DOCSLIB.ORG

From Tsars to Commissars: Continuities in Russian Modern Diplomatic History with Persia and Japan Christopher Hansford

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Tsars to Commissars: Continuities in Russian Modern Diplomatic History with Persia and Japan Christopher Hansford Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2014 From Tsars to Commissars: Continuities in Russian Modern Diplomatic History with Persia and Japan Christopher Hansford Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES FROM TSARS TO COMMISSARS: CONTINUITIES IN RUSSIAN MODERN DIPLOMATIC HISTORY WITH PERSIA AND JAPAN By CHRISTOPHER HANSFORD A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2014 Christopher Hansford defended this thesis on April 21, 2014. The members of the supervisory committee were: Jonathan Grant Professor Directing Thesis Michael Creswell Committee Member Edward Wynot Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the thesis has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 TURKMENCHAY AND THE ANGLO-RUSSIAN RIVALRY ..................................................10 THE TRANS-CONTINENTAL AFFAIR .....................................................................................47 FROM THE KREMLIN TO KHOMEINI .....................................................................................77 TOKYO TROUBLES ....................................................................................................................90 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................98 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................101 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................103 iii ABSTRACT The recent resurgence of the Russian Federation into international politics has caused a great stir in the capitals of Western Europe, the United States, and those of the former Soviet Union. When looking to the behavior of the Russian state, it is critical to understand the historical and geopolitical perspective from which they are operating. To relate to this contemporary context, it is best to understand the Russian position in the geo-political arena and how that position largely remained cemented from the Imperial Tsarist to the Soviet periods. АТtС long standТng tТes and contests betаeen RussТa, PersТa/Iran, and Japan, tСese tаo “Eastern” nations will be the central focus of this study, along with how Russian policy objectives, behaviors, and decisions were or were not impacted by the Russian Revolution of 1917. With an understandТng of RussТa’s place tСrougС sucС a vТolent and dвnamТc polТtТcal sСТft, tСТs studв aims to contribute to the historiography while adding modern relevance and understanding to the patterns of Russian diplomatic behavior. iv INTRODUCTION Studies of the foreign relations of the Tsarist Russian Empire and the later Soviet Union often take the perspective of Russian dealings with the powers of Europe.1 Such a perspective does not take suffТcТent notТce of RussТa’s vastness, dТversТtв of eбperТences, and tСe range of RussТa’s polТtТcal and СТstorТcal reacС. SpannТng from tСe BaltТc to tСe PacТfТc and from tСe frozen expanses of the Kara Sea in the north to the shores of the Caspian in the south, Russia in both her Imperial and SovТet daвs аas tТtanТc. RussТa’s great territorial reach and the diversity of neighboring states that came with it are the focus of this study. Breaking away from the typical western orientation on Russian foreign policy and diplomatic history, this study examines the continuities and changes present in Imperial and then Soviet Russian dealings with what were her most politically and internationally dynamic neighbors: Persia and Japan. The selection of these two non-western Russian neighbors was not an arbitrary one, and the maturity of Russo-Persian as well as Russo-Japanese relations merits examination. Foremost, Persia and later the Islamic Republic of Iran have represented a significant power and influence in the Middle East, as well as Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. While Persian rulers and people were not always the holders of such influence, the Great Powers that clashed over the fate and alignment of Persia brought this territory of mountains, desert, and coastal basins to the fore of international affairs and the attention of leaders the world over. Japan in contrast has traditionally represented somewhat of an exotic element of the affairs of European powers. Yet Russian territory stretched to the shores of the Sea of Japan making Russia the only European power with a coast that directly faced Japan. The end of Japan's isolation in the 1850s opened a 1 Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia (New York: Kodansha International, 1994); Karl Ernest Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac, Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and Race for Empire in Central Asia (Rev. paperback ed. New York: Basic Books, 2006); William C Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 1600-1914 (New York: Free Press, 1992). 