Notes and References

Preface

I. Shaw andIbsen: Bernard Shaw's 'The Quintessetlu of lbsenism' and Related Writings cd. and int ro. J. L. Wisenthal (Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of T oronto Press, 1979).

I Stoic Leanings

1. Ihsen's fragment of autobiography was first puhlished in the biography hy Henrik Ja e~ e r , : el liusbillede (Christiania, 1888). For modern translations sec Michael Meyer, Henrik Ibsen , Vol. I, The Making of a Dramatistl828-/864 (Rupert Hart-Davies, 196.7), pp. 22lf and Ibsen Lettersand Speeches, Evert Sprinchorn , (Macgibbon & Kay, the Colonial Press, Clint on, Massachusetts, 1965), pp. IIf. 2. See Meyer, p. 20. 3. Ibid ., p. 36. 4. Ihid ., p. 28. 5. , Act On e, T he Oxfo rd Ibsen, Vol. III, ed. J ame s Walter McFarlane, trans.J am es Kirkup and C hristopher Fry (Oxford Univ ersity Press, 1972). All quotations from Ihsen's plays ar e tak en from the Oxford editions. 6. , Vol. IV, The League oj Youth , Act One, cd. and trans.James Walt er McFarlane and Gr aham Orton (Oxford Univ ersity Press, 1963). 7. The Oxford Ibsen, Vol. VI , , Act On e, ed. and trans. James Walter McFarlane (O xford University Press, 1960). 8. Meyer, p. 30. 9. Hans Hei berg, Ibsen: A Portraitofthe Artist, tra ns.J oan T ate (George Allen & Unwin, 1969), p. 28. 10. See Heiberg, pp . 28 f. 11. See Th e Oxford Ibsen, Vol. VI , pp. 446f. 12. Ihsen once said in a speech to students at Christiania that 'to write is essentially to sec' . Henrik Ibsen : A Critical Anthology, ed. J ames Walter McFarlane (Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1970), p. 85. 13. Albert Camus,' The Myth of Sisyphus, trans. Justin O'B rien (H am ish Hamilton , 1955), p. 27. Originally Les Mythe de Sisyphe, (Paris, Gallim ard 1942). 14. Ibsen: Lettersand Speeches. Letter of 9 December 1867 to Bjernson. 15. Ibid. , pp. 9f.

214 Notes and References 215

16. Michael Moyer (p . 60) considers it likely that Ibsen was inllucnccd by Shakespcill'l"s}uliw Caesar. I think he might well han' been inllucnccd by AlltollY and Cleopatra. 17. Bcrghot Ibsen, the writer's daughu-r-in-Iaw, so reproduced a description of Suzannah as a young woman. 'But what was most deep-rooted in her nature was, and remained, her sense of the epic in life, her Ii.·eling ((II' ewrything that was intense and powerful like herself, her understanding of tlu -monumental and the tragic.' Meyer, p. 146.

2 The Poet-Dramatist: '' to 'Peer Gynt'

I. The Oxford Ibsen, Vol. I, Early Plays, cd . and trnnsjamcs \Valin McFarlane and Graham Orton (Oxford University Press, 1970), p. I. 2. See above, Chapter I, p. II . :1. See Chapter III, Book IV of.\ristotle's Ethic, and below p. 7'2 . 4. Early Plays, Catiline, Act Three, p. 106. 5. Early Plays, p. 151. This translation is ofthe first version of TheBurialMllulld. The second version is I ranslated p. IH:I as follows: The North shall also rise from out the tomb to purerdeeds ofspirit on seas orthought. 6. Ihsen at twenty-two told his sister that he wanted fulfilment 'in greatness and in love' and afierwards to die. See below p, 9B. 7. Meyer, p. 114!f. 8. It was Hcnrik .Iaeger in his biography, Henrik lbsen et liushillede , who first pointed out the historical inaccuracies. Harold Clurman in his Ibsen Macmillan, 1977) illustrates the modern tendency. He refers to l.adv III.I~er as 'an appeal to public patriotism, an effort characteristic or the Norwegian intelligentsia in the 1850s to renew their pride in their national identity and to arouse the people's former vitality' (p. 38) . This seems to me to describe Ibsen's subsidiary motive rather than his main one . 9. George Steiner, The Death of Tragedy (Faber & Faber, \961) . 10, Georg Brandes, Henrik Ibsen: A CriticalStudy, trans. Jessie Muir (New York, Benjamin Blom, 1964), p. 95 (first published by Macmillan, 1899). 11. Ronald Gray, Ibsen: A Dissenting View (Cambridge University Press, 1977). 12. La Rouchcfoucauld, Maxims, trans. and intro. Leonard Tancock tHurrnondsworth, Penguin Books, 1959), p. 119. 13. Early Plays, Appendix VII, p. 700. 14. See Early Plays, p. 372. 1:l. Brandes, p. 28. 16. For a discussion or this possihility sec Shaw and Ibsen, Note also that Ibsen may have taken the basic theme or Love's Cometly from a passage in Kierkegaard's Either-or imd/or lrom Camilla Collett's novel, The Sheriff', Daughter. See Meyer, p. 225 and Brandes, pp. HI: 17. See above p. 14. 18. For a discussion ofthe 'schizoid character' see Charles Rycroft's Allxiery and Neurosis (Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1961), pp. 531'. 19. See above, p. 20. 20. Brandes, p. 24. 216 Notes and References

