„Qartul-Turquli Urtiertobebi“ “Georgian-Turkish Relations”
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Convergence in Language Change: Morpho-Syntactic Patterns in Mingrelian (And Laz)1
c:/3trps/99-1/hewitt.3d ± 28/3/1 ± 15:24 ± disk/mp Transactions of the Philological Society Volume 99:1 (2001) 99±145 CONVERGENCE IN LANGUAGE CHANGE: MORPHO-SYNTACTIC PATTERNS IN MINGRELIAN (AND LAZ)1 By George Hewitt SOAS, University of London (Received 3April 2000) Abstract The paper examines two features of Mingrelian (a member of the Kartvelian, or South Caucasian, language family): (i) the marking of subordinate clauses by either clause-final suffix -n(i)/-i/@ alone or this suffix + a full subordinating conjunc- tion (or relative pronoun); (ii) the `Conditional' forms in -k'o(n(i)), which are peculiar within Kartvelian to Mingrelian and its close sister Laz. Influence exerted long ago by the North West Caucasian language Abkhaz, whose speakers may be presumed to have been in close contact with the Zan ancestors of Laz-Mingrelians, it is claimed, might feasibly underlie these phenomena. The discussion finally touches upon consideration of the possible role played by parataxis in the development of some hypotactic constructions in the history of at least some languages, especially in light of a recent attempt to refute the notion that hypotaxis can be so derived. 1 Part of the work on which this paper, read at a meeting of the Philological Society in Cambridge on Saturday 11th March 2000, is based was carried out during a sabbatical term I was able to spend in Tbilisi (Georgia) and Ochamchira (Abkhazia) in the final months of 1987 thanks to a British Academy exchange with the Georgian Academy of Sciences. In Tbilisi I had the good fortune to work with the Mingrelians: the late K'orneli Danelia, Rezo Sherozia and Merab Chuxua; my informants over a number of years in Ochamchira were: P'ant'e and Ek'a Basilaia, Manana Gunia and the late Neli T'orchua. -
Maia Tsertsvadze Participants of the Conspiracy of 1832 As
Maia Tsertsvadze Participants of the Conspiracy of 1832 as presented in the epistolary heritage by N. Baratashvili Abstract: A small-sized epistolary work (18 personal letters) by Nikoloz Baratashvili, a Georgian romantic poet (1817-1845) presents significant material, not only for the exploration of the author’s way of life and creative works but also for the characterisation of the socio-political life of Georgia in the first part of the 19th century. Due to his noble origin (on his mother’s side Nikoloz Baratashvili was a direct descendent of the Kartli-Kakheti branch of the Bagrationi Royal family), Nikoloz Baratashvili lived among the country’s political and cultural elite. As well as this, he had an active contact with the participants of an orginised conspiracy of the nobles of 1832 against the Russian Empire. Moreover, the participants of this event make up a major part of the people mentioned in his personal letters which gives the letters certain significance from the point of view of historiography of the conspiracy. The present research aims at collecting the biographical data regarding the participants of the conspiracy and exploring their interrelationship to the poet. Key words: Nikoloz Baratashvili, epistolary works by Nikoloz Baratashvili, the conspiracy of the year 1832, Russian Imperial Policy in the Caucasus Participants of the Conspiracy of 1832 as presented in the epistolary heritage by N. Baratashvili An important acquisition of Georgian literature - Nikoloz Baratashvili’s epistolary heritage deserves our attention from a number of points./angles. Despite its small size (only 18 of his personal letters have reached us) it presents valuable material regarding, primarily, the life and creative works of the author, his political beliefs, worldview, world perception and a spiritual biography of the poet. -
Novus Ortus: the Awakening of Laz Language in Turkey”
DOI: 10.7816/idil-04-16-08 idil, 2015, Cilt 4, Sayı 16, Volume 4, Issue 16 NOVUS ORTUS: THE AWAKENING OF LAZ LANGUAGE IN TURKEY Nurdan KAVAKLI 1 ABSTRACT Laz (South Caucasian) language, which is spoken primarily on the southeastern coast of the Black Sea in Turkey, is being threatened by language endangerment. Having no official status, Laz language is considered to be an ethnic minority language in Turkey. All Laz people residing in Turkey are bilingual with the official language in the country, Turkish, and use Laz most frequently in interfamilial conversations. In this article, Laz language is removed from the dusty pages of Turkish history as a response to the threat of language attrition in the world. Accordingly, language endangerment is viewed in terms of a sociolinguistic phenomenon within the boundaries of both language-internal and -external factors. Laz language revitalization acts have also been scrutinized. Having a dekko at the history of modern Turkey will enlighten whether those revitalization acts and/or movements can offer a novus ortus (new birth) for the current situation of Laz language. Keywords: Laz language, endangered languages, minority languages, language revitalization Kavaklı, Nurdan. "Novus Ortus: The Awakening of Laz Language in Turkey”. idil 4.16 (2015): 133-146. Kavaklı, N. (2015). Novus Ortus: The Awakening of Laz Language in Turkey. idil, 4 (16), s.133-146. 1 Arş.Gör., Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, İngilizce Öğretmenliği Bölümü, Ankara, nurdankavakli(at)gmail.com 133 www.idildergisi.com Kavaklı, Nurdan. "Novus Ortus: The Awakening of Laz Language in Turkey". idil 4.16 (2015): 133-146. -
