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Spaceflight a British Interplanetary Society Publication SpaceFlight A British Interplanetary Society publication Volume 61 No.6 June 2019 £5.25 Who’ll track them? Scotland’s DSRS faced with closure Reversing the future 06> Course corrections 634089 Reflections on Apollo 770038 Red Planet whirlybird 9 CONTENTS Features 12 Reinventing the future SpaceFlight takes a long hard look at current NASA plans for getting boots on the Moon, finding President Trump’s clamour for a 2024 target date to be unrealistic. 2 18 Course Correction Letter from the Editor Former NASA contractor on the Apollo programme Pat Norris shares his experiences of We have a rich mixture this month, ensuring that NASA got its Apollo spacecraft on including a review of NASA’s plan course for the Moon – accurately! to put boots on the Moon. But we find fault with the call for a landing within the next five years, seeing 22 Apollo 10 – so near, yet so far instead why a more modestly- In the final instalment to his trilogy on the paced effort will bring along the meaning of Apollo, Nick Spall FBIS looks at the commercial New Space brigade environmental and cultural aspects of this while easing the budget for a historic venture, 50 years on. 12 cash-strapped NASA. But Apollo continues to attract 28 Mars Whirlybird interest as we close in on 50 years The Editor takes a look at what could turn out to since the first landing by be a seminal shift in rover support for Mars astronauts, considering the legacy of the programme on our broader exploration as NASA gives the green light to the perspective of the Earth and its first helicopter designed for the Red Planet. environment as well as the cultural impact it had. We also continue with a series describing unique roles played by British scientists and engineers, as Pat 18 Norris describes his work for Apollo. Regulars Returning to examine new technologies for planetary exploration, NASA’s Mars 2020 will 2 Behind the news carry a helicopter and we have DSRS threatened with closure the feeling this could just be a significant game-changer in the 4 Opinion exploration of worlds with an atmosphere. If flying 6 ISS Report reconnaissance platforms can be 9 March – 10 April 2019 seen to work, it could add a fifth 22 stage of development after fly-bys, orbiters, landers and rovers. 36 Obituary Next month – the Apollo 11 50th Valery Bykovsky (1934-2019) anniversary special – brace yourselves! 38 Multi-media The latest space-related books, games, videos 42 Satellite Digest Valery Bykovsky (1934-2019) David Baker [email protected] 44 Society news / Diary 28 COVER:NOAA-19 METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE OF THE TYPE MONITORED BY DUNDEE SATELLITE RECEIVING STATION / NOAA RECEIVING STATION DUNDEE SATELLITE BY TYPE MONITORED THE OF SATELLITE METEOROLOGICAL COVER:NOAA-19 What’s happened/ What’s coming up OUR MISSION STATEMENT Editor David Baker, PhD, BSc, FBIS, FRHS Sub Editor Ann Page Creative Consultant Andrée Wilson Design & Production MP3 Media Promotion Gillian Norman Advertising Tel: +44 (0)20 7735 3160 Email: [email protected] The British Interplanetary Society Distribution Warners Group Distribution, The Maltings, Manor Lane, Bourne, Lincolnshire PE10 9PH, England Tel: +44 (0)1778 promotes the exploration and 391 000 Fax: +44 (0)1778 393 668 SpaceFlight, Arthur C. Clarke House, 27-29 South Lambeth Road, London SW8 1SZ, use of space for the benefit England Tel: +44 (0)20 7735 3160 Email: [email protected] www.bis-space.com Published monthly by the British Interplanetary Society, SpaceFlight is a publication that promotes the mission of the British of humanity, connecting people Interplanetary Society. Opinions in signed articles are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of to create, educate and inspire, the Editor or the Council of the British Interplanetary Society. Registered Company No: 402498. Registered charity No: and advance knowledge in 250556. The British Interplanetary Society is a company limited by guarantee. Printed in England by Latimer Trend & Co. © 2019 British Interplanetary Society 2017 ISSN 0038-6340. All rights reserved. No part of this magazine may be reproduced all aspects of astronautics. or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording by any information storage or retrieval system without written permission for the Publishers. Photocopying permitted by license only. SpaceFlight Vol 61 June 2019 1 BEHIND THE NEWS DSRS THREATENED WITH CLOSURE The L-band antenna at DSRS stands proud above the River Tay. One of the UK’s key space assets – the Dundee Satellite Receiving Station (DSRS) – is going to close unless new funding is identified to cover its annual operating costs. DSRS IMAGES: THE DECISION TO CLOSE the Centre was made by The station’s main remit has been to receive and the University of Dundee following the withdrawal archive data and to provide the information to of core funding from the Natural Environmental support studies in