21. Harold Clurman,lbsen (Macmillan, New York, 1977, London, 1978), p. 86. 22. The remarks in this paragraph arc abhrcviarious ofinformntion given in the following places: The (hllmllbsen, Vol. III, p. 21; F. L. Lucas, Ibsen and Strindberg ; p. 95; Brandes, p. 34, and Meyer, Henrik Ibsen, Vol. 2, TheFarewell to Poetry 1864-1882 (1971), p. 67 . 23. The Oxford Ibsen, Vol. III, p. 21. Letter 01'28 October 1870. 24. This phrase is often quoted. See The Oxford Ibsen, Vol. VI, pp . 4461'and below p. 72.

3 'The League of Youth' to 'The Wild Duck'

I. For a fuller account of Ibsen's mood and purposes sec the Introduction to The Oxford Ibsen, Vol. IV, cd . and trans. .lames Walter McFarlane and Graham Orton (Oxford University Press, 1963), pp. 2f. Note especially the letter to Bjarnson: 'IfI am not a poet, I have nothing to lose. I shall try my hand as a photographer.' 2. The Oxford Ibsen, Vol. IV. All translations arc from this edition. 3. The Oxford Ibsen, Vol. IV. Translations are from this edition. 4. Brandes, p. 74. 5. Sec The Oxford Ibsen, Vol. V, pp . 127-57 and 423-34, where these are reproduced hy the editorJames Walter McFarlane. 6. For details sec Meyer, Vol. I, pp. 461'. 7. Heiberg, p. 43. 8. Meyer, p. 476. 9. For dear expressions of this pervasive view in Lawrence see especially Chapter XV of The Rainbow and the essay 'Reflections on the Death of a Porcupine'. 10. This and similar remarks are reproduced in Meyer, Vol. II, p. 263 . II . For a convincing argument that Oswald's illness would now be diagnosed as schizophrenia see Derek Russell Davis's 'A Reappraisal oflbsen's ', Family Process, Volume No. I, 1963. 12. The Oxford Ibsen, Vol. V, p. 477 . Letter to Sophie Adlersparre, 24 June 1882. 13. Daniel Dervin, Bernard Shaw: A Psychological Study (Cranbury, New Jersey, Lewisburg Bucknell University Press, Associated University Presses, 1975), pp. 1901'. 14. The Oxford Ibsen , Vol. V, p. 468 . IS. See above, p. 42. 16. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 3, 'On the Jewish Question', (Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1975 and London Laurence and Wishart, 1975), pp . 1461[ 17. For further details see The Oxford Ibsen, Vol. VI, trans. and ed . James Walter McFarlane, p. 3. 18. F. 1. Lucas, The Drama ofIbsen and Strindberg (Cassell, 1962), pp. 1791'. 19. M.C. Bradbrook, Ibsen the Norwegian (Chatto & Windus, New Edition, 1966), p. 103 (first published, (946). 20. See Lucas, p. 184. Notes and References 217

21. See the ' Notes and .lot rings' n-lcvant to The'Vild Duck in Appendix II ol'I 'h« Oxford Ibsen , Vol. VI , pp . 492lf. 22. Ibid., p. 437. 23. Clunnan, p, 136. 24. Sec above, p. 10. 25. The Oxford Ibsen, Vol. VI , p. 9.

