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Home , Amirani (volcano), AVIATR, David Grinspoon, Extraterrestrial vortex, Jani Radebaugh, Kraken Mare

About the Authors

Kevin H. Baines is a planetary scientist at the CalTech/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California and at the Space Science and Engineering Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. As a NASA-named science team member on the mission to , the / mission to , and the Express mission to Venus, he has explored the composition, structure and dynamic meteorology of these , discover- ing in the process the northern on Saturn, a jet stream on Venus, the fi rst spectroscopi- cally-identifi able ammonia clouds on both Jupiter and Saturn, and the carbon-soot-based thunderstorm clouds of Saturn. He also was instrumental in discovering that the global envi- ronmental disaster caused by sulfuric acid clouds unleashed by the impact of an asteroid or comet some 65 million years ago was a root cause of the extinction of the dinosaurs. In 2006, he also re-discovered Saturn’s north polar hexagon—last glimpsed upon its discovery by Voyager in 1981—which in 2011 magazine declared the third “weirdest object in the cosmos”. When not studying the skies and clouds of our neighboring planets, Kevin can often be found fl ying within those of the as an avid FAA-certifi ed fl ight instructor, hav- ing logged over 8,000 h (nearly a full year) of fl ight time instructing engineers, scientists and even in the JPL/Caltech community.

Jeffrey Bennett is an astrophysicist who has taught at every level from preschool through gradu- ate school. He is the lead author of college-level textbooks in astronomy, , mathemat- ics, and statistics that together have sold more than one million copies. His books for the general public include Beyond UFOs (Princeton University Press, 2008/2011), which was honored by Miami University (Ohio) as the single book chosen in 2008/9 for all incoming students to read and discuss, and Math for Life (Roberts & Co, 2012), winner of the 2012 Colorado Book Award for nonfi ction and recommended by a reviewer as “should be required reading for all Americans.” He is also the author of several award-winning children’s books, including Max Goes to the , which in 2011 became the fi rst book read aloud from orbit (by Drew dur- ing the fi nal mission of the Discovery) and which has also been made into a plan- etarium show. In addition to his writing, he served 2 years as a visiting senior scientist at NASA headquarters, where he created NASA’s “IDEAS” program, started a program to fl y teachers aboard NASA’s airborne observatories (including SOFIA ), and worked on numerous educational programs for the and other space science missions. He also proposed the idea for and helped develop both the Colorado Scale Model on the CU-Boulder campus and the Voyage Scale Model Solar System on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., which is now being replicated for numerous other locations around the world. For more, see his personal Web site www.jeffreybennett.com .

Michael Carroll is the 2012 recipient of the American Astronomical Society’s Division of Jonathan Eberhart award for best science feature article of the year. In addi- tion to his international magazine articles and 23 science books, Carroll is known for his space art, which has appeared in magazines including National Geographic, Time, Smithsonian, Scientifi c American, Sky & Telescope, Astronomy, and others. One of his paintings is on the

M. Carroll and R. Lopes (eds.), Alien Seas: Oceans in Space, 113 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-7473-9, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 114 About the Authors surface of —in digital form—in a DVD “time capsule” on the deck of the Phoenix . He is a Fellow of the International Association of Astronomical Artists and recipient of the Lucien Rudaux award for lifetime achievement in the astronomical arts. In 1991 he also received the “Honorable Tiny Tennies Award” for meritorious bungling.

Mona L. Delitsky is a planetary scientist who has done studies of the chemistry of planetary atmospheres and surfaces. During her 19 years at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, she investigated the chemistry of the of Jupiter and Saturn and the surface and ionosphere chemistry of ’s moon . She was part of the Voyager spacecraft team during its fl yby and historic exploration of Neptune in 1988–1989 and considers that to be one of the most exciting experiences of her life. She started her own consulting company in 2006 and now works as an freelance scientist/entrepreneur investigating the atmospheres and surfaces of Venus, Saturn, , Earth and other planets in the solar system.