1 new frontier for trade and diplomatic challenges. As Russian influence expanded eastward following the disastrous Crimean War, tensions and trade in Russo-Japanese relations were destined to escalate. Vibrant and at times turbulent, relations between Russia and Japan would continue into and through the 20th Century leaving the state of Russo-Japanese relations as one of central importance to Russian leadership in Imperial Saint Petersburg and later Soviet Moscow. Japan also played a critical role in the final years of the Russian Empire as the belligerent of Asia that humbled the Tsar's forces in war during 1904. While this conflict and its repercussions have been thoroughly discussed by many scholars2, continued Russo-Japanese interactions, into the Soviet period would have a profound impact on the affairs and global standing of both states. While no such study currently exists in the English-language historiography, this examination holds value for our modern perspectives. Especially as technological changes brТng tСe аalls our “global vТllage” doаn, and tСe relatТve dТstances between states decrease, understanding the currents of these previous relations, their continuities, and their shifts over time can be insightful when examining the region today as well. With these conditions in mind, this study frames Russo-Iranian relations from the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 until the Russian intervention in Afghanistan in 1979. In the case of Persia, the Treaty of Turkmenchay brought to a close the definitive Russo-Persian War of 1826- 1828. This conflict, begun for reasons of Persian national pride and their military attempts to retake the Caucasus from Russian imperial control, would be the finial military clash between the Russian and Persian Empires. The peace treaty, whose terms heavily favored the victorious Russians, would help to define the subordinate role the Persian state would play for the 2 Andrew Malozemoff, Russian Far Eastern policy, 1881-1904, With Special Emphasis on the Causes of the Russo- Japanese War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1958); Geoffrey Juke, The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. (Oxford: Osprey, 2002);Denis Warner, The Tide at Sunrise: A History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905 (London: Frank Cass, 2002); Barbara Jelavich, St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814- 1974 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974). 2 remainder of the 19th century. Furthermore, the conflict and its settlement carried many of the consistent themes and actors that would color Russo-Persian relations for the remainder of the century. The Treaty of Turkmenchay also marked the beginning of a Russian imperialist-era that, begun during the reign of Nicholas I would stretch almost a century until the overthrow of Nicholas II. With regards to Japan, this study covers from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the signing of the Soviet peace accord with Japan in 1956. It should be noted however that a preponderance of the attention paid to Japan will center on the period prior to the outbreak of the First World War, and in the inter-war period as Soviet-Japanese relations following the American occupation of Japan in 1945 were nonexistent until the mid-1950s and even then did not normalize for another decade. In dealing with the interactions of Russia, Japan, and related foreign powers, the opening of Japan to foreign trade during the Meiji Restoration in 1868 is perhaps the most appropriate, and the only logical point from which to begin this study with. It is at this point that Japan entered the global stage for the first time in a modern context, and it is by this time that, still fresh from their defeat in the Crimea, the Russian Empire was looking to expand its realm of trade and influence. While there is evidence of strong Russian attempts at trade prior to the end of Japanese isolation, these had proven futile and interactions between the two states remained exceptionally limited.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Transformation of the Dualistic International Order Into the Modern Treaty System in the Sino-Korean Relationship
    International Journal of Korean History (Vol.15 No.2, Aug.2010) 97 G Transformation of the Dualistic International Order into the Modern Treaty System in the Sino-Korean Relationship Song Kue-jin* IntroductionG G Whether in the regional or global scale, the international order can be defined as a unique system within which international issues develop and the diplomatic relations are preserved within confined time periods. The one who has leadership in such international order is, in actuality, the superpowers regardless of the rationale for their leading positions, and the orderliness of the system is determined by their political and economic prowess.1 The power that led East Asia in the pre-modern era was China. The pre- modern East Asian regional order is described as the tribute system. The tribute system is built on the premise of installation, so it was important that China designate and proclaim another nation as a tributary state. The system was not necessarily a one-way imposition; it is possible to view the system built on mutual consent as the tributary state could benefit from China’s support and preserve the domestic order at times of political instability to person in power. Modern capitalism challenged and undermined the East Asian tribute GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG * HK Research Professor, ARI, Korea University 98 Transformation of the Dualistic International Order into the ~ system led by China, and the East Asian international relations became a modern system based on treaties. The Western powers brought the former tributary states of China into the outer realm of the global capitalistic system. With the arrival of Western imperialistic powers, the East Asian regional order faced an inevitable transformation.