4 '' to ''

I. The Ox ford Ibsen, Vol. VI, pp . 446f. 2. F. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Euil, Pari 9, and The Eshics rifAristotle, trans..!. A. K. T homson, Book 4, C ha pter Ill, (George Allen & Unwin, 195:\), pp . 103lf. 3. S. Freud, 'So me Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytical Work' , The CompletePsychological WorksojSigmund Freud , Vol. 14, cd..!ames Struchcy (The Hogarth Press, 1953). 4. T he Oxford HUe1I , Vol. VII, cd . James Walt er McFarlane, tran s. .Jcns Arup, 1966. 5. The Oxfo rd Ibsen , p. 449. 6. Ibid ., p. 450. 7. See Meyer, Vol. I, p. 130. 8. Quotat ions are from T he O xford Ibsen , Vol. VII. 9. See Heiberg, p. 255. 10. The Ox ford Ibsen, Vol. VII , p. 482. II. See above, p. :\3 . 12. Michael Meyer, Henrik Ibsen, Vol. 3, The Top oja Cold Mountain 1881 -1 906 (1971), p. 216n. 13. Quotati ons arc from The O xford Ibsen, Vol. VII. 14. Meyer, Vol. II, p. 305. 15. Meyer, Vol. III, p. 334. 16. Qu oted by Heib erg, p. 261. 17. See Meyer, Vol. III, p. 127. Hel ene Ralfwas a German paint er whom Ibsen met in Sept ember 1891 at the time he was so friendly with Emilie Bardach. Both girls were staying at Gossensass. In the autumn Ibsen and Helene renewed their aeq uaintance in Munich. 18. An extract from this leit er is qu oted in Hellrick Ibsen: A Critical Anthologycd. J am es McFarlan e, (H armondsworth, Penguin Books, 1970), p. 171. 19. In various biographical comments concerned with this play there are referen ces to Ibsen's parent s, his sister Hedvig, his broth er Nikolai (injured by being d ropped on the 11001' as an infant) and his son Sigurd. But nothing positively resembling a Lillie Eyolf theme has emerged. 20. Quotat ions are from The Oxford Ibsen , Vol. VIII. 21. The Oxford Ibsen, Vol. VIII, p. 216. 22. Heiburg, p. 272. 23. Quotations are from The Oxford Ibsen, Vol. VIII. 24. Meyer, Vol. III, p. 268. 25. See ahove, p. 8. 26. Meyer, Vol. I, p. 69. 218 Notes and References

27. Quotations are from The Oxford Ibsen, Vol. VIII.

5 Lilith's Champion

I. Bernard Shaw, Immaturity, (Constable, Standa rd Edition, 1931), p. xi. The novel was written, but not published, in 1879 and the preface was added in 1921. 2. Ibid., p. xxiii, 3. Ib id., p. xiii. 4. 'Who I am and what I think', Sixteen Self Sketches (Standard Edition, Constable, 1949), p. 48. 5. Shaw's mother too, for all her strength of character, was not domineering. 'Both my parents, as it happened, were utterly un cocrcivc,' Shaw rem arks in ' My Mother and Her Relations'.SixteenSelfSketches (Constable, 1949) , p. 10. 6. Shaw in fact said, 'It was to me what the blacking wa rehouse was to Dickens.' Sec 'Shame and Wounded Snobbery'. Sixteen SeifSketchel, p. 20. 7. John O'Donovan, 'T he First Twenty Years', The Genius ofShaw cd . Michael Holroyd (Hodder & Stoughton, 1979), pp. 16/f. 8. ' My Mother and her Relatives', Sixteen SelfSketches, p. 12. 9. Immaturity , p. xxii. 10. George Bernard Shaw, London Music in 1888-89 (Constable, 1937), pp . l lf II. Ibid., p. 10. 12. Ibid., p. 15. 13. Sec Preface, London Music 1888-1J9, p. 24. 14. Hesketh Pearson, Bernard Shato: His Life and Personality, (Methuen, 1961), p. 57 (first published by Collins in 1942) . IS. Scc Colin Wilson, Bernard Shaui: A Reassessment (Hutchinson, 1969), p. 127. 16. 'My Mother and her Relatives', Sixteen SelfSketches, p. 14. 17 . Sixteen Self Sketches, p. 12. 18. Backto Methuselah, Part V, 'As Far As Thought Can Reach'. 19. Preface to Immaturity ., p. xliii.

6 Shaw's Quintessence

I. Daniel Dervin, Bernard Shaw: A Psychological Study (Lewisburg, Bucknell University Press, Associated University Presses, Cranbury, Ncw.Jcrscy, 1975), p. 236. 2. ShawandIbsen , cd.J. L. Wiscnthal (University ofToron to Press, (979), p. 3. 3. Ibid, p. 42. 4. Bernard Shaw, Major Critical Essays (Constable, Standard Edition, 1932), p. 12. 5. Ibid. 6. Ibid., p. 6. 7. Ibid., p. 3. 8. Ibid., p. 19. 9. Ibid., p. 24. 10. Ibid., p. 125. Notes and References 219