The Caucasus Globalization
Volume 8 Issue 3-4 2014 1 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION INSTITUTE OF STRATEGIC STUDIES OF THE CAUCASUS THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies Volume 8 Issue 3-4 2014 CA&CC Press® SWEDEN 2 Volume 8 Issue 3-4 2014 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION FOUNDED AND PUBLISHED BY INSTITUTE OF STRATEGIC STUDIES OF THE CAUCASUS Registration number: M-770 Ministry of Justice of Azerbaijan Republic PUBLISHING HOUSE CA&CC Press® Sweden Registration number: 556699-5964 Registration number of the journal: 1218 Editorial Council Eldar Chairman of the Editorial Council (Baku) ISMAILOV Tel/fax: (994 – 12) 497 12 22 E-mail: [email protected] Kenan Executive Secretary (Baku) ALLAHVERDIEV Tel: (994 – 12) 561 70 54 E-mail: [email protected] Azer represents the journal in Russia (Moscow) SAFAROV Tel: (7 – 495) 937 77 27 E-mail: [email protected] Nodar represents the journal in Georgia (Tbilisi) KHADURI Tel: (995 – 32) 99 59 67 E-mail: [email protected] Ayca represents the journal in Turkey (Ankara) ERGUN Tel: (+90 – 312) 210 59 96 E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Board Nazim Editor-in-Chief (Azerbaijan) MUZAFFARLI Tel: (994 – 12) 598 27 53 (Ext. 25) (IMANOV) E-mail: [email protected] Vladimer Deputy Editor-in-Chief (Georgia) PAPAVA Tel: (995 – 32) 24 35 55 E-mail: [email protected] Akif Deputy Editor-in-Chief (Azerbaijan) ABDULLAEV Tel: (994 – 12) 561 70 54 E-mail: [email protected] Volume 8 IssueMembers 3-4 2014 of Editorial Board: 3 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Zaza D.Sc. (History), Professor, Corresponding member of the Georgian National Academy of ALEKSIDZE Sciences, head of the scientific department of the Korneli Kekelidze Institute of Manuscripts (Georgia) Mustafa AYDIN Rector of Kadir Has University (Turkey) Irina BABICH D.Sc. -
The Public Defender of Georgia
200 6 The Public Defender of Georgia Report of the Public Defender of Georgia 1 Human Rights in Georgia Report of the Public Defender of Georgia 2006Second half of TBILISI 2007 THE REPORT WAS PUBLISHED WITH THE FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF GOVERNMENT OF NORWAY AND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (UNDP) Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 9 2. THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL 11 3. THE PROSECUTORS OFFICE 24 4. THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS 41 5. FISCAL POLICE 55 6. HUMAN RIGHTS IN ARMED FORCES 57 7. ALTERNATIVE LABOUR SERVICE 60 8. ALTERNATIVE LABOUR SERVICE IN THE RESERVE 64 9. HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM 65 10. DEATH RATE WITHIN THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM AND CAUSATIVE FACTORS 82 11. ENFORCEMENT OF COURT JUDGEMENTS 87 12. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGEMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 94 13. INFRINGEMENT OF THE RIGHT OF OWNERSHIP 97 14. PROTECTION OF THE ELDERLY, AND PENSIONS 118 15. REPORT ON THE VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONFLICT ZONES 130 16. INCIDENTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN ABKHAZIA 132 17. INSTANCES OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION IN TSKHINVALI REGION 142 18. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE INTERNALLY DISPLACED 148 19. THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS OF REFUGEES 167 20. REPATRIATION ISSUES RELATED TO THE EXILE OF THE POPULATION FROM THE SOUTH OF GEORGIA BY THE SOVIET REGIME IN THE 1940S 173 21. DISCRIMINATION OF ETHNIC GEORGIANS BY THE RUSSIAN AUTHORITIES 177 22. ASSISTANCE BY THE GEORGIAN AUTHORITIES TO THE DEPORTED PERSONS FROM THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 183 23. GEORGIAN CITIZEN PRISONERS AT THE DETENTION FACILITIES ABROAD 190 24. FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY AND MANIFESTATION 191 25. -
Building a Morphological Analyser for Laz