    [Show full text]
  • Asia's Exotic Futures in the Far Beyond the Present
    ARTICLE .1 Asia’s Exotic Futures in the Far beyond the Present Vahid V. Motlagh Independent Futurist Iran Abstract This paper attempts to deconstruct and challenge the dominant discourses with regard to the longer term futures of Asia. First the mentality of reviving the shining past as well as paying attention to the GDP growth rate in the race of the East to take over the position of leaders from the West is reviewed. An associa- tion is made between a memorable metaphor and the scenario of reviving the shining past. Then some guide- lines are introduced and applied to the far ahead futures of Asia including a) violating old implicit assump- tions by applying what if mechanism, b) identifying and articulating distinct value systems, and c) detecting weak signals that may hint to the next mainstream. Four scenarios are built within the rationale of transforma- tion scenario. The aim is to do exotic futures studies and to create alternative images. Such images not only may help shift the identity of future Asians but also influence today decisions and actions of both Asians and non Asians. Keywords: Asia, East, West, value systems, transformation scenarios, space technology, life technology Introduction In the wake of a new kind of globalization in the modern era sometimes it may appear rather silly to ask a total stranger a very typical question: "Where are you from?" The point is that some people are "placeless" in a sense that they do not belong to a specific country, culture, language, and etc. Placelessness and not having clear and vivid roots may result in potential gains and pains in the life of an individual to the extent that, a related postmodern notion has become fashionable nowa- days: to have "multiple identities" (Giridharadas, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Soh-Joseon-Kingdom.Pdf
    Asia-Pacific Economic and Business History Conference, Berkeley, 2011 (Feb. 18-20): Preliminary Draft Institutional Differences and the Great Divergence:* Comparison of Joseon Kingdom with the Great Britain Soh, ByungHee Professor of Economics Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea e-mail: [email protected] Abstract If modern Koreans in the 20th century could achieve a remarkable economic growth through industrialization, why couldn’t their ancestors in Joseon Kingdom in early modern period achieve an industrial revolution at that time? This is the fundamental question of this paper. There existed several social and institutional constraints in Joseon Kingdom (1392-1897 A.D.) in the 17th through 19th centuries that made her industrial development impossible. The strictly defined social classes and the ideology of the ruling class deprived Joseon Kingdom of the entrepreneurial spirit and the incentives to invent new technology necessary for industrial development. Markets and foreign trades were limited and money was not used in transaction until late 17th century. Technicians and engineers were held in low social esteem and there was no patent to protect an inventor’s right. The education of Confucian ethical codes was intended to inculcate loyalty to the ruling class Yangban and the King. The only way to get out of the hard commoner’s life was to pass the national civil service examination to become a scholar-bureaucrat. Joseon Kingdom was a tributary country to Qing Dynasty and as such it had to be careful about technological and industrial development not to arouse suspicion from Qing. Joseon was not an incentivized society while the Great Britain was an incentivized society that was conducive to Industrial Revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Coding Units
    INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) .
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of New York State Is Designed As a Resource for All Education Professionals, but with Particular Consideration to Those Who Work with Bilingual1 Students
    TTHE LLANGUAGES OF NNEW YYORK SSTATE:: A CUNY-NYSIEB GUIDE FOR EDUCATORS LUISANGELYN MOLINA, GRADE 9 ALEXANDER FFUNK This guide was developed by CUNY-NYSIEB, a collaborative project of the Research Institute for the Study of Language in Urban Society (RISLUS) and the Ph.D. Program in Urban Education at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, and funded by the New York State Education Department. The guide was written under the direction of CUNY-NYSIEB's Project Director, Nelson Flores, and the Principal Investigators of the project: Ricardo Otheguy, Ofelia García and Kate Menken. For more information about CUNY-NYSIEB, visit www.cuny-nysieb.org. Published in 2012 by CUNY-NYSIEB, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, NY, NY 10016. [email protected]. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alexander Funk has a Bachelor of Arts in music and English from Yale University, and is a doctoral student in linguistics at the CUNY Graduate Center, where his theoretical research focuses on the semantics and syntax of a phenomenon known as ‘non-intersective modification.’ He has taught for several years in the Department of English at Hunter College and the Department of Linguistics and Communications Disorders at Queens College, and has served on the research staff for the Long-Term English Language Learner Project headed by Kate Menken, as well as on the development team for CUNY’s nascent Institute for Language Education in Transcultural Context. Prior to his graduate studies, Mr. Funk worked for nearly a decade in education: as an ESL instructor and teacher trainer in New York City, and as a gym, math and English teacher in Barcelona.
    [Show full text]
  • The Syrian Civil War: a Proxy War in the 21St Century a Senior Research Thesis California State University Maritime Academy Felipe I
    1 The Syrian Civil War: A Proxy War in the 21st Century A Senior Research Thesis California State University Maritime Academy Felipe I. Rosales The Syrian Civil War: A Proxy War in the 21st Century 2 Abstract The Syrian Civil War is one of the most devastating conflicts of the 21st century and the cause of the worst humanitarian crisis in recent history. It stems between the ruling Al-Assad Regime and a series of opposition rebel groups. The Assad Regime has had the backing of this historical ally, the Russian Federation. Rebel forces have had the continued backing from a collation between western nations, led by the United States. The purpose of this thesis is to determine if the Syrian Civil War was a proxy war between the United States and Russia, and to determine what it means for the future of US-Russia relations. SInce the end of the Second World War and the rise of the nuclear deterrent, war by proxy has become a common strategy used by larger powers. If the Syrian Civil War is truly a proxy war between the United States and Russia, it brings to question the validity of the end of the Cold War. By comparing it to previous Cold War-era proxy wars, we can derive the features that make up a proxy war and apply them to the Syrian Civil War. This thesis uses several precious proxy wars as case studies. These include the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Afghan-Soviet War. While each of these was a very different war, they each share a handful of similarities that make them Proxy Wars.