11. As soon as The Quintessenceriflbsenism was published \\'illiam Archersaid that Shaw had 'reduced the poet's intentions and the motives of his characters 10 a diagrammatic definiteness'. Hut he added, in my dew wrongly. that Shaw's procedure entailed 'a drawback inscparahlr from expository criti­ cism.' It is not quite inseparable. Shaw and Ibsen, p, 17. 12. Major Critical Essays, p. H. 13. See above Chapter 2, p. 42. 14. Major Critical Essays, p. H. 15. Ibid., p. 66 . 16. Ihid., p. 73. 17. Ihid., p. 78. 18. Shaw and Ibsen, p. 33. 19. Major Critical Essoys, p. 97. 20. For Ibsen's douhts about Rita :\Ilmers see p. 9'L 21. Majore Critic«l Essays, p. 106. 22. Ibid., p. 115. 23. Wilson, p. 45. 24. Ibid., p. 57. 25. The Pilgrim's Progress, 'The Author's Apology for His Hook' . 26. Ibid. 27. It might be said that this idea had already been implanted hy Dickens in his post-1850 novels, hut Shaw's exposition of it was plainer and harder to misrepresent. 28. Back to Methuselah, Part V. 29. Margery M. Morgan, TIleShaoian Playground (Methuen, 1972), p. :n2. 30. Preface to Immaturity, p. xx. 31 . Man and Superman, Act I . 32. Dervin, p. 121. 3:t Stanley Weintrauh, BernardShaw /9['/-/9/8 ,.loum~r til Hearthreuk (Routledge & Kogan Paul, 1973), p. 217 . 34. Ihid. 35. Ibid., p. 218. 36. Dervin, p. 298 . 3'1. Morgan, p. 344 .

7 Shaw's Plays of the Nineties

I. See BernardShaw: Collected Leuers /874-/897, ed . Dan H. Laurence (Max Reinhardt, 1965), p. 384 . 2. See Collected Letters, p. 870 . 3. Alan S. Downer, 'Shaw's First Play', Shaw: Seven Critical Essays, ed . Norman Rosenblood (Toronto and Buffalo, University of Toronto Press, 1971), p. 9. 4. Blanche's violence with the maid Shaw took from a scene he once witnessed in Wigmore Street. See Shaw: An Autobiography /856-/898, selected by Stanley Weintraub (Max Reinhardt, 1970), p. 26. 5. For mention ofMrs Patterson's nature see Collected Letters 1874-/897, p. 151. 6. Maurice Valency, TIle Cart and the Trumpet (New York, Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 106. 220 Notes and References

7. 'The Quintessence of lbscnism", Major Critical Hl.\(ry.l, p. 24. 8. Morgan, p. 81. 9. Valency,p.127. 10. See Valency, p. 134. 11. Louis Crompton, Shaw the Dramatist (U nivcrsity of Nebraska Press, 1969; George Allen & Unwin, 1971), p. 54. 12. See the Preface to Three Playsfor Puritans (Standard Edition, Constable, 1931), p. xxvi. 13. Ibid ., p. xxiv. 14. See above, Chapter 2, p. 20. 15. See 'Notes to Caesar and Cleopatra' in Three Playsfor Puritans (Constable, 1931), p. 195. 16. Ibid., p. 202. 17 . Ibid .

8 Shaw's Later Plays

I. Collected Leturs 1898-1910, cd. Dan H. Laurence (Max Reinhardt, 1972), p.20. 2. Chapter 6, p. 129. 3. Morgan, p. 107. 4. Chapter 6, p. I:{ 1. 5. Collected Letters 1898-1910, p. 444. Letter of 24 August 1904 to Harley Granville Barker. 6. Alfred Turco, .J1', Shaw's Moral Vision TIle Self and Salvation (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1976), p. 191. 7. Collected Letters 1898-1910, pp. 553f. Letter 01'5September 1905 to Archibald Henderson. 8. Ibid ., p. 565. See the editor's comment upon the letter 01'7 October 1905 to Gilbert Murray. 9. Ibid., p. 582. Letter 01'25 November 1905 to Ellen Terry. 10. F. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of/he Future, trans . with a commentary by Walter Kaufmann (New York, Vintage Books, Random House, 1966), p. 207. II . It was in 1902 that the Court Theatre began to stage Murray's translations of Euripides. 12. Valency , p. 313. 13. See above, Chapter 5, p. 112. 14. See Wilson, p. 9. 15. Wilson, pp. 232f. 16. T. S. Eliot, 'Hamlet', Collected Essays (Faber & Faber, 1932). 'So far from being Shakespeare's masterpiece, the play is most certainly an artistic failure.' 17. Weintraub, see especially chapter 7. 18. Morgan, pp. 203f. 19. Ibid . 20. Preface to Back to Methuselah, 'Creature Evolution'. 21. Thus in (Part I, Act 2) Ibsen has.J ulian speak for him: Notes and References 221

'Aren't the mind and will in fiction suhject to the same conditions as those in real Iifl'?' 22. Plato The Republic, trans. and intro. Desmond Lee (Hurmondsworrh, Penguin Books 195\), Part X, p. ·125. 23. Crompton, p. 211 .