many areas. In the marine sector Research Council (NERC). Dundee is one of the data from the station has contributed to directing main stations in the UK receiving data from Earth research cruises where it is used to monitor observation satellites. It has been systematically properties such as sea temperatures and the collecting data on a daily basis since 1978 and was, development and extent of algal blooms. For the until recently, funded by the NERC. The station terrestrial environment, data has been used for developed from pioneering projects in electronics monitoring vegetation and crop yield, wildfires and and communications undertaken by academics and bird habitats. Atmospheric studies include severe students during the 1960s and 70s, and reached a weather conditions and phenomena, directing point where the facilities could be used as an research aircraft. The archive was also used for a operational service to UK scientists. The user base long-term investigation of aircraft contrails. IMAGES: CSNA IMAGES: now extends far beyond this community. Over its 40 years of operations, notable events 2 Vol 61 June 2019 SpaceFlight BEHIND THE NEWS captured include the Fastnet yacht race storm of 1979, the Buncefield oil depot fire in 2005, volcanic eruptions in Iceland and at Mount Etna, forest fires, severe winter conditions in the UK and Ireland, Atlantic hurricanes and tropical cyclones. The Dundee station archive contains over 200,000 recordings from polar orbit satellites with coverage of Europe and the North Atlantic as well as images from geostationary satellites providing global coverage. Hundreds of scientific papers have been supported with this data as well as many other publications. There is great public interest in the station’s website with around five million images downloaded each year by thousands of users with incredibly varied applications. DSRS currently has five operational tracking satellite dishes for polar satellite reception and a number of fixed position antennas for signals from geostationary satellites. Staff provide the essential electronic hardware and software expertise to design, build, operate and maintain the facility. The high level of in-house expertise ensures an extremely high success rate for collecting data (generally above 99.9% annually) and fast delivery for time-critical applications such as fire monitoring. The DSRS can trace its origins back to the work of Peter Baylis and Dr John Brush in the 1970s when they began picking up data from meteorological satellites. This led to acquisition of a 3.7 m reflector which allowed data to be acquired from the Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) instrument carried by NOAA-4, launched in 1974, and NOAA-5, launched two years later. After the launch of Tiros-N in 1978, the facility began ABOVE DSRS archiving data including that from the satellite’s A rare completely cloud-free view of the British Isles – obtained Advanced VHRR which operated until 1981. from polar satellite data via the DSRS station at Dundee. A major problem recognised from the outset was the challenge of data storage. At first, 75 MB in Shugart ST506 hard drive had a 5 MB capacity! To of raw data was generated for each satellite pass, get over this problem, a 14-track reel-to-reel tape THREATENED WITH CLOSURE which grew to more than 93 MB after conversion recorder was employed, operating at a slightly from 10-bit to 16-bit data. Universally, around the slower speed of 29.5 in/sec to get two satellite world, throughout the 1980s the problem was data passes on to a single track. By the end of the The L-band antenna at DSRS stands proud above the River Tay. volume and storage capacity. In 1980 the first 5.25 decade the team had moved on to a Sun work station. Now, DSRS has 388 TB of data storage, essential when considering that the Terra and Aqua satellites alone transmit 1.5 GB and the group also captured data from Nimbus 7, SeaStar and other NOAA satellites as well as Meteosat. Recognition of process occurred when the European Space Agency asked the team to produce a design and construction manual for other users. ADDED VALUE Due to Dundee’s geographic position in the northern hemisphere, the station is well-suited for the reception of “real-time” satellite data covering Europe, the North Atlantic and the Arctic; this is data received from satellites in a polar orbit. DSRS also procured geostationary satellite data such that EOS systems can give full global coverage. The satellite data collected by the DSRS ranged between 250 m to 1 km in resolution. The Station’s operations room has been considerably updated since its inception. The planned construction of the UK Spaceport SpaceFlight Vol 61 June 2019 3 BEHIND THE NEWS on the A’Mhoine Peninsula in CONSEQUENCES Briefing Sutherland County, Scotland, The decision to close the station is provides an opportunity for both more than unfortunate, coming as it IDEAS, PLEASE… Dundee and the UK Space effort.
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