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Forests, Spirits, and High Modernist Development

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Forests, Spirits, and High Modernist Development Forests, Spirits, and High Modernist Development ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology no 55 Nikolas Århem Forests, Spirits and High Modernist Development A Study of Cosmology and Change among the Katuic Peoples in the Uplands of Laos and Vietnam Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Geijersalen, Engelska parken, Thunbergsvägen 3H, Uppsala, Monday, 27 January 2014 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Pro- fesseur Titulaire Jean Michaud (Département d'anthropologie, Université Laval). Abstract Århem, N. 2014. Forests, Spirits and High Modernist Development. A Study of Cosmology and Change among the Katuic Peoples in the Uplands of Laos and Vietnam. Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology 55. 463 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.ISBN 978-91- 554-9113-0. This thesis explores how Katuic-speaking indigenous groups in the Central Annamitic Cor- dillera of Vietnam and Laos understand their environment – hills, streams and forest. Katuic eco-cosmology assumes that the natural landscape is imbued with spirit agents, with whom people must continuously communicate lest misfortune will strike and their livelihoods fail. The thesis posits the hypothesis that these spirit beliefs, and a variety of taboo notions ac- companying them, can be interpreted as expressions of a complex socio-environmental adaptation. Today, the indigenous groups in the study region are confronted with a massive development- and modernisation push on two fronts – that of the global development industry on the one hand, and the implementation of national development policies and programs as part of the high-modernist state project in communist Vietnam and Laos, on the other. A second objective of the thesis, then, is to examine the effects of this multi-layered and multi-scaled confrontation on indigenous cosmology, livelihood and landscape. It is argued, this confrontation at the development frontier can be conceived of as an interface between different ontologies or reality posits – one animist, articulated in a relational stance towards the landscape; the other, a naturalist or rationalist ontology, expressed as an objectivist stance towards nature and embodied in the high-modernist development schemes and pro- grams unfolding in the region with the aim of re-engineering its indigenous societies and exploiting its natural resources. Large parts of the Central Annamites were severely impacted by the Vietnam War; un- counted numbers of minority people were killed, or had their villages destroyed or relocated while defoliants, bombs, and forest fires ravaged the landscape. In the decades that followed the war, the entire social and natural landscape has been reshaped by national development policies and the modernist visions that underpin them. The thesis attempts to understand this physical and cultural transformation of the landscape, focusing particularly on the grad- ual breakdown of the complex indigenous socio-religious institutions that appear to have played an important functional role in maintaining the pre-war structure of the landscape. The thesis is based primarily on fieldwork carried out between 2004 and 2009 in the prov- inces of Quảng Nam and Thừa Thiên–Huế in Vietnam and Sekong in Laos. Keywords: Katu, Katuic, Nge-Kriang, Vietnam, Laos, development, shifting cultivation, moral ecology Nikolas Århem, Department of Cultural Anthropology and Ethnology, Box 631, Uppsala University, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden. © Nikolas Århem 2014 ISSN 0348-5099 ISBN 978-91-554-9113-0 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-236880 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-236880) To Rafael, the Astronomer Contents Orthography ......................................................................................... 13 Acronyms ............................................................................................. 15 1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 17 A lifeway and landscape in transition ................................................ 22 The leitmotif .................................................................................... 25 Aims and argument .......................................................................... 26 Living with spirits ............................................................................ 30 The Katu: land, people, culture ........................................................ 32 Recent history: an overview ............................................................. 39 Colonial legacy and the Second Indochina War ............................ 39 The post-war period: early socialist modernity ............................. 40 The Doi Moi reform: market liberalisation .................................. 42 The Ho Chi Minh Highway: a high-modernist paragon .............. 44 River-death: hydropower modernism .......................................... 46 Ethnographic sources: fieldwork and literature ................................. 48 First fieldwork period (2004-2006) ............................................. 49 A consultancy: the socio-cultural impact of the Ho Chi Minh Highway ..................................................................................... 51 Second fieldwork period (2008-2010) ......................................... 52 TEK advisor for SUFORD – a multilateral forestry project ......... 53 Published sources ........................................................................ 54 2. Ecology and Spirits ........................................................................... 57 Natura, anima and knowledge: animism reconsidered ...................... 61 “Avatar”, deep ecology and imperialism ........................................... 66 Avatar - the movie ....................................................................... 68 “Avatar” and animist ecology: thematic parallels .......................... 73 Relevant concepts from ecology ................................................... 77 The Batesonian Mind and the Village-Forest Ecosystem .............. 82 3. Cultural Landscapes, Modern Forest Policies .................................... 89 The “original” landscape ................................................................... 91 A word about deforestation and colonialism ................................ 95 The search for the “baseline” forest .............................................. 98 Shifting cultivation: facts and fiction .............................................. 101 Popular misconceptions and prejudices ...................................... 103 General scholarship on shifting cultivation ................................. 105 Recent research in the study region ............................................ 109 Interlude: the forest of Sweden ...................................................... 114 Modern Vietnamese forest history .................................................. 118 Causes of deforestation .............................................................. 120 State Forest Enterprises, “forest devolution” and the reforestation programmes .......................................................... 122 “Regreening barren hills” ........................................................... 124 Under high-modernist state rule ..................................................... 129 Politics of knowledge ................................................................. 130 The spirit of high modernism .................................................... 133 Summing up .................................................................................. 136 4. History, Wars, Memories ................................................................ 139 Civilizational fault lines .................................................................. 139 Colonial pacification: the mission of Le Pichon .............................. 148 The anti-colonial struggle and the beginning of the America-Vietnam War ................................................................... 161 Blood hunting and the revolutionary project: the tale of a communist cadre ............................................................................ 172 Civilising, patronising, modernising: wartime ethnic minority policies ............................................................................. 180 5. Forests, Fields and Village: An Overview of the Katu spirit world .. 187 Poisonous places ............................................................................ 187 Another bad death ..................................................................... 190 The sacred landscape ...................................................................... 192 The spirit world: hill, stream and village ......................................... 199 Old Pangolin: the spirit of Kong Dhư hill ...................................... 205 Settlement pattern, spirits and bad death: is there an ecological rationality in Katu traditions? ......................................................... 214 The village cosmos ......................................................................... 219 Linking the village cosmos to the village ecosystem ................... 227 6. Cosmology, Politics and Landscape in the Mid- A Vuong River Basin ......................................................................................... 231 The policy context .........................................................................
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