International Journal of Electronics, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering (IJEMME)
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International Journal of Electronics, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering (IJEMME) PRESIDENT Dr. Mustafa AYDIN Istanbul Aydın University, TR HONORARY EDITOR Prof. Dr. Hasan SAYGIN Istanbul Aydın University, TR EDITOR IN CHIEF Prof. Dr. Osman Nuri UÇAN Istanbul Aydın University, Engineering Faculty Electrical-Electronics Engineering Department Florya Yerleskesi, Inonu Caddesi, No.38, Kucukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey Fax: +90 212 425 57 59 Tel: +90 542 322 91 15, +90 212 425 61 51 E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD AYDIN Nizamettin Yıldız Technical University, TR BALIK Hasan H. Istanbul Aydin University, TR CATTANI Carlo University of Salerno, ITALY CARLINI Maurizio University “La Tuscia”, ITALY CHAPARRO Luis F. University of Pittsburg, USA DIMIROVSKI Gregory M. SS C. and Methodius University, MAC HARBA Rachid Orleans University, FR JENANNE Rachid Orleans University, FR KONDOZ Ahmet University of Surrey, UK RUIZ Luis Manuel Sanches Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain SIDDIQI Abul Hasan Sharda University, Indian STAVROULAKIS Peter Telecommunication System Ins., GR ADVISORY BOARD AKAN Aydın Istanbul University, TR AKATA Erol Istanbul Aydın University, TR ALTAY Gökmen Bahcesehir University, TR ANARIM, Emin Bosphorus University, TR ASLAN Zafer Istanbul Aydın University, TR ATA Oğuz Istanbul Aydın University, TR BAL Abdullah Yıldız Technical University, TR BİLGİLİ Erdem Piri Reis University, TR CEKIÇ Yalcin Bahçeşehir University, TR CEYLAN Murat Konya Selçuk University, TR DOĞRUEL Murat Marmara University, TR El KAHLOUT Yasser TÜBITAK-MAM, TR ERSOY Aysel Istanbul University, TR GÜNERHAN Huseyin Aegean University, TR GÜNAY Banihan University of Ulster, UK GÜNGÖR Ali Bahçeşehir University, TR HEPBAŞLI Arif Aegean University, TR KALA Ahmet Istanbul University, TR KAR A. Kerim Marmara University, TR KARAMZADEH Saeid Istanbul Aydın University, TR KARAÇUHA Ertuğrul Istanbul Technical University, TR KARAHOCA Adem Bahçeşehir University, TR KARAKOÇ Hikmet Anadolu University,TR KARTAL Mesut Istanbul Technical University, TR KENT Fuad Istanbul Technical University, TR KILIÇ Niyazi Istanbul University,TR KINCAY Olcay Yıldız Technical University, TR KUNTMAN Ayten Istanbul University, TR KOCAASLAN İlhan Istanbul University, TR ÖNER Demir Maltepe University, TR ÖZ Hami Istanbul Aydın University, TR ÖZBAY Yüksel Konya Selçuk University, TR PAKER Selçuk Istanbul Technical University, TR PASTACI Halit Haliç University, TR SAYAN Ömer F. Telecommunications Authority, TR ŞENER Uğur Istanbul Aydın University, TR SİVRİ Nuket Istanbul University, TR SÖNMEZ Ferdi Istanbul Arel University, TR SOYLU Şeref Sakarya University UĞUR Mukden Istanbul University, TR UTLU Zafer Istanbul Aydın University, TR YILMAZ Aziz Air Force Academy, TR YILMAZ Reyat Dokuz Eylül University, TR VISUAL DESIGN & ACADEMIC STUDIES COORDINATION OFFICE Nabi SARIBAŞ - Hakan TERZİ - Nazan ÖZGÜR PRINTED BY Tevfikbey Mahallesi, Dr. Ali Demir Caddesi NO:51 34290 Sefakoy/ISTANBUL, Tel: 0212 624 21 11 - Fax: 0212 624 21 17 E-mail: [email protected] ISSN: 2146-0604 International Journal of Electronics, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering (IJEMME) is peer-reviewed journal which provides a platform for publication of original scientific research and applied practice studies. Positioned as a vehicle for academics and practitioners to share field research, the journal aims to appeal to both researchers and academicians. Internationally indexed by EBSCO and DOAJ CONTENTS From Editor Prof. Dr. Osman N. UÇAN Preparation of a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite and Increasing The Flight Performance for Radio Controlled Model Helicopters B. Yeşim BÜYÜKAKINCI, Tuğçe ÖZKENAR, Cem GÜLBAHAR 949 Fast and Lossless Image Compression in Chaos-Based Encryption Sajad EINY, Solmaz EINI 955 Design Equations from Geometric Programming Robert C. CREESE 963 Optimizing Bus Lines in Urban Public Transportation by Cost and Trip Calculation Methods: A Software Model Design Ferdi SÖNMEZ 969 From Editor In this issue of “International Journal of Electronics, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering (IJEMME)”, we have especially selected the scientific areas which will cover future prospective Engineering titles such as Robotics, Mechanics, Electronics, Telecommunications, Control systems, System Engineering, Biomedical, and renewable Energy Sources. We have selected only a few of the manuscripts to be published after a peer review process of many submitted studies. Accepted papers are as follows: Preparation of a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite and Increasing The Flight Performance For Radio Controlled Model Helicopters B. Yesim BÜYÜKAKINCI, Tuğçe ÖZKENAR, Cem GÜLBAHAR Fast and lossless Image compression