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Ibsen, Scandinavia and the Making of a World Drama Narve Fulsås , Tore Rem Frontmatter More Information Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18777-1 — Ibsen, Scandinavia and the Making of a World Drama Narve Fulsås , Tore Rem Frontmatter More Information IBSEN, SCANDINAVIA AND THE MAKING OF A WORLD DRAMA Henrik Ibsen’s drama is the most prominent and lasting contribution of the cultural surge seen in Scandinavian literature in the later nineteenth century. When he made his debut in Norway in , the nation’s literary presence was negligible, yet by Ibsen had become one of Europe’s most famous authors. Contrary to the standard narrative of his move from restrictive provincial origins to liberating European exile, Narve Fulsås and Tore Rem show how Ibsen’s trajectory was preconditioned on his continued embedded- ness in Scandinavian society and culture, and that he experienced great success in his home markets. Ibsen, Scandinavia and the Making of a World Drama traces how Ibsen’s works first travelled outside Scandinavia and studies the mechanisms of his appropriation in Germany, Britain and France. Engaging with theories of book dis- semination and world literature, and re-assessing the emergence of ‘peripheral’ literary nations, this book provides new perspectives on the work of this major figure of European literature and theatre. ÅS is Professor of Modern History at the University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway, where his work focuses on Norwegian cultural and intellectual history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He has edited Ibsen’s letters for the new critical edition, Henrik Ibsens skrifter (–), and is chief editor of the journal Historisk tidsskrift. is Professor of British Literature at the University of Oslo. He has been head of the board of the Centre for Ibsen Studies and has published on Victorian literature, book history and the early English-language appropriations of Ibsen. He is editor of the new Ibsen editions in the Penguin Classics series. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18777-1 — Ibsen, Scandinavia and the Making of a World Drama Narve Fulsås , Tore Rem Frontmatter More Information IBSEN, SCANDINAVIA AND THE MAKING OF A WORLD DRAMA NARVE FULSÅS University of Tromsø TORE REM University of Oslo © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18777-1 — Ibsen, Scandinavia and the Making of a World Drama Narve Fulsås , Tore Rem Frontmatter More Information University Printing House, Cambridge , United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, th Floor, New York, , USA Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, , Australia –, rd Floor, Plot , Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – , India Anson Road, #–/, Singapore Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/ : ./ © Narve Fulsås and Tore Rem This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data : Fulsås, Narve, - author. | Rem, Tore, author. : Ibsen, Scandinavia and the making of a world drama / Narve Fulsås, University of Tromsø, Norway ; Tore Rem, University of Oslo, Norway. : First edition. | New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, .| Includes bibliographical references and index. : | (Hardback) : : Ibsen, Henrik, -–Criticism and interpretation. | Ibsen, Henrik, -–Appreciation–Scandinavia. | Ibsen, Henrik, -–Appreciation–Europe. | Ibsen, Henrik, -–Influence. : | ./–dc LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/ ---- Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18777-1 — Ibsen, Scandinavia and the Making of a World Drama Narve Fulsås , Tore Rem Frontmatter More Information Contents List of Figures page viii Acknowledgements x Note on the Text xii Chronology xiii List of Abbreviations xv Introduction From Stage to Page Norwegian State, Danish Culture Breaking the Danish Hegemony: The Norwegian Theatre Project National Theatre in a Transnational Context How Bad Were Ibsen’s Theatre Years? and the Crisis of the Pan-Scandinavian Movement The Transition to Danish Gyldendal No Escape From Norway to Rome The Ethos of Vocation Reconstructing Authorship The Award of a State Grant Antipolitics Antiliberalism The Ironies of