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Bachelor Final Thesis TRAMeBUS Viability of the implementation of a semi -autonomous electric tram without rails or overhead lines in a city. Final Thesis developed by: Serrahima i Serra, Sergi FINAL THESIS Directed by: Garola Crespo, Àlvar & Vélez Sabater, Gemma Bachelor in: Civil Engineering Barcelona, September 2020 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering BACHELOR Agraïments Aquest treball marca el final d’una etapa, una etapa enriquidora i entretinguda. Una etapa en la que, any rere any, tots els professionals de l’escola han demostrat que importava la persona i no només l’enginyeria. Quedo especialment agraït als meus tutors, Àlvar i Gemma, que fa quatre anys van despertar en mi l’interès per entendre com es justifiquen les inversions en grans infraestructures publiques. Ha estat una sort poder comptar amb ells i la seva confiança. Summary This study reviews the current state of development of new Trackless Tram Systems (TTS) and finds that the technology is ready and reliable enough for implementations all around the world. The study focuses on the last version of TTS developed by CCRC Locomotive and nicknamed TRAMeBUS all throughout the study. As there is currently a public transport problem in a central avenue (Av. Diagonal) in the city of Barcelona the project analyses if this could be solved taking advantage of the TRAMeBUS vehicle. Currently the central section of the Avenue acts as a wall and prevents the two Barcelona’s Tramway networks from joining and providing a better service to citizens. A revision of the already studied alternatives for the Diagonal Avenue delivers two scenarios to consider. Unifying the last stations from each tramway network through an on-surface link (4 km) or, unifying them analogously by building a tunnel (2 km) and an on-surface link (2 km) covering the same path. Then, four scenarios are built from these alternatives them being either exploited by TRAMeBUS or conventional Alstom tramway units. A Cost-Benefit Analysis of them is made to compare the new system to the conventional light rail one. The obtained results clearly state that, due to its smaller Capital Expenditure requirements a TTS benchmarks much better than their conventional counterparts. A merely financial analysis is made to see the economic profitability of the alternatives. All alternatives deliver good results. Both on-surface alternatives might require a similar grant from public authorities. A Multicriteria Evaluation is also made to assess all the non-monetizable characteristics of both systems and compare them. Again, the on-surface TRAMeBUS alternative gets the best results. Despite the chosen alternative being very robust to the sensitivity analysis the over conservative scenario build might indicate that, in a real case implementation it is logical to expect lower costs and, consequently, higher overall profitability. Thus, this study finds that the reasonable investment for a city trying to implement or expand a conventional light rail network is to build a Trackless Tram System. Contents 1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 2 2. Methodology ............................................................................................................. 4 3. The Technology ......................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Battery & Charging .................................................................................................. 6 3.2 Mechanics ............................................................................................................... 9 3.3 Capacity ................................................................................................................... 9 3.4 Sensors .................................................................................................................. 10 3.4.1 Lane following system .................................................................................... 10 3.4.2 DGPS driving system ....................................................................................... 14 3.4.3 Other sensors ................................................................................................. 15 3.5 Drawbacks ............................................................................................................. 16 3.6 Cost ....................................................................................................................... 16 3.7 Current implementation ....................................................................................... 18 4. The 20th Century Light-Rail ...................................................................................... 19 4.1 Overhead Lines ..................................................................................................... 20 4.2 Rails ....................................................................................................................... 21 4.3 Bogies .................................................................................................................... 22 4.4 Capacity ................................................................................................................. 23 5. Actual Situation ....................................................................................................... 24 5.1 Bus ......................................................................................................................... 25 5.2 Metro and other urban railway system ................................................................ 28 5.3 Other transportation systems............................................................................... 30 5.3.1 Bike infrastructure .......................................................................................... 30 5.3.2 Walking infrastructure ................................................................................... 31 5.4 Urbanism ............................................................................................................... 32 5.5 Private vehicle ....................................................................................................... 33 5.6 Pollution ................................................................................................................ 34 5.7 Strategic Plans ....................................................................................................... 35 5.8 Summary ............................................................................................................... 37 6. The study ................................................................................................................. 38 6.2 The alternatives .................................................................................................... 42 6.2.1 Alternative 1 ................................................................................................... 43 6.2.2 Alternative 2 / Tunnel .................................................................................... 44 6.3 Budgets ................................................................................................................. 45 6.4 Potential demand ................................................................................................. 50 6.5 Required cars ........................................................................................................ 55 6.6 Other costs ............................................................................................................ 56 7. Cost-Benefit Analysis ............................................................................................... 57 7.1 Value of time ......................................................................................................... 57 7.2 Time savings .......................................................................................................... 59 7.3 Maintenance Costs ............................................................................................... 61 7.4 Results Cost-Benefit Analysis ................................................................................ 63 7.5 Sensitivity analysis ................................................................................................ 64 7.5.1 Value of time .................................................................................................. 65 7.5.2 CAPEX ............................................................................................................. 66 7.5.3 Maintenance .................................................................................................. 67 8. Financial study ......................................................................................................... 68 8.1 Fare ....................................................................................................................... 68 8.2 OPEX ...................................................................................................................... 68 8.3 Results Financial Analysis ...................................................................................... 71 9. Multicriteria analysis ............................................................................................... 73 9.1 Normalised Indicators ........................................................................................... 76 9.2 Proposal of weights..............................................................................................
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