in chaos-based Encryption Sajad EINY, Solmaz EINI Design Equations from Geometric Programming Robert C. CREESE Optimizing Bus Lines In Urban Public Transportation By Cost And Trip Calculation Methods: A Software Model Design Ferdi SÖNMEZ Prof. Dr. Osman N. UCAN Editor in Chief Preparation of a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite and Increasing The Flight Performance for Radio Controlled Model Helicopters Doi: 10.17932/ IAU.IJEMME.m.21460604.2015.5/3.949-953 B. Yeşim BÜYÜKAKINCI1 Tuğçe ÖZKENAR2 Cem GÜLBAHAR3 Abstract Composite-material technologies have matured over the past 40 years to the point where high performance composites are being used to enhance the performance of nearly every new flight vehicle [1]. Carbon fibers have been used to replace metals used in composite materials because its performance-price is changing favorably [2]. They are also lighter and stronger than metals. This is the main reason why carbon fibers are used in composite materials. They also reduce fuel consumption and provide energy efficiency [2]. Furthermore, they have been used in many products, such as cars, airplanes, sporting goods, space vehicles and custom-designed products [2]. In this study, carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite (CREC) was prepared and the flight performance of a radio controlled model helicopter with CREC chassis was evaluated. According to test flights it was observed that carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites increase the flight performance of model helicopters. Keywords:Composites, carbon fiber, flight performance, radio controlled model helicopter 1.Introduction The materials needed to construct theoretrical dimensional stability, high dielectric strength, models conceived by aircraft designers did corrosion resistance, light weight, simplicity not exist for many years [1]. Composite of molding, surface treatment compatibility, materials have allowed engineers to overcome high temperature resistance, transparency, difficulties and now they are frequently high chemical resistance, vibration damping, used in the aircraft industry. They are five acoustic conductivity and sound absorption. times lighter and seven times stronger than These factors have roles in reducing the aluminium. Therefore, they are important operating costs of aircrafts in the long term, to the aviation industry. The most important increasing fuel efficiency and performance benefit of composite materials is their weight, [3,4,5]. which plays a fundamental role in their selection. They provide additional advantages A composite material is formed by combining such as high strength, design flexibility, two or more constituent materials with 1 Istanbul Aydın University, Department of Textile Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey. 2 Istanbul Aydın University, Department of Textile Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey. 3 Istanbul Aydın University, Department of Textile Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey. 949 Preparation of a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite and Increasing The Flight Performance for Radio Controlled Model Helicopters substantially different physical or chemical properties, resulting in better properties than either constituent can provide independently. But, unlike a metal alloy, the constituents do not dissolve into or blend with each other, they remain separate and distinct within the finished structure [6,7]. One constituent serves as a bonding matrix while the other serves as reinforcement, in the form of fibers within the matrix[1]. In principle, a base matrix is prepared in a mould under high temperature and pressure. Subsequently, an epoxy or resin is poured over the base material, and when the composite is cooled, a strong material is attained [3]. 1.1.The manufacturing process Figure 1. In the prepregging process, a resin A common feature of all composite processes is applied to a reinfocement fiber. To saturate is the combination of a resin, a curing agent, the fiber, it is dipped through the liquid and a reinforcing fiber. In general, heat and resin or it is impregnated through heat and pressure are used to shape and cure the mixture pressure. into a finished part. The resin holds the fibers together and transfers the load to the fibers in 1.2.Polymer matrix composite resin the manufactured composite part. The curing systems agent (or hardener) acts as a catalyst in curing Thermoset resins are generally used in the resin into a hard plastic. The reinforcing manufacturing composites. They require fiber gives strength and other properties which addition of a curing agent or hardener and are necessary for the composite. impregnation on to a reinforcing material, followed by a curing step during the The most common manufacturing process manufacturing process of the finished part. is prepregging. In this method, the resin and curing agent are impregnated into the The most common and important