    [Show full text]
  • The Imperial Roots of Global Trade ∗
    The Imperial Roots of Global Trade ∗ Gunes Gokmeny Wessel N. Vermeulenz Pierre-Louis V´ezinax October 11, 2017 Abstract Today's countries emerged from hundreds of years of conquests, alliances and downfalls of empires. Empires facilitated trade within their controlled territories by building and securing trade and migration routes, and by imposing common norms, languages, religions, and legal systems, all of which led to the accumulation of trading capital. In this paper, we uncover how the rise and fall of empires over the last 5,000 years still influence world trade. We collect novel data on 5,000 years of imperial history of countries, construct a measure of accumulated trading capital between countries, and estimate its effect on trade patterns today. Our measure of trading capital has a positive and significant effect on trade that survives controlling for potential historical mechanisms such as sharing a language, a religion, genes, a legal system, and for the ease of natural trade and invasion routes. This suggests a persistent and previously unexplained effect of long-gone empires on trade. JEL CODES: F14, N70 Key Words: long run, persistence, empires, trading capital, gravity. ∗We are grateful to Danila Smirnov for excellent research assistance and to Roberto Bonfatti, Anton Howes, Vania Licio, and seminar participants at the 2016 Canadian Economic Association Annual Meeting in Ottawa, King's College London, and the 2017 FREIT Workshop in Cagliari for their constructive comments. yNew Economic School and the Center for the Study of Diversity and Social Interactions, Moscow. Email: [email protected]. Gokmen acknowledges the support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, grant No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Modern Korean Nation, Tan'gun, and Historical Memory in Late
    International Journal of Korean History (Vol.19 No.2, Aug. 2014) 213 The Modern Korean Nation, Tan’gun, and Historical Memory in Late Nineteenth to Early Twentieth Century Korea* Kim Soo-ja** Introduction Usage of the modern term ‘nation’ began in the early twentieth century in Korea. Correspondingly, the historical figure Tan’gun was actively used as a tool for creating a sense of unity and community among Kore- ans. However, at the beginning of Korean history, Tan’gun was not used in this way. According to varying historical situations, there were differ- ent historical memories and meanings attached to Tan’gun. Particularly in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, the significance of Tan’gun and the political circumstances situation were very closely con- nected to the point that it was markedly different from the previous period. In the late nineteenth century, Korea experienced a severe crisis both internally and externally. Domestically, the feudal order was being dis- mantled; externally, Korea faced invasions from imperialist powers. The Chinese-centered perspectives Ch’ǒnha (天下) or the theory of Hayi (華 夷)) were rapidly being replaced with the concepts of the Western nation- state. The Korean “nation” was discovered and from that time on, the nation has played an important role in overcoming Korean national crises. * This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2007-361-AL0015). ** Assistant Professor, Ewha Institute for the Humanities, Ewha University 214 The Modern Korean Nation, Tan’gun, and Historical Memory At the center of the process of creating the modern Korean nation stood Tan’gun, who holds special significance as a mythical figure and the founding father of Kojosôn, Korea’s first kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • ICRP Calendar
    The notions of International Relations (IR) in capital letters and international relations (ir) in lowercase letters have two different meanings. The first refers to a scholarly discipline while the second one means a set of contemporary events with historical importance, which influences global-politics. In order to make observations, formulate theories and describe patterns within the framework of ‘IR’, one needs to fully comprehend specific events related to ‘ir’. It is why the Institute for Cultural Relations Policy (ICRP) believes that a timeline on which all the significant events of international relations are identified might be beneficial for students, scholars or professors who deal with International Relations. In the following document all the momentous wars, treaties, pacts and other happenings are enlisted with a monthly division, which had considerable impact on world-politics. January 1800 | Nationalisation of the Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed 01 from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800. 1801 | Establishment of the United Kingdom On 1 January 1801, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland united to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Most of Ireland left the union as the Irish Free State in 1922, leading to the remaining state being renamed as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927. 1804 | Haiti independence declared The independence of Haiti was recognized by France on 17 April 1825.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bible and Empire in the Divided Korean Peninsula in Search for a Theological Imagination for Just Peace
    University of Dublin Trinity College The Bible and Empire in the Divided Korean Peninsula In Search for a Theological Imagination for Just Peace A Dissertation Submitted For the Degree of DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY By Youngseop Lim Irish School of Ecumenics February 2021 Declaration I declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or any other university and it is entirely my own work. I agree to deposit this thesis in the University’s open access institutional repository or allow the Library to do so on my behalf, subject to Irish Copyright Legislation and Trinity College Library conditions of use and acknowledgement. Signed: _____________________________________ Date: _______________________________________ iii Summary The major objective of this thesis is to examine the relationship between biblical interpretation and imperialism in the context of the Korean conflict. This study takes its starting point in the questions of what caused the Korean conflict, and what role the Bible has played in the divided Korean church and society. In order to find answers to these questions, this study is carried out in several steps. The first step is to explore just peace and imperial peace in the Bible as a conceptual framework. The second step seeks to reconstruct the history of Korean Christianity, the relationship between church and state, and the impact of American church and politics from postcolonial perspective. As the third step, this study focuses on the homiletical discourses of Korean megachurches in terms of their relation to the dominant ideologies, such as anticommunism, national security, pro-Americanism, and economic prosperity.