Epilogue: Tragedy and Comedy

I. Aristotle, 011 the Arl rifPoetry; trans.Ingram Bywater. pre!:I\'(- hv Gilbert Murray (Oxford University Press, 1954), p. 57 (first published, 1920) . 2. George Steiner, The DealhofTra,/tedy (Faber & Faber, I ~)61). p. 121. 3. JamesJoyce, A Portrait ofthe Artist as a YOUII,/t mall (Jonathan Cape. 1960), p. 209 (first published, 1916) . 4. F. Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy or Hellenism and Pessimism trans. \\"m A. Haussmann, Ph .D. (London, George Allen & Unwin; New York, The Macmillan Company, 1909), P: 33. 5. This is well known hut see Rohert Flacelicrc's A Literary History of Greece; trans. Douglas Garman (Elck Books, 1964) , p. III. Originally published hy Lihrairie Arthernc Fayard, Paris 1962. 6. Nietzsche, p . 35. 7. Elder Olson, The Theory ofComedy (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1968) , p. 3~1 . 8. Ibid., p. 20 . 9. Ibid., p . 58. 10. Steiner, p. 274. II. Ibid., p. 341. 12. H. D.F. Kitto, The Greeks (Harmondsworrh, Penguin Books , 1977), p. 61 (first published, 195\). 13. Flaceliere, pp. 170f. 14. Henri Bergson, Comedy , intro. Wylie Sypher (New York, Doubleday, 1956), p .63. 15. Hugh Kenner, Flauberl,.foyce and Beckett: The Stoic Comedians (W. H . Allen, 1964), p. 106. 16. Quoted in Martin Esslin'sPilller: A Study ofHis Plays (Eyre Methuen, 1973), p.40. Bibliography

The place or publication is London unle ss otherwise stated.

Aristotle, On the Art oj Poetry , trans. Ingram Bywater, pref Gilbert Murray (Oxford Unive rsit y Press, 19.'>4) . First published 1920. --, The Ethics ofAristotle, trans.J.A.K. Thomson (Allen & Unwin, 19.'> 3). Bergson, Henri, 'Laughter', Comedy;intro. Wylie Sypher (New York : Doubleday Anchor Books, Doubl eday, 19.'>6) . Beyer, Edward,lbJeIl: The Man andhis Work, trans, Marie Wclcs (A Condor Book, Souvenir Press, E. & A., 1(711) . Bradhrook, M.C" Ibsen The Nonoegian : A Revaluation (Chatto & Windus, 1946). Brande s, Georg, Henrik Ibsen:A Critical Study, trans. Jessie Mu ir (New York: Benjamin Blom, 1(64). First puhlished Ma cmillan, 1899. Bunyan,John, The Pilgrim's Progress (Faber & Faber, 1947) . Camus, Albert, The Myth ofSisyphus , trans. Justin O'Brien (Hamish Hamilton, 19.'>.'» . Le Mythe de Sisyphe, (Paris:Gallimard, 1942). Clurman, Harold, Ibsen (Macmillan: New York, 1977; l.ondon, 1978). Crompton, Louis , Shaw the Dramatist (University of Nebraska Press, 1969; London : Allen & Unwin, 1971). Davis, Derek Russell, 'A Reappraisal of Ibsen's GIIOJts, 'Family Pro cess', Vol. 2, No. I, 1963. Dervin, Daniel, Bernard Shaw: A Psychological Stu& (Lewisburg Buckn ell University Press, Associated University Presses, Cranbury, New Jersey, 1975) . Downs, Brian W., A Study ofSix Plays by Ibsen (Cambridge University Press, 1950) . Egan, Michael (cd.) IbJeII: The CriticalHeritage (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972) . Eliot, T . S., Collected Essays (Faber & Faber, 1932). Esslin, Martin, Pinter: A Stu& ofHis Plays (Eyre Methuen, 1970and 1973). Flaceliere, Robert, A Literary History of Greece, trans. Douglas Garman (Elek Books, 196'0. (Originally published by Librairie Artheme Fayard, Paris, 1962) . Freud , Sigmund, TheStandardEditionofthe Complete Psychological WorksofSigmund Freud, cd. James Strachey, Vol. 14 (The Hogarth Press, 1953) . Heiburg, Hans, Ibsen: A Portraitofthe Artist, trans. Joan Tate (Allen & Unwin, 1969) . First published, Oslo, 1967. Holroyd, Michael (ed .), The Genius ofShaw (Hodder & Stoughton, 1979). Ibsen , Henrik, Ibsen, Vol. I, Early Plays, cd . James Walter McFarlane and Graham Orton (Oxford University Press , 1970). --,Ibsen, Vol. 2, The Vikings at Helgeland, Love'sComedy; , ed.James

