Hong Kong, China Internet Case Study
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I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n BROADBAND AS A COMMODITY: HONG KONG, CHINA INTERNET CASE STUDY May 2003 Michael Minges prepared this report. Tim Kelly drafted the mobile section. Nathalie Delmas was responsible for formatting and production. The report is based on field research carried out from 3 to 6 December 2002 as well as articles and reports noted in the document. The assistance of the Office of the Telecommunication Authority, particularly M. H. Au and Sara Lam, was indispensable and highly appreciated. Equally, the report would not have been possible without the cooperation of the Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Broadband Network, i-Cable and Pacific Century Cyberworks. The report benefited from comments both within and outside ITU. Within ITU, Vanessa Gray, Esperanza Magpantay, Taylor Reynolds and Gary Sacks remarked on the report. Externally, M. H. Au, Fion Fung, Yiu-choi Siu and Benjamin Tong provided valuable observations. The report is one of a series examining the Internet in different economies around the world. Additional information is available on ITU’s Internet Case Study web page at <www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/cs/>. The report may not necessarily reflect the opinions of ITU, its members or the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. The title refers to the evolution of broadband Internet access in Hong Kong such that it is increasingly perceived as a basic commodity. NOTE: FOR BREVITY, THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IS REFERRED TO AS HONG KONG IN THE REPORT. © ITU 2003 ii Contents 1. Introduction....................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................ 1 1.2 Methodology ........................................................................... 1 2. Pervasiveness .................................................................... 3 3. Geographic dispersion ....................................................... 8 4. Sector absorption............................................................. 10 4.1 Education ............................................................................. 10 4.2 Government ......................................................................... 10 4.3 Health .................................................................................. 10 4.4 Business .............................................................................. 10 5. Connectivity infrastructure .............................................. 12 5.1 International and national backbone ........................................ 12 5.2 Local exchange ..................................................................... 12 5.3 Local access .......................................................................... 13 5.4 Mobile .................................................................................. 16 6. Organizational infrastructure ........................................... 20 7. Sophistication .................................................................. 25 8. Conclusions ...................................................................... 28 Annex 1: List of meetings........................................................ 31 Annex 2: Acronyms ................................................................. 32 Annex 3: Bibliography ............................................................. 33 iii Figures 2.1 Internet penetration in advanced Asia-Pacific economies ............. 3 2.2 Hong Kong's Internet history ................................................... 4 2.3 Hong Kong's Digital Divide ...................................................... 5 3.1 Map of Hong Kong .................................................................. 8 3.2 Where we use the Internet ...................................................... 8 5.1 Hong Kong's international bandwidth ...................................... 12 5.2 Reach international Internet backbone .................................... 13 5.3 Hong Kong Internet Exchange ............................................... 14 5.4 Broadband trends in Hong Kong ............................................. 15 5.5 Broadband coverage and subscribers ...................................... 16 5.6 Hong Kong: The world's most competitive mobile market? ........ 16 6.1 Broadband pricing ................................................................ 23 7.1 Heavy users ........................................................................ 25 7.2 What the Internet is used for................................................. 26 7.3 Government online ............................................................... 26 8.1 Hawking broadband ............................................................. 28 8.2 State of Internet in Hong Kong .............................................. 29 Tables 4.1 Government computerization ................................................ 10 4.2 Penetration and usage of information technology in the business sector ............................................................... 11 5.1 Broadband coverage in Hong Kong ......................................... 14 6.1 Hong Kong's telecommunication and regulatory timeline ........... 20 6.2 Hong Kong's broadband operators .......................................... 22 Boxes 1.1 Abundant information ............................................................. 2 2.1 English language, Hong Kong and the Internet .......................... 6 3.1 Community Cyber point .......................................................... 9 5.1 Hong Kong's 3G licensing process .......................................... 17 iv 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Promotion of the Internet has existent) to four (highly developed). become a top priority in many The factors are as follows: economies around the world. Some are now moving beyond basic • pervasiveness: a measure Internet access to promoting high- based on users per capita and the speed broadband infrastructure and degree to which non-technicians networks. The deployment of are using the Internet. broadband infrastructure is increasingly perceived as important • geographic dispersion: a for overall economic and social measure of the concentration of development. According to the the Internet, from none or a Chairman of Singapore’s information single city to nationwide and communication technology availability. regulatory agency: • sector absorption: a measure “Broadband is a defining technology of the degree of utilization of the of our age. In the future, no nation Internet in the education, can claim to be of developed status commercial, health care and without good broadband access.”1 public sectors. Central to broadband development are • connectivity infrastructure: a mass-market technologies for end user measure based on international access. In that respect, the and domestic backbone International Telecommunication Union bandwidth, exchange points, and (ITU), the United Nations specialized user access methods. agency for telecommunications, has embarked on a series of case studies • organizational infrastructure: researching the development of the a measure based on the state of Internet. This study looks at the the Internet Service Provider development of the Internet and industry and market conditions. particularly broadband access in the Hong Kong Special Administrative • sophistication of use: a Region of the People’s Republic of China measure characterizing usage (hereafter referred to as Hong Kong). from conventional to highly sophisticated and driving 1.2 Methodology innovation. The Mosaic Group2 has developed a framework for characterizing the state This framework is used to assess the of the Internet in an economy. They situation in Hong Kong with a consider six factors, each of which has particular focus on broadband Internet five values ranging from zero (non- access. 1 Hong Kong, China Internet Case Study Box 1.1: Abundant information One of the advantages of studying a market like Hong • Since all of Hong Kong’s main Kong is the large amount of timely and relevant statistics telecommunication operators are publicly available for the information and communication traded, they publish data relating to their technology sector. This assists policy making by allowing businesses on an annual basis. Most also publish Hong Kong to be benchmarked against other leading semi-annual interim or quarterly reports. In economies in terms of ICT. T he data are to be addition to financial data, these reports also commended for they follow international standards and contain operational data and enhance the ability unlike some other economies, statistics from Hong to analyze Hong Kong’s ICT sector, particularly Kong are transparent and clear. In addition, Hong from a market share perspective. Kong is at the forefront of disseminating new statistics often before other economies have started collecting • Hong Kong’s government statistical office, the them. Sources include: Census and Statistics Department (C&SD), carries out regular annual surveys on the • The Office of the Telecommunication Authority usage of information and communication (OFTA), the telecommunication industry technology in households and businesses.4 regulator, publishes a variety of statistics on its The surveys provide an essential supplement web site.3 These include monthly statistics on to the administrative