Detailed Table of Contents
Preface...... xiv
Acknowledgment...... xix
Introduction...... xx
Chapter 1 Context of Social Entrepreneurship and Background: Definitions, Related Terms, and Characteristics...... 1 N. Öykü İyigün, Istanbul Commerce University, Turkey
Social entrepreneurship has been the subject of considerable interest in the literature. It has become a global phenomenon by addressing the basic needs of humans, which are neglected, and enriching communities and societies. This chapter introduces the context of social entrepreneurship and its background; it continues by exploring the related terms and characteristics of social entrepreneurship. Over the years, social entrepreneurship has emerged as a distinctive context by integrating the resourcefulness of traditional entrepreneurship with the compelling drive to address social problems. Social entrepreneurship needs to be properly defined and it requires a theoretical framework that links it to the theory of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this chapter is to review and extend the current literature by providing insight about social entrepreneurship in the spectrum of entrepreneurship through value creation. As a result, this chapter suggests implications for social entrepreneurs and boundaries for social entrepreneurship.
Chapter 2 Social Value and Sociological Perspective on Social Entrepreneurship...... 21 Abdullah Yilmaz, Selcuk University, Turkey Hande Ulukapi Yilmaz, Selcuk University, Turkey
The needs of communities are endless and unlimited like the needs of individuals. Societies have to meet their reasonable set of unlimited needs to sustain their continuity. Otherwise, social problems become unsolvable and these problems that become unsolvable can be sources of other problems. In this sense, social enterprises are the institutions that have emerged in order to meet the needs of the society and to solve the problems. The close relation of social enterprises with society and social structure and the “social” expression in the concept make it necessary to look at social entrepreneurship from a sociological perspective. In this direction, the aim of this chapter is intended to create a sociological perspective
on social entrepreneurship that aims to contribute to social order and welfare rather than commercial entrepreneurship serving the purpose of individual or organizational interest in economic sense. In the context of sociological perspective, social problem, social benefit, social mission and vision, social value, social capital, and finally, social change and transformation concepts and their relation with social entrepreneurship are examined.
Chapter 3 The Social Entrepreneur: Personality Traits and Motivation Factors in Social Entrepreneurship...... 48 Beliz Ülgen, Istanbul Commerce University, Turkey
Although social entrepreneurs have some common characteristics with business or commercial entrepreneurs, undoubtedly they differ in many ways. In this chapter, social entrepreneurs are highlighted with their core personality traits and motivation factors that are different from the other entrepreneurs. In the beginning, the definitions of social entrepreneurs put forward by different authorities were presented. Immediately after these definitions, the three main typologies—social bricoleurs, social constructionists, social engineers—and their characteristics were examined. By its nature and purpose, a social enterprise needs some specific entrepreneurial traits and driving factors. In the last section of this chapter, these personality traits and motivation factors were discussed.
Chapter 4 The Individual and Behavioral Factors of Social Entrepreneurs...... 69 Mine Afacan Fındıklı, Beykent University, Turkey Uğur Yozgat, Istanbul Kültür University, Turkey
This chapter introduces the concept of social entrepreneurs and claims that some individual and behavioral factors contribute to social entrepreneurship. In this point of view, the purpose of this study is to highlight the leading individual and behavioral factors of the social entrepreneur. While exploring the theoretical framework, the theoretical foundations of social entrepreneurship and leading personality and behavioral characteristics have been investigated. The research is based on in-depth interviews with four participants to get a better understanding of the individual and behavioral factors of social entrepreneurs. As a result, the in-depth interviews showed that the social entrepreneurial potential encompass entrepreneurial motivations and psychological, social, managerial competencies. These dimensions contain self-motivation, self- efficacy, risk-taking, purposeful and success-oriented, strategic planning capacity, innovation capacity, social capital capacity, leadership capacity, resilience, resistance to uncertainty, conflict management capacity, and political maneuver capacity.
Chapter 5 Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship...... 92 Muhsin F. Bayik, İstanbul Medipol University, Turkey
This chapter introduces social innovation, social entrepreneurship, corporate social responsibility, corporate social entrepreneurship, and new product development and argues that social entrepreneurs can utilize from the customer development process when working on a novel solution to create social and economic value. Social entrepreneurs can team up with companies for creating sustainable solutions for the society. Companies can integrate corporate social entrepreneurship into their strategies. City administrations can support social enterprises. The conclusion briefly describes possible weaknesses, limitations, and challenges for social innovation and social entrepreneurship.