222 Bibliography 223

\ \' alt er MrFarlunc, tran s. .lens Arup, .I. \\'. Mc Fa rlam-, E"" lyn Ram sden. G lynnc Wickham (Oxford University Press, 1962). --, Ibsen , \ '01. :1, , Peer ( ~ J ' II I , cd . J alll es Walt er McF arlan e, tran s. .J. Ki rkup and C . Fr y [Ox ford U niversity Press). --,Ibsen, Vo l. IV, The Leagueo] Yo uth. Emperorand Galilean, cd . an d tra ns.J ames Walt er Mcf'url an c a nd Graha m O rton (Oxford Un ivers ity Press, 1!16:1 ). --, Ibsen , Vol. V, Pillars ofSociety, II Doll's House. Ghosts; tra ns. and ed .,James Walt er Mcf'arlanc (Oxford U niversity Press, 1961). --, Ibsen , Vol. VI , All Enemy ofthe People, Rosmersholm , cd . and tran s. .lames Walt er McF arlan c (O xford Universit y Press, 1960). --, Ibsen, Vo l. VII, , , , cd. J am es Walt er McF arlan e, trans. .len s Aru p and .1 . \\'. Mcl'arlunc (Oxlill'd University Press, 1966). --, Ibsen, Vol. VIII, Little Eyo/f,Jolm Gabriel Barkman , ./Vhm lI'e Dead Awakm, cd. and trans. J ames Walt er McF arl an e. (O U P, 1977). --, Henrik Ibsen: A CriticalAnthology;cd ..lames Walter McFarl ane (H armond­ swor th: Pengu in Books, 1970) . - -, Ibsen: Letters and Speeches, cd . Evert Sprinchorn (M acGihhon & Key, The Co lonia l Press, Clinton, M assachusett s, 196:» . J ae!{er, H en rik , Henrik Ibsen: et liusbillede (Christiania, 1888). J on es, J ohn, On Aristotleand Greek Tragedy (Chatlo & Windus, 1962). J oyce,Jam es, A Portrait ofthe Artist as a YOIllIJ:Man, (Jon athan Cape. 1960). Fi... pub lished , 1916. Kenner, H ugh, Flaubert,.Joyce andBeckett: TheStoic Comedians (W. H. Allen , 1964). Kitto, H. D. F., The Greeks (H a rmondsworrh: Penguin Books, 1977) . First published 1951. La Rochcfoucauld, Maxims, trans. and int ro, Leon ard T an cock (Ha rmond­ sworth: Penguin Books, 1959) . Lu cas, F. 1.., Ibsen and Strindberg (Cassell, 1962). Marx, Ka rl and Engels, Fred erick, Collected Works, Vol. 3 (Moscow : Progress Publishers, \975 : London : Law ren ce Wish a rt, \975) . M eyer, Mi ch ael , Henrik Ibsen, Vo l. 1 The Makingof a Dramalist/828-/864 (Rupert H a rt-D avis, \ 967 ). --, Henrik Ibsen, Vol. 2 The Farewell 10 Poetry /864-/882 (Rupert H art-Davis, 1971). --, Hrnrik Ibsen, Vol. :1 711e TOI) rlj' l/ Cold Mountain /88/-/906 (Rupert Hart-D avis, 1971) . Morgan,Margery M., The Shaoian Playground (Me th uen, 1972). Nietzsche, F., Beyond Good and Evil, trans. with commenta ry by Walt er Kaufmann (N ew York : Vintag e Books, Random House, 1966) . --, The Birth ofTragedy or Hellenismand Pessimism , trans. Wm A. H au ssm ann, Ph.D . (London:George Allen & Unwin; New York : The Macmill an Co mpany, 1923) . First publish ed in Engli sh 1909. Olson , Eld er , The Theory ofComedy (Bloomington , Indian a and London : Indiana Un iversity Press, 1968), Pearson , Hesketh, Bernard Shaw: His Lifeand Personalily (Collins , 1942; Methuen , 1961 ). Plat o, The Republic, trans. a nd in tro. Desmond Lee (Ha rrno ndsworth: Pengu in Books, 1974). 224 Bibliography

