La Fabrique De La Carte Par Les Geographes Et Les Historiens

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La Fabrique De La Carte Par Les Geographes Et Les Historiens 5)µ4& &OWVFEFMPCUFOUJPOEV %0$503"5%&-6/*7&34*5²%&506-064& %ÏMJWSÏQBS Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier) 1SÏTFOUÏFFUTPVUFOVFQBS Nathalie JOUBERT le 13 novembre 2015 5JUSF La fabrique du document carte : vers une méthode d'analyse d'une représentation de territoires ²DPMF EPDUPSBMF et discipline ou spécialité ED ALLPH@ : Sciences de l'information et de la communication 6OJUÏEFSFDIFSDIF Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches Appliquées aux Sciences Sociales, LERASS EA827 %JSFDUFVSUSJDF T EFʾÒTF Viviane COUZINET Jury : CHANTE Alain, rapporteur, Professeur des universités en Sciences de l'information et de la communication COUZINET Viviane, directrice de thèse, Professeur des universités en Sciences de l'information et de la communication FAVIER Laurence, rapporteur, Professeur des universités en Sciences de l'information et de la communication FRAYSSE Patrick, Maître de conférences en Sciences de l'information et de la communication 11 Titre de la thèse La fabrique du document carte : vers une méthode d’analyse d’une représentation de territoires Résumé En se fondant sur une enquête documentographique, issue de plusieurs méthodes de commentaire de documents, notamment en géographie, en histoire, en analyse des spectacles, cette thèse vise à explorer les capacités informatives de la carte, objet de contemplation et de fascination, mais aussi de visualisation de territoires. La carte est, en effet, une re-présentation, c’est-à-dire une « mise sous les yeux » iconique d’informations spatialisées, qui bénéficie d’un langage visuel et textuel efficace. L’objectif de cette enquête sur l’élaboration, la production et les usages des cartes, est de définir, du point de vue des Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication, et dans la continuité des travaux de Jean Meyriat, le document carte, et de préciser ce qui relève de ses fabriques infocommunicationnelles, celle par l’intention de son auteur, et celle à réception. La carte est construite et élaborée pour assumer une ou des fonctions, définies par celui qui la fabrique. Mais elle peut être exploitée et interrogée par des utilisateurs, dans d’autres contextes de réception que celui prévu par l’auteur. La carte remplit alors d’autres fonctions et se révèle kaléidoscopique : chacune de ses utilisations crée une autre image, chaque utilisateur fabrique un nouveau document. A travers cette exploitation de la carte, réalisée à partir d’un échantillon du fonds cartographique de l’Université Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, nous contribuons ainsi, au sein de l’équipe MICS, Médiations en Information- Communication Spécialisées du Laboratoire d'Études et de Recherches Appliquées en Sciences Sociales, LERASS, à l’élaboration collective du concept de document dans ses formes diverses. Mots clés Carte – document par intention – fabrique infocommunicationnelle - document à réception - enquête documentographique – valeurs informatives Title of the doctoral thesis The Making of map document: to a method of analyzing a representation territories Summary Based on a documentographic investigation, following several methods comment of documents, including geography, history, analysis shows, this thesis aims to explore the informative capacity of the map, an object of contemplation and fascination, but also territories visualization. The map is, in fact, a re-presentation, that is to say, an iconic “deposit under the eyes” of spatial information, which has a visual and textual language effectively. The objective of this investigation on the development, production and uses of maps, is to define, in terms of Information and Communication Sciences, and continuity in the work of Jean Meyriat, the document map, and clarify what comes under its infocommunicationals factories, one by the intention of its author, and one upon receipt. The map is built and developed to assume one or more functions defined by the person who makes. But it can be exploited and interrogated by users, in other receptions contexts than that provided by the author. The map then performs other functions and proves kaleidoscopic: each of its use creates another image, each user makes a new document. Through this exploitation of the map, made from a sample of cartographic funds of University of Toulouse - Jean Jaurès, we contribute, within MICS team, Mediations in Specialized Information-Communication Studies, of Laboratory and Applied Research in Social Sciences, LERASS, of the collective concept development document in its various forms. Key words Map – document with intent – infocommunicational factory – upon receipt document - documentographic investigation – informational values Laboratoire d’Etudes et de Recherches Appliquées en Sciences Sociales, LERASS EA827 Equipe Médiations en Information-Communication Spécialisées, MICS 115D route de Narbonne BP 67701 F-31077 TOULOUSE cedex 4 3 4 Nous dédions ce travail à EDEN. Reprendre des études, en doctorat, dans une discipline qui ne correspond pas à notre formation initiale, à 40 ans, en travaillant à temps plein, c’est un petit défi en soi et nous n’aurions pas pu y parvenir sans l’aide, le soutien, les conseils de plusieurs personnes. Notre famille tout d’abord qui nous a supportée, dans les deux sens du terme, et qui nous a permis de réaliser ce projet. Merci à notre âme sœur Eric, à nos jumeaux chéris, à notre maman et à tous ceux qui nous ont entourée. Nous tenons à remercier Viviane Couzinet. Elle a accepté de diriger ce travail, mais surtout a cru en nous et nous a soutenue. Elle nous a guidée dans cette discipline que sont les SIC. Elle nous a également poussée à nous dépasser et a été exigeante sur chacune des pages. Un grand merci à tous ceux qui nous ont donné envie de faire de la recherche, nos maîtres en histoire et en géographie, et tous les chercheurs rencontrés depuis presque trente ans, dans les couloirs des universités, à la bibliothèque du Département de géographie, au sein de l’équipe MICS. A leur contact, nous avons appris les méthodes scientifiques, nous avons apprécié les discussions argumentées, nous avons compris que nous voulions faire nous aussi de la recherche. Nous espérons que ce travail est à la hauteur de leurs transmissions. Nous remercions également les membres du jury pour leur intérêt, leur participation et leur présence. 5 6 SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE ................................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 9 PARTIE I– CADRE CONCEPTUEL : DU DOCUMENT VERS LE DOCUMENT CARTE ......... 27 1. ELEMENTS D’ETYMOLOGIE ET DE SIGNIFICATION ............................................................................... 27 1.1 Documents .................................................................................................................................. 28 1.2 Cartes ......................................................................................................................................... 34 1.3 Représenter, représentation, mise en scène ................................................................................ 36 1.4 Image, figure............................................................................................................................... 39 1.5 Territoire .................................................................................................................................... 40 2. TRAVAUX EN SCIENCES DE L’INFORMATION ET DE LA COMMUNICATION .......................................... 41 2.1 Notion de document .................................................................................................................... 41 2.2 Autres définitions ........................................................................................................................ 58 3. TRAVAUX DES GEOGRAPHES ET DES HISTORIENS................................................................................ 66 3.1 Documents .................................................................................................................................. 66 3.2 Cartes ......................................................................................................................................... 75 3.3 Figure, image, représentation .................................................................................................... 92 4 ROLES, FONCTIONS, INTENTIONS DU DOCUMENT CARTE ...................................................................... 97 4.1 Pour gérer .................................................................................................................................. 98 4.2 Pour faire la guerre .................................................................................................................. 104 4.3 Pour se déplacer ....................................................................................................................... 109 4.4 Pour donner une vision du monde ............................................................................................ 116 4.5 Pour imaginer ........................................................................................................................... 126 PARTIE II– CARACTERISTIQUES DU DOCUMENT CARTE : LA FABRIQUE DE LA CARTE PAR LES GEOGRAPHES ET LES HISTORIENS .................................................................................... 131 1. SUPPORTS : ESSAI CHRONO-TYPOLOGIQUE
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