Chapter 6 Lean Approach to Social Entrepreneurship...... 115 Adnan Veysel Ertemel, Istanbul Commerce University, Turkey
This chapter proposes an alternate view to social entrepreneurship emphasizing that for-profit and non-profit entrepreneurship are in essence indifferent. It then discusses the latest trends in commercial entrepreneurship world together with implications on social entrepreneurship. In doing so, the lean startup phenomenon and closely related concepts, namely customer development philosophy, business model innovation, value proposition design, and jobs-to-be-done theory are explored with implications on social entrepreneurship.
Chapter 7 Creating Competitive Advantage With Social Entrepreneurship...... 140 Murat Yalcintas, Istanbul Commerce University, Turkey
This chapter probes ways of creating competitive advantage with social entrepreneurship by determining the instruments that social enterprises can apply to achieve competitive advantage. The chapter first develops the concepts of social entrepreneurship and competitive advantage within their common framework by examining the relevant literature. Then, it proposes shared value, social intrapreneurship, strategic partnership, differentiation, and recruiting talents as instruments for social entrepreneurs to achieve competitive advantage and mentions various cases as examples. The chapter concludes by proposing a measurement framework that focuses on the interaction between business and social results.
Chapter 8 Human Resources Management in Social Entrepreneurship...... 161 Burcu Kümbül Güler, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
With the rise of social entrepreneurship, social enterprises have gained popularity as socially innovative organizations which try to balance their economic and social missions. In the competitive environment of social economy, good management and investment in human resources have become requirements of social enterprises for their survival. Among the management practices, human resources management acts as a tool for gaining competitive advantage and it builds mutual trust between the staff and the organization. Emphasizing the significance and challenges of human resources management, this chapter explains human resources main practices—recruitment, career management, training, and compensation and performance management—in social entrepreneurship.
Chapter 9 The Social Expat-Preneur: Examining a Growing International Career Model Supporting Global Social Entrepreneurship...... 186 Charles M. Vance, Loyola Marymount University, USA Rebecca Bergin, Loyola Marymount University, USA
Social entrepreneurship extends beyond home country borders as individuals seek to find meaning and share passion with the world. The globalization of corporations and individuals has resulted in a surge in expatriate social entrepreneurs. These individuals have broken down barriers to pursue a passion and increase social awareness around the globe. This chapter describes an international career model
of five different forms of expatriate social entrepreneurs or “social expat-preneurs” within the broader international career construct of self-initiated expatriates—(1) pre-departure, (2) transitioned, (3) retired senior, (4) avocation-driven, and (5) social expat-intrapreneur—with vivid examples of each form. This chapter also outlines benefits to host countries and examines the importance of further research.
Chapter 10 Performance Measurement in Social Enterprises: Social Impact Analysis...... 205 Ayla Zehra Öncer, Marmara University, Turkey
This chapter begins with the notion of performance management and then focuses on the concept of social impact in order to deeply examine the measurement of performance in social enterprises. The chapter argues the importance of measuring social impact which is the crucial process in social investment and discusses which measurement method to choose. It then introduces the classification of methods in various forms based on the related literature. The chapter continues by explaining the most frequently used social impact measurement methods including cost effectiveness and cost benefit analyses, social accounting and auditing, SROI, balanced scorecard, SIMPLE, benefit-cost ratio, BACO ratio, expected return metric, cost per impact, and blended value. Finally, the conclusion focuses on the overall perspective of the subject, critical areas to pay attention to, and limitations.
Chapter 11 Utilizing Social Networks in Social Entrepreneurship...... 232 Nuray Atsan, Akdeniz University, Turkey
This chapter focuses on the linkage between social networks and social entrepreneurship and argues that social networks are crucial in social entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurs rely on different compositions of social networks in different stages of the entrepreneurial process. Drawing from network approach in entrepreneurship, this chapter continues by exploring the theoretical framework including conceptualizations of social entrepreneurship and social networks. It then introduces evolution of social networks in comply with organizational growth process. As a result, the chapter discusses utilizing social networks in social entrepreneurship. The conclusion reflects on possible characteristics of network usage and composition through the life cycle of social enterprises.
Chapter 12 Social Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Economic Growth...... 251 Ebru Beyza Bayarçelik, İstanbul Gelişim University, Turkey Fulya Taşel, Maltepe University, Turkey
The purpose of this study is to explore the link between social entrepreneurship and economic growth. For nations’ economic development there are several influencing factors that can be listed. Entrepreneurship has been an interest to academics and practitioners for a few decades and accepted as one of the important factors that are playing an essential role in advancing economic development. Social entrepreneurship (SE) is a new area of entrepreneurship, which focuses on creating social value initially for individuals. Thus, it is possible to say that social entrepreneurship should improve the wellbeing of individuals by generating social value. Hence, satisfying social needs embraces both social and economic aspects, which will also affect economic wellbeing in a positive manner. The argument of this research is social entrepreneurship is an important catalyzer of economic wellbeing and economic growth.
