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Geographical Warfare in the Tropics: Yves Lacoste and the Vietnam War Gavin P This article was downloaded by: [University Of Maryland] On: 23 July 2013, At: 12:30 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Annals of the Association of American Geographers Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/raag20 Geographical Warfare in the Tropics: Yves Lacoste and the Vietnam War Gavin P. Bowd a & Daniel W. Clayton b a School of Modern Languages, University of St. Andrews b School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews Published online: 23 Mar 2012. To cite this article: Gavin P. Bowd & Daniel W. Clayton (2013) Geographical Warfare in the Tropics: Yves Lacoste and the Vietnam War, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103:3, 627-646, DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2011.653729 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2011.653729 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions Geographical Warfare in the Tropics: Yves Lacoste and the Vietnam War Gavin P. Bowd∗ and Daniel W. Clayton† ∗School of Modern Languages, University of St. Andrews †School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews This article tells a three-layered story. First, it reexamines the impact of French geographer Yves Lacoste’s 1972 expose´ on the American bombing of the Red River Delta of North Vietnam on opposition to the Vietnam War and how it was implicated in wider political debate about what Hannah Arendt saw as systemic “lying in politics.” In various reports and newspaper articles Lacoste deployed the tools of classical geography—firsthand observation, mapping, and the integrated analysis of physical and human factors—to disclose connections among law, war, and environment (or what he termed “geographical warfare”) that had a troubling political significance. Second, we explore how Lacoste’s expose´ was bound up with the theme of “tropicality” (the West’s construction of “the tropics” as its environmental other), chiefly through his recourse to Gourou’s (1936) study of the delta. Lacoste showed how exotic imagery of the tropics has served as a means of opposition and critique as well as a mode of othering and Western dominance. Third, Lacoste’s critical engagement with Gourou points to the ambivalent critical impact that the Vietnam War had on Francophone and Anglophone geography during the 1970s and 1980s, yet also how interest in the idea of tropicality developed in French geography twenty years before the better known Anglophone critical literature on the subject emerged. Key Words: geographical warfare, Pierre Gourou, Yves Lacoste, tropicality, Vietnam War. Este art´ıculo relata una historia de tres niveles. Primero, se re-examina el impacto que tuvo la revelacion´ del Downloaded by [University Of Maryland] at 12:30 23 July 2013 geografo´ frances´ Yves Lacoste en 1972, en oposicion´ a la Guerra de Vietnam, sobre el bombardeo americano en el delta del R´ıo Rojo, Vietnam del Norte, y como´ aquello se incrusta en el mas´ amplio debate pol´ıtico sobre lo que Hannah Arendt identifico´ como un sistemico´ “mentir en pol´ıtica”. En varios informes y art´ıculos de periodicos,´ Lacoste desplego´ las herramientas de la geograf´ıa clasica—observaci´ on´ de primera mano, mapeo y el analisis´ integrado de factores f´ısicos y humanos—para desentranar˜ las conexiones entre la ley, la guerra y el medio ambiente (o lo que el´ llamo´ “la guerra geografica”),´ que tuvieron una molesta significacion´ pol´ıtica. Segundo, exploramos la manera como la revelacion´ de Lacoste se ligo´ con el tema de la “tropicalidad” (la construccion´ de Occidente a t´ıtulo de otredad ambiental de “los tropicos”),´ principalmente a traves´ de su busqueda´ de apoyo en el estudio de Gourou (1936) sobre el delta. Lacoste mostroc´ omo´ la exotica´ imaginer´ıa de los tropicos´ ha servido como instrumento de negativismo y cr´ıtica y tambien´ como un modo de otredad y dominacion´ occidental. Tercero, el enfoque cr´ıtico de Lacoste con el modo de pensar de Gourou apunta hacia el impacto cr´ıtico ambivalente que tuvo la Guerra de Vietnam sobre la geograf´ıa de los mundos francofono´ y anglofono´ durante los anos˜ 1970 y 1980, pero tambien´ a mostrar como´ se desarrollouninter´ es´ sobre la idea de tropicalidad en la geograf´ıa francesa veinte anos˜ antes de que apareciera la mas´ conocida literatura cr´ıtica anglofona´ sobre esta materia. Palabras clave: guerra geografica,´ Pierre Gourou, Yves Lacoste, tropicalidad, Guerra de Vietnam. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(3) 2013, pp. 627–646 C 2013 by Association of American Geographers Initial submission, January 2010; revised submission, March 2011; final acceptance, July 2011 Published by Taylor & Francis, LLC. 628 Bowd and Clayton he arrival of French geographer Yves Lacoste in project (unlike Gourou’s) was attuned to politics, war, the Red River Delta of the Democratic Repub- and world opinion and generated an activist (rather T lic of Vietnam (DRV) in July 1972 represents a than contemplative) geography. We end this section pivotal scene in international protest against the Viet- by examining the role that Lacoste, Gourou, and the nam War. The International Commission of Inquiry dikes played in 1970s French geography, and particu- into U.S. War Crimes in Indochina, which Lacoste larly in the inaugural 1976 issue of the radical journal came with, sought to investigate allegations that the Herodote:´ Strategies, Geographies, Ideologies,´ founded by U.S. Air Force (USAF) was deliberately bombing the Lacoste (which he still edits, for many years now with dike system of this monsoon region, threatening catas- Beatrice´ Giblin); and how, by 1984, a critique of what trophic flooding.1 Lacoste’s intervention is also a key we now call “tropicality” had emerged more than ten moment in the postwar genealogy of “tropicality,” by years before the Anglophone literature on this subject which we mean, following Arnold (1996, 2005) and got going. now many others, including geographers (e.g., Driver Some of the impetus for the story we tell came from 2004; Power and Sidaway 2004; Bowd and Clayton interviews with French geographers in 2008–2009 2005), the way the West has constructed “the tropics” in connection with a larger project on Gourou. This as its environmental other, in positive and negative article was not initially planned as part of that project. terms (as edenic and debilitating); a discourse (or suite Rather, it stems from an issue raised by most of our of experiences, practices, and representations), which interviewees: We were reexamining Gourou’s work in taking the temperate West as the norm against which (innovatively for some, perplexingly to others) with tropical otherness is viewed and judged, has been deeply analytical tools that in some respects were alien to implicated in Western imperialism. Lacoste helps us to French geographers. Our interviewees remarked on the glean how this discourse can work as a mode of oppo- strongly Anglophone and “postcolonial” hue of the sition as well as othering and how it has been linked literature on tropicality, with Said’s (1978) Orientalism with postwar politics, armed conflict, and environmen- seen as an underlying theoretical influence. Although it tal destruction—themes that are muted in the critical was acknowledged that this discourse (usually rendered literature on the tropics. as tropicalisme in French) was pertinent to French Lacoste’s expose´ concerning the American bomb- experience, we were told that little critical interest had ing initially appeared on the front page of the French been shown in it, principally because Said’s work and newspaper Le Monde on 16 August 1972. We provide postcolonialism had made limited headway in French a detailed critical and contextual reconstruction of its geography. In short, our interviewees prompted us to nature and influence, in two main sections. We start be wary about endorsing a single or simple critical with the USAF’s bombing campaign (dubbed Opera- script about tropicality—to remain alive to its diverse tion Linebacker by the Pentagon), how it amounted to expressions in different times, places, and projects. This what Lacoste termed “geographical warfare,” and how
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