History In the Conservative Camp Open Futures Recirculation and Copyright National-Historical Revival? Ibsen’s German Strategy Pillars of the Community: Social Criticism in a Comic Mode Ibsen and the Emergence of the Literary Left v © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18777-1 — Ibsen, Scandinavia and the Making of a World Drama Narve Fulsås , Tore Rem Frontmatter More Information vi Contents Nora’s Exit Where Did Nora’s Exit Come From? The Social Question German Setback Advance and Retreat: From Ghosts to An Enemy of the People The Sphinx Income Books Secrecy and Launching Fever Theatre ‘Ibsen’ vs. Ibsen ‘The Double Rupture’: The Wild Duck Rosmersholm and the Transformation of Politics Canonisation Literature in Small Nations European Breakthrough Early German Efforts Imperial Appropriations Radical Appropriations The Separation of Literature and Drama The State of the Printed Play: Britain German Breakthrough From Germany to France Faithful Translators: William Archer Walter Scott: Educational Literature for the People Ibsen Actresses Ghosts and the Independent Theatre Copyright and Circulation Moving Home The Late Plays The Scandinavian Market in the s Copyright, Circulation and Synchronisation Germany: Fischer vs. Reclam and Langen Britain: From Scott to Heinemann Income The Many Ibsens Scandinavian and German Mainstream France: With the Cosmopolitans Britain: Classic Literature, Independent Theatre Ibsen and a British National Theatre The Effectiveness of Censorship The Revival of the Literary Drama © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18777-1 — Ibsen, Scandinavia and the Making of a World Drama Narve Fulsås , Tore Rem Frontmatter More Information Contents vii Conclusion: The Provincial World Poet Appendices Archival Sources Bibliography Index © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18777-1 — Ibsen, Scandinavia and the Making of a World Drama Narve Fulsås , Tore Rem Frontmatter More Information Figures I. Ibsen at Karl Johan’s street in , with the Parliament building (Stortinget) in the background. Source: Coloured cardboard card. Artist: Gustav Lærum. Courtesy of Erik Henning Edvardsen. page . The Norwegian Theatre in Kristiania, where Ibsen served as artistic director –. Source: Illustreret Nyhedsblad November . Artist: Unknown. Courtesy of Erik Henning Edvardsen. . ‘Henrik Ibsen as disciplinarian’ (December ). Source: Vikingen December , vol. , No. ,p.. Artist: Unknown. Courtesy of The National Library of Norway. . Ibsen as Sphinx. Source: Freie Bühne’s Ibsen banquet in Berlin – front page of menu, March . Artist: Max Liebermann. Courtesy of The National Library of Norway. . Ibsen surrounded by English tourists on Karl Johan street, . Source: Vikingen August . Artist: Olaf Krohn. Courtesy of The National Library of Norway. . ‘Ever higher!’ [‘Stadigvæk højere op!’] (early ). Source: Tyrihans no. , January . Artist: ‘Pejk’ (Olaf Gulbransson). © Olaf Gulbransson / BONO, Oslo . Courtesy of The National Library of Norway. . ‘Today, at . am, Henrik Ibsen brought his manuscript to the post office’. Source: Blæksprutten, Christmas issue . Artist: Carsten Ravn. Courtesy of The Royal Library, Copenhagen. . Trade cards with Ibsen portraits. Source: Ogden’s Guinea Gold Cigarettes; Collection Felix Potin; Fabricia de Productos Chiminos, Claus & Schweder, Porto. Photographers: Daniel Georg Nyblin; Daniel Georg Nyblin; Julius Cornelius Schaarwächter. Courtesy of Peter Larsen. viii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18777-1 — Ibsen, Scandinavia and the Making of a World Drama Narve Fulsås , Tore Rem Frontmatter More Information Figures ix . Illustration to ‘The Wild Duck’. Source: F. Anstey (T.A. Guthrie): Mr. Punch’s Pocket Ibsen (London: W. Heinemann, , ). Artist: Bernard Partridge. Courtesy of The National Library of Norway. C. Illustration to ‘Hedda Gabler’. Source: F. Anstey: Mr. Punch’s Pocket Ibsen (London: W. Heinemann, , ). Artist: Bernard Partridge. Courtesy of The National Library of Norway. A. Sources of Ibsen’s income, –.(Kroner) Sources: Henrik Ibsen: Regnskapsbøker [Account books] –, vols., NLN, Ms fol . A. Ibsen’s books: print runs. Source: RDL, Gyldendalske Boghandel. Nordisk
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