    [Show full text]
  • South Korea's Middle-Power Diplomacy: Changes and Challenges
    Research Paper Sung-Mi Kim Asia Programme | June 2016 South Korea’s Middle-Power Diplomacy: Changes and Challenges South Korea’s Middle-Power Diplomacy: Changes and Challenges Summary The concept of ‘middle power’ has provided an important framework for South Korea’s diplomatic initiatives. However, policy-makers often use the term without sufficiently unravelling its meanings and their ramifications. In addition, its use has not been consistent from government to government. The constraint of a single, five-year presidential term is one of the factors underlying this incoherence. Incoming administrations are often keen to mark a departure from the policy concepts and ‘catchphrases’ of their predecessors, so the election of each new president tends to be followed by a proliferation of new initiatives and vision statements. Under the presidencies of Roh Moo-hyun, Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye, South Korea’s middle-power characteristics have largely been understood in geographical, hierarchical and strategic terms respectively. These different yet interrelated perceptions have shaped – but also confused – debates about the country’s diplomatic identity and choices. Many analysts are sceptical about the utility of ‘middle power’ as a guiding principle for South Korea’s diplomacy, particularly given the differences between South Korea’s particular circumstances and those of the Western middle powers to which the concept has traditionally applied. There are alternatives to the concept of ‘middle power’ that may be better suited to South Korea’s regional situation, aspirations and strategic imperatives. These include the possibility of the country leveraging its considerable soft-power resources to act as a ‘creative’ or ‘constructive’ power in the region; development of a doctrine-based approach to foreign policy that shifts the focus from identity concepts and deprioritizes hard-power calculations; and embracing ambiguity as a strategic posture in its own right.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline: Major Events Since the Opening of Korea (1876)
    3346_17_TIMELINE.qxp 11/1/10 12:13 PM Page 383 1 2 3 4 TIMELINE: MAJOR EVENTS SINCE 5 6 THE OPENING OF KOREA (1876) 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 2 February 1876 The Korea-Japan Treaty of Kanghwa (Korea-Japan) 5 signed. Korea “opened. 6 10 April 1881 The “Gentlemen” delegation dispatched to Japan. 7 6 April 1882 Treaty signed with the US. 8 4 April 1884 Treaty signed with Britain 9 4 May 1884 Treaty signed with Italy. 20 15 May 1884 Treaty signed with Russia. 1 17 October 1884 Kim Ok Gyun leads the Gapsin Coup. In a few days, 2 Chinese forces are able to overwhelm the Progressives 3 and their Japanese supporters. 4 3 May 1886 Treaty signed with France. 5 1892 Dong Hak founder restoration movement. 6 10 January 1894 Farmers’ revolt in Go Bu (Dong Hak peasant 7 Revolution). 8 1 August 1894 Sino-Japanese War breaks out. 9 17 April 1895 The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed between the 30 Empire of Japan and Qing Empire of China, ending the 1 First Sino-Japanese War. 2 20 August 1895 Queen Min murdered (Eul Mi Sa Byeon). 3 11 August 1897 Korean Empire proclaimed by King Kojong. 4 30 January 1902 The first Anglo-Japanese Alliance signed. 5 8 February 1904 Russo-Japanese War breaks out. 36 23 February 1904 Protocol signed between Japan and Korea. 37 29 July 1905 US and Japan form the secret Katsura-Taft. 38 17 November 1905 Japan establishes a protectorate over Korea; Japan 39 assumes control over Korean foreign affairs.
    [Show full text]