Rosenblood, Norman, Shaw: Seuen Critical Essays (Toronto and Buffalo: Univer­ sity of Toronto Press, 1971). Rycroft, Charles, Allxiery and Neurosis (Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1961). Shaw, Bernard The Standard Edition of Shaw's plays, published hy Constable, and the Bodley Head edition are the sources (ClI' quotations and references in this hook. The following is an alphabetical Iist of the plays discussed, together with dates when the plays were completed. Armsand the Mall 1894 Backto Methuselah 1920 Caesar and Cleopatra 1898 Candida 1895 Captain Brassbound's Conoersion 1899 TheDevil's Disciple 1897 Heartbreak House 191 7 John Bull's Other Island 1904 Major Barbara 1905 The MallofDestiny 1895 MallandSuperman 1903 Mrs Warren's Profession 11194 The Philanderer 1893 Pygmalion 1913 Saintjoan 192:3 You Never Can Tell 1896 Widowers' Houses 1892 Immaturity (Standard Edition, Constable, 1931). London Music in 1888-89 As heard hy Corno Di Bassette (Standard Edition, Constable, 1937). Major Critical Essays (Standard Edition, Constable, 1932). Sixteen SelfSketches (Standard Edition, Constable, 1949). Collected Letters 1874-1897, cd. Dan H. Laurence (Max Reinhardt, 1965). Collected Letters 1898-1910, ed. Dan H. Laurence (Max Reinhardt, 1972). The Complete Prefaces ofBernard Shaw (Paul Hamlyn, 1965). Steiner, George, The DeathofTragedy (Faber & Faber, 1961). Turco, Alfred, Jr. Shaw's Moral Vision (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1976). Valency , Maurice, The Cartandthe Trumpet: The PlaysofBernard Shaw (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973). Weintraub, Stanley, Bernard Shaw /9/4-/9/8,journey to Heartbreak (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973). --, Shaw: An Autobiograp/!y /856-/898, selected by Stanley Weintrauh (Max Reinhardt, 1969). Wilson, Colin, Bernard Shaw: A Reassessment (Hutchinson, 1969). Wisenthal, .1. L. (ed.) Shaw and Ibsen : Bernard Shaw's 'The Quintessence ofIbsenism' andRelated Writings (Toronto, Bulfalo, London: University of'I'oron to Press, 1979). Index

Aeschylus, 23, 56, 193,206,209 Eliot, George, 72 Agamemnon, 205 Eliot, T. S., 186 Andersen, Hildur, 87, 89 Engels, Frederick, 64n 'Andhrimner',20 Esslin , Martin, 212n Antigone, 204 Euripides, 181n, 206 Archer, William, 85, 86, 121n, 124, 136 Fabian Society , ix Aristotle, 17, 73, 204, 206 Farr, Florence, 139, 140 Asbjarnsen, P. C., 39 Flacelierc, R., 206n, 210 Flaubert, Gustave, 52, 54, 98 Balzac, Honore de, 182 Freud, Sigmund, 1:-1, 68, 71, 75 Bardach, Emilie, 31, 84, 85, 86, 89 Beckett, Samuel, 212 Galsworthy, John, 184 Bellini, V., 19 Germanicus, 75 Bergson, Henri, 211 George, David Lloyd, 195 Bjornson, Bjernstjcrne, 11,33, 43n , 64 George, Henry, 113. 126, 137 Bradbrook, M. C., 67 Glass Menagerie, The, 209 Brandes, Georg, 23, 30, 31n, :-1 7, 39n, Gray, R., 24 52 Grein,J. '1'.,135,136 Brutus, Decius, 75 Gur1y, Lucinda, Elizabeth (Bessie),see Bunyan,John, 127, 133, 137, 176, 178 Shaw, L. E. Gwynne, Eleanor (Nell), 182 Campbell, Mrs Patrick, 113, 115 Camus, Albert, 11 Hamlet, 83, 172, 187,205 Chekhov, Anton, 187 Hardy, Thomas, 72 Chesterton, G. K., 176 Hegel , G. F. V ., 114, 115 Clurman, Harold, 22n, 39n, 69n Heiburg, Hans, 8, 53 Clytemnestra, 205, 206 Holst, Rikki, 80 Collett, Camilla, 31n Homer, 48 Comedy, beginnings of, 207 Hellner, Herman, 20-1 Comte, Auguste, 72 Crompton, Louis, 160, 396 Ibsen, Bergliot, 14n Ibsen, Hedvig, 3, 6, 71, 90n, 98 Darwin, Charles, 129, 192, 195 Ibsen, Henrik Johan: childhood, Davis, Derek Russell, 60n 3-10; leaves for Grimstad, 10; Defence oj Poetry, A, 118 fathers illegitimate child, 10; in Dervin, Daniei,62, 117, 131, 134 Grimstad, 10-12; as Dick ens, Charles, 127n, 132, 137, 139, 'photographer", 43; his 160 'Realpoesie", 52; his marriage, Dionysus, 49, 181,210 26-7,31,53,86,87,96; 225 226 Index