Chapter 13 Social Entrepreneurial Leadership for a Better World...... 271 Müge Leyla Yıldız, Marmara University, Turkey
This chapter introduces the concept of entrepreneurial leadership and argues that it offers potential contributions to economic and social wealth. A theoretical framework of social entrepreneurial leadership and the characteristics of social entrepreneurial leaders is then posited. The similarities between social entrepreneurialism and other leadership styles such as ethical, transformative, authentic, sustainable, and servant leadership are explored. The conclusion reflects on the various understandings of social entrepreneurial leadership and how social entrepreneurial leaders can be characterized as the primary actors for a better world.
Chapter 14 Towards Cooperative With Competitive Alliance: Insights Into Performance Value in Social Entrepreneurship...... 294 Miftachul Huda, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Sari Laelatul Qodriah, Universitas Muhammadiyah Cirebon, Indonesia Budi Rismayadi, Universitas Buana Perjuangan, Indonesia Aprilia Hananto, Universitas Buana Perjuangan, Indonesia Endah Nurhawaeny Kardiyati, Universitas Muhammadiyah Cirebon, Indonesia Aminuddin Ruskam, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Badlihisham Mohd Nasir, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
The advantage of competitive atmosphere in business has a significant role in helping to enhance productivity. It is necessary to empower competitive awareness with cooperative engagement to give clear understanding for core guideline and insightful view on promoting social entrepreneurship. This chapter attempts to explore the initiated engagement between cooperative and competitive concern paid attention in the particular way among the firms along with increasing popularity to achieve certain objectives like growing the business with entrepreneurship. The finding reveals that attracting growing amounts of cooperative and competitive alliance should be strengthened to gain the feedback and insights into performance value in social entrepreneurship where this is eventually integrated with the entrepreneurship in a way that underlies the value to run the potential business. This chapter is supposed to contribute significant insights into exploring the key role of strategies to give the beneficial feedback to perform continuous improvement in social entrepreneurship.
Chapter 15 Social Entrepreneurship: Constraints and Suggestions for Future Researches...... 318 Mustafa Karaca, Inonu University, Turkey Durdu Mehmet Biçkes, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Turkey
Social entrepreneurship attracts attention to the science world as a conceptual field of social benefit based on business activities. Social entrepreneurs are the actors who drive innovation with commercial tolerance and uncertainty tolerance in order to raise social welfare and find solutions to social problems. Especially the injustices and inadequacies in transferring public support to social problems have increased the importance of social entrepreneurship. In addition to the conceptual projection of social entrepreneurship, this research has raised fundamental problems that have hampered social entrepreneurship and prevented further development, and a number of solution proposals have been developed in order to get rid of
these problems. This concept, which has been separated from traditional entrepreneurship and is in the process of building its own literature, has many parts to inspire next research. It is hoped that this study, which includes proposals for next research, will contribute to the scientific world. It is thought that this study created by the method of literature review will have more specific conceptual contribution to the investigation of various researches from different disciplines and their unique character in terms of their synthesis.
Chapter 16 Value Creation Through Social Change: An Ashoka Fellow Case...... 333 Nurgül Keleş Tayşir, Istanbul Commerce University, Turkey
The social entrepreneur’s role in creating social change has been emphasized in the literature. These individuals offer new solutions to society’s problems and by doing that they transform the existing institutions. However, there is limited information how these change agents generate value and cause a transformation in society. This chapter tries to identify how a social entrepreneur, individually, has a potential to cause social change. In order to give information about the process of value creation an Ashoka Fellow from Turkey has been selected. Gender inequality and violence against women might be one of the important issues that have to be solved in the country. The selected fellow empowers women by creating social value and advancing social change in Turkey.
Chapter 17 Public Services Procurement: Third Sector Social Enterprises Perspectives...... 352 Chi Maher, St Mary’s University, UK
The chapter examines small third sector social enterprises’ (TSSEs) perspective in gaining access to public services contracts. The UK government aims to increase, the role of social enterprise as a vehicle to deliver public services directly to citizens and local communities in areas such as housing, welfare-to- work, education, health, and social care. To understand TSSEs’ experiences of gaining access to public services contracts, face-to-face interviews were conducted with managers and chief executive officers (CEOs) using an interview guide. Empirical evidence obtained suggests that some procurement policies and processes are impacting on small TSSEs’ organizational development, growth, management, and career development of staff. The qualitative findings of the study add to new knowledge, and help to explain challenges facing small TSSEs in the changing context of public services procurement process.
Compilation of References...... 374
About the Contributors...... 426
Index...... 433