitão equiparado e chefe do Serviço Artístico do CEP, o desenhador, o água-fortista, o pintor – e propõe uma interpretação crítica dos seus projectos mais ambiciosos: a representação portuguesa na Sala dos Aliados do Musée de l’Armée, em Paris e, o mais decisivo, a concepção das Salas da Grande Guerra no Museu Militar de Lisboa, para onde pintou sete telas monumentais. A tese revela pela primeira vez a prolongada disputa sobre essas Salas, entre o artista e a direcção do Museu Militar, e as suas consequências determinantes. Estuda ainda a colaboração desconhecida de Sousa Lopes na decoração dos cemitérios de guerra e no Panthéon de la Guerre, um panorama colossal em pintura inaugurado em Paris em 1918. Contudo, a tese não se limita a analisar um período específico de um artista. Procura contextualizá-lo no plano nacional e internacional. Um novo entendimento do conjunto da obra de Sousa Lopes foi por isso necessário, assim como das suas ideias estéticas e recepção crítica. Explorou-se de seguida o impacto internacional da Grande Guerra na pintura, na ilustração e noutras artes visuais, e discute-se a acção dos governos beligerantes no patrocínio dos artistas e sua relação com a propaganda. Em Portugal foi analisado o debate ideológico em torno da intervenção, na esfera cultural, e as respostas mais significativas dos artistas portugueses ao conflito. Uma das descobertas centrais da presente tese é a colaboração próxima de Sousa Lopes com figuras capitais da intervenção na Flandres, como Vitorino Godinho, Américo Olavo, Jaime Cortesão e outros, que legitimaram e promoveram a sua obra. Mas discute-se também o seu vii impacto na sociedade portuguesa do pós-guerra, através das exposições e da recepção crítica, seja na comunidade de combatentes e na esfera institucional, seja na imprensa contemporânea ou na historiografia de arte até ao presente. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Sousa Lopes, Arte do século XX, Pintura de história, Pintura de batalha, Gravura, Desenho, Museu Militar de Lisboa, Intervencionismo, Primeira Guerra Mundial. viii Adriano de Sousa Lopes (1879-1944). A painter in the Great War CARLOS DA SILVEIRA GONÇALVES ABSTRACT This thesis studies the period of the Great War and his aftermath in the life and work of Portuguese painter Adriano de Sousa Lopes. He was the only official war artist of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (CEP) in France, appointed in August 1917. First we discuss his motivations, the objectives he proposed to the War Minister Norton de Matos and his unique experience at the front. Focusing on the works of art and unpublished documents, this study examines the many facets of the war artist – the captain and chief of CEP’s Artistic Service, the draughtsman, the etcher, the painter – and proposes an interpretation of his most ambitious projects: the Portuguese section in the Allied Room at the Musée de l’Armée, in Paris and, most crucial, the conception of the Great War Rooms at the Military Museum of Lisbon, where seven of his monumental canvases were installed. This research reveals for the first time the dispute over the Lisbon rooms between the artist and the museum’s direction and its problematic results. It analyzes also the unknown collaboration of Sousa Lopes in decorating the war cemeteries in France and in the Panthéon de la Guerre, a colossal panorama painting premiered in Paris in October 1918. However, this study is not limited to a specific period of Sousa Lopes.
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