Ibsen, Henrik Johan - continued Ibsen, Marichcn, 3, 5, 6-7, II,9,14,39 Trondheim speech, 72-3; walk Ibsen, Nikolai, 90n with Hcdvig, 98; preference f

Oedipus, 204 House, 128, IIIG-92 ; lmmaturitv; Olson, Elder, 207, 208 105-G, I IG, Iso, The IlTalioll~1 Oresteia, 56, 206, 209 K/101, 12,1-5:Johll Bull '.I Other Island, 17·1-7, 11I7;l.olldoll.'v[u.\·ic Palterson,Jane (.Jenny), II :~, 139, 140 ill 1888--89,110, 112n, III :~ : Payne-Townsend, Charlotte, see Major Barbara, IIs. 177-11 I, Shaw, Charlotte 189;Mall andSuperman, 120, Pearson, Hesketh, 112n 1 :~0-1, 133, 139, 15:~, 169-n Petersen, Clemens, 43 174, 18G; The Mall ofDestiny; Pilgrim's Progress, The, 127, 137 152-4; MrJ Warrm'.l Profession , Pinero, Sir Arthur Win~, 137 142-5; The Philanderer, 140-2, Pinter, Harold, 212 157;Pygmalion, Ill, I :~9, 182-6: Plato, 197 Saintjoan, 115, 128, U4, IH, Plutarch, 12,47,162 146, 197-20 :~; Sixteen Self Sketches, 106n, 114, 115; 'Thrce Quilltessellce Ibsenism, The, ix, 117-24, of Plays by Bricux', 129; All 137,149,186 Unsocial Socialist, 12;>; You Never Raff, Helene, 89 Call Tell, 154-11; Widowers' Rousseau,JeanJacques, 167 Houses, 125, 127, I:17-40 Rycroft, Charles, :~ 3 n Shaw, George Carr, 105-11, 109-10, 114,115,156-7 Shakespeare, William, 12, 18, 47, 56, Shaw, Lucinda Elizabeth (Bessie), 127,172,187,205,208,209 106n, 107-12, 114, 11 5, 116 Shaw, Charlotte, 113 Shaw, Lucy, 110, III Shaw, George Bernard: childhood, Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 118 105-7,109,111; early years in Socrates, 49, 128, 209 London, 112-13; marriage, 113; Sontum, Caroline, 94 Heg elianism, 114, 115; altitude Sophocles, 23, 209 towards Great War, 118, 131-2; Steiner, George, 205, 208 on idealism, I 18, 119, 145; belief Stoicism, 14, 78, 120 in progress, 115-16, 120, 124, Sweet, Henry, 185 127-30; public speaking, 112, 125; socialism, 126; moral Tennyson, Alfred , Lord, 145 passion, 127-8, 130-1, 168, 174, Thoresen, Magdalene, 26-7, 53, 87 189-90; importance of the will, Thoresen, Su zannah, see Ibsen, 129-30,192; dualism, 145; Suzannah Platonism, 145; 'life ' and nature, Titian, 152 169, 173-5 Tolstoy, Count Leo, 193 works: Arms and the Mall, 146-9, Turco, Alfred J 1', 176 187;Back to Methuselah, 115, 117, 128, 129, 134, 193-7,203; Valency, Maurice, 146, 150, 182 Caesar andCleopatra , 115, 161-5; Viilsungasaga , 32 Candida , 31, 79, 149-52; Captain Brassbound's Conuersion, 113-14, Wagn er, Richard, 88, 136 165-8, 210; Cashel Byron'.I Waiting for Godot, 212 Profession , 125; The Devil's Webb, Beatrice, 113 Disciple , 158-61, 200; Wehb, Sidney, 113 Everybody's Political What's Weintraub, Stanley, 131, 187 What, 120, 133; Heartbreak Wells, H. G., 184 228 Index

Wilde, Oscar, 32, I37-11, 111, 146, 1711 Yeats, William Butler, 171 Wilson, Colin, 113n, 125, 126, 1116 Wisenthal,.J. t ., ix, 117 Zeno, 711 Zetetical Society, 113, 125