Building a Morphological Analyser for Laz Esra Önal Francis M. Tyers Cognitive Science, Department of Linguistics Boğaziçi University Indiana University Istanbul, Turkey Bloomington, United States [email protected] [email protected] Abstract writing system for Laz based on Latin alphabet and later ‘Lazuri Alboni’ (Laz Alphabet) and only after This study is an attempt to contribute to 1990s, the written texts started to come out as sev- documentation and revitalization efforts of eral associations were founded for the preservation endangered Laz language, a member of of Laz language and culture. Now with all these South Caucasian language family mainly efforts, Laz has been thought in public schools in spoken on northeastern coastline of Turkey. Turkey as an elective language course since 2013 It constitutes the first steps to create a gen- (Kavaklı, 2015; Haznedar, 2018). eral computational model for word form There is not much research on lexicon and syntax recognition and production for Laz by of Laz and the first academic level research studies building a rule-based morphological anal- began by the end of 20th century. In 1999, the first yser using Helsinki Finite-State Toolkit dictionary for Laz (Turkish—Laz) was prepared (HFST). The evaluation results show that and published by İsmail Bucaklişi and Hasan Uzun- the analyser has a 64.9% coverage over a hasanoğlu. The following years, Bucaklişi also pub- corpus collected for this study with 111,365 lished the first Laz grammar book (Kavaklı, 2015) tokens. We have also performed an error and has begun teaching Laz at Boğaziçi University analysis on randomly selected 100 tokens in İstanbul as an elective course since 2011. -
The Spread of Christianity in the Eastern Black Sea Littoral (Written and Archaeological Sources)*
9863-07_AncientW&E_09 07-11-2007 16:04 Pagina 177 doi: 10.2143/AWE.6.0.2022799 AWE 6 (2007) 177-219 THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE EASTERN BLACK SEA LITTORAL (WRITTEN AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES)* L.G. KHRUSHKOVA Abstract This article presents a brief summary of the literary and archaeological evidence for the spread and consolidation of Christianity in the eastern Black Sea littoral during the early Christian era (4th-7th centuries AD). Colchis is one of the regions of the late antique world for which the archaeological evidence of Christianisation is greater and more varied than the literary. Developments during the past decade in the field of early Christian archaeology now enable this process to be described in considerably greater detail The eastern Black Sea littoral–ancient Colchis–comprises (from north to south) part of the Sochi district of the Krasnodar region of the Russian Federation as far as the River Psou, then Abkhazia as far as the River Ingur (Engur), and, further south, the western provinces of Georgia: Megrelia (Samegrelo), Guria, Imereti and Adzhara (Fig. 1). This article provides a summary of the literary and archaeological evidence for the spread and consolidation of Christianity in the region during the early Christ- ian era (4th-7th centuries AD).1 Colchis is one of the regions of late antiquity for which the archaeological evidence of Christianisation is greater and more varied than the literary. Progress during the past decade in the field of early Christian archaeology now enables this process to be described in considerably greater detail.2 The many early Christian monuments of Colchis are found in ancient cities and fortresses that are familiar through the written sources.3 These include Pityus (modern Pitsunda, Abkhazian Mzakhara, Georgian Bichvinta); Nitike (modern Gagra); Trakheia, which is surely Anakopiya (modern Novyi Afon, Abkhazian Psyrtskha); Dioscuria/ * Translated from Russian by Brent Davis. -
Georgia Page 1 of 21
Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Georgia Page 1 of 21 Georgia Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2006 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 6, 2007 The constitution of the Georgian republic provides for an executive branch that reports to the president, a unicameral Parliament, and an independent judiciary. The country has a population of approximately 4.4 million. In 2003 former president Shevardnadze resigned during what became known as the Rose Revolution. Mikheil Saakashvili won the presidency in 2004 with over 90 percent of the vote in an election, and his National Movement Party won a majority of seats in the Parliament. International observers determined that the 2004 presidential and parliamentary elections represented significant progress over previous elections and brought the country closer to meeting international standards, although several irregularities were noted. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces. The government's human rights record improved in some areas during the year, although serious problems remained. While the government took significant steps to address these problems, there were some reports of deaths due to excessive use of force by law enforcement officers, cases of torture and mistreatment of detainees, increased abuse of prisoners, impunity, continued overuse of pretrial detention for less serious offenses, worsened conditions in prisons and pretrial detention facilities, and lack of access for average citizens to defense attorneys. Other areas of concern included reports of government pressure on the judiciary and the media and - despite a substantial reduction due to reforms led by the president - corruption. -
Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide -
Langues, Accents, Prénoms & Noms De Famille
Les Secrets de la Septième Mer LLaanngguueess,, aacccceennttss,, pprréénnoommss && nnoommss ddee ffaammiillllee Il y a dans les Secrets de la Septième Mer une grande quantité de langues et encore plus d’accents. Paru dans divers supplément et sur le site d’AEG (pour les accents avaloniens), je vous les regroupe ici en une aide de jeu complète. D’ailleurs, à mon avis, il convient de les traiter à part des avantages, car ces langues peuvent être apprises après la création du personnage en dépensant des XP contrairement aux autres avantages. TTaabbllee ddeess mmaattiièèrreess Les différentes langues 3 Yilan-baraji 5 Les langues antiques 3 Les langues du Cathay 5 Théan 3 Han hua 5 Acragan 3 Khimal 5 Alto-Oguz 3 Koryo 6 Cymrique 3 Lanna 6 Haut Eisenör 3 Tashil 6 Teodoran 3 Tiakhar 6 Vieux Fidheli 3 Xian Bei 6 Les langues de Théah 4 Les langues de l’Archipel de Minuit 6 Avalonien 4 Erego 6 Castillian 4 Kanu 6 Eisenör 4 My’ar’pa 6 Montaginois 4 Taran 6 Ussuran 4 Urub 6 Vendelar 4 Les langues des autres continents 6 Vodacci 4 Les langages et codes secrets des différentes Les langues orphelines ussuranes 4 organisations de Théah 7 Fidheli 4 Alphabet des Croix Noires 7 Kosar 4 Assertions 7 Les langues de l’Empire du Croissant 5 Lieux 7 Aldiz-baraji 5 Heures 7 Atlar-baraji 5 Ponctuation et modificateurs 7 Jadur-baraji 5 Le code des pierres 7 Kurta-baraji 5 Le langage des paupières 7 Ruzgar-baraji 5 Le langage des “i“ 8 Tikaret-baraji 5 Le code de la Rose 8 Tikat-baraji 5 Le code 8 Tirala-baraji 5 Les Poignées de mains 8 1 Langues, accents, noms -
Wikivoyage Georgia.Pdf
WikiVoyage Georgia March 2016 Contents 1 Georgia (country) 1 1.1 Regions ................................................ 1 1.2 Cities ................................................. 1 1.3 Other destinations ........................................... 1 1.4 Understand .............................................. 2 1.4.1 People ............................................. 3 1.5 Get in ................................................. 3 1.5.1 Visas ............................................. 3 1.5.2 By plane ............................................ 4 1.5.3 By bus ............................................. 4 1.5.4 By minibus .......................................... 4 1.5.5 By car ............................................. 4 1.5.6 By train ............................................ 5 1.5.7 By boat ............................................ 5 1.6 Get around ............................................... 5 1.6.1 Taxi .............................................. 5 1.6.2 Minibus ............................................ 5 1.6.3 By train ............................................ 5 1.6.4 By bike ............................................ 5 1.6.5 City Bus ............................................ 5 1.6.6 Mountain Travel ....................................... 6 1.7 Talk .................................................. 6 1.8 See ................................................... 6 1.9 Do ................................................... 7 1.10 Buy .................................................. 7 1.10.1 -
Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development Potentials in Georgia
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1055/1 REU/C1055/1(En) ISSN 2070-6065 REVIEW OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS IN GEORGIA Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: Sales and Marketing Group Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +39 06 57053360 Web site: www.fao.org/icatalog/inter-e.htm FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1055/1 REU/C1055/1 (En) REVIEW OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS IN GEORGIA by Marina Khavtasi † Senior Specialist Department of Integrated Environmental Management and Biodiversity Ministry of the Environment Protection and Natural Resources Tbilisi, Georgia Marina Makarova Head of Division Water Resources Protection Ministry of the Environment Protection and Natural Resources Tbilisi, Georgia Irina Lomashvili Senior Specialist Department of Integrated Environmental Management and Biodiversity Ministry of the Environment Protection and Natural Resources Tbilisi, Georgia Archil Phartsvania National Consultant Thomas Moth-Poulsen Fishery Officer FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia Budapest, Hungary András Woynarovich FAO Consultant FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2010 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.