David Grinspoon is an astrobiologist who studies the possible conditions for life on other planets. He is Curator of Astrobiology at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, and Adjunct Professor of Astrophysical and Planetary Science at the University of Colorado. He is a frequent advisor to NASA on space exploration strategy, and is Co-Investigator on an instru- ment that is currently on Mars on the Curiosity Rover. In April of this year, Grinspoon was selected to be the fi rst Chair of Astrobiology at the United States , a 1-year appointment to begin this November, during which he will be researching and writing a book about the human infl uence on Earth, seen in cosmic perspective. Grinspoon was awarded the 2006 Carl Medal for Public Communication of Planetary Science by the American Astronomical Society. The citation for this award noted that “like Sagan in his time, Grinspoon is nearly unique in making science truly hip.” For these skills, Wired Magazine featured Grinspoon as an “Alpha Geek” in 2008. His fi rst book, Venus Revealed, (Perseus Books, 1998) was a Los Angeles Times Book Prize fi nalist. His 2004 book, Lonely Planets: The Natural Philosophy of Alien Life won the PEN Center USA Literary Award for Research Nonfi ction. Entertainment Weekly called Lonely Planets “proof that life on this planet is both intelligent and funny.” Grinspoon’s writing has appeared in Slate, Scientifi c American, Natural History, The Sciences, Astronomy, Seed, the Boston Globe, the Los Angeles Times, , Nature, Science, and Sky & Telescope where he is a contributing editor and writes the monthly “Cosmic Relief” column. Dr. Grinspoon has been featured on dozens of television and radio shows. He has given invited talks at international conferences throughout the U.S., Europe, Australia and Japan. For more, see www.funkyscience.net

Rosaly Lopes is a Senior Research Scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Manager of the Planetary Science Section, and Investigation Scientist for the Cassini Radar Mapper on the Cassini spacecraft. She is one of the world’s fore- most experts on volcanism and of the planets. She was born and raised in , Brazil. Her University College Ph.D. focused on planetary geology and vol- canology. During her studies, she became a specialist on the hazards from fl ows and trav- eled to erupting volcanoes, some of the time as a member of the UK Volcanic Eruption Surveillance Team. Dr. Lopes has been at JPL since 1989. She was a science team member for the Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) aboard the Galileo spacecraft, responsible for planning all of the observations of Jupiter’s volcanic moon using NIMS. During this period, she discovered 71 volcanic hot spots, which landed her a spot on the Guinness Book of World Records in 2006 as discoverer of the greatest number of active volcanoes anywhere. She currently researches the geology of Saturn’s moon Titan using data from Cassini. She has received many awards, including a Latinas in Science Award from the Comision Feminil Mexicana Nacional in 1991, the Carl Sagan Medal from the American Astronomical Society in 2005, the NASA Exceptional About the Authors 115

Service Medal in 2007, and the Wings Women of Discovery Award in 2009. She is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the 2012–2013 Chair of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society.

Chris McKay is a research scientist with the Space Science Division of NASA Ames Research Center. His current research focuses on the evolution of the solar system and the origin of life. He is also actively involved in planning for future Mars missions including human exploration. Chris been involved in research in Mars-like environments on Earth, traveling to the Antarctic dry valleys, Siberia, the Canadian Arctic, and the Atacama, Namib, & deserts to study life in these Mars-like environments. He was a co-investigator on the Huygens probe to Saturn’s moon Titan in 2005, the Mars Phoenix lander mission in 2008, and the mission in 2012.

Karl L. Mitchell is a scientist at JPL whose research interests include and seas of Titan, cryovolcanism on Titan as evidenced by Cassini Radar, volcanic eruptions on Mars, Titan, Enceladus, Io and Venus, Martian hydrology and remote sensing of planetary surfaces. His studies in geophysical fl uid dynamics cover catastrophic fl ood dynamics, volcanic ascent and eruption dynamics, supersonic fl ow in explosive volcanic eruptions, and the relationship between volcanic landforms and eruption models. He is currently an associate of the Cassini RADAR team. He has a Ph.D. in Environmental Science from Lancaster University, England.

Robert T. Pappalardo is a Senior Research Scientist in the Planetary Science Section, Science Division, of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Pappalardo’s research focuses on processes that have shaped the icy satellites of the outer solar system, especially and the role of its probable subsurface ocean. Europa research includes the possibility that solid-state convection has played an important role in the satel- lite’s history, investigation of regions of separation and spreading of the ’s icy litho- sphere, and implications of the surface geology for lithospheric properties and the existence of a liquid water ocean beneath the icy surface. Additional research involves the nature, origin, and evolution of bright grooved terrain on Jupiter’s moon Ganymede, specifi cally the style of tectonism and implications for the satellite’s geological history. Also, he is investigating the geological implications of geyser-like activity on Saturn’s moon Enceladus, and the level of geological activity on Saturn’s moon Titan. He is the Europa Study Scientist for the development of Europa mission concepts and a member of the National Research Council’s Space Studies Board. He has served as the Project Scientist for the Cassini Equinox (Extended) Mission at Saturn, Chair of the Europa Science Defi nition Team, Co-Chair of the National Research Council’s Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life, and Steering Group member and Large Satellites Panel Vice-Chair for the 2002 Planetary Decadal Survey. Along the way, he has worked with various science museums and organizations to bring the excitement of astronomy and planetary exploration to the public.

Timothy Parker was the originator of the Mars Ocean hypothesis. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of Southern California in 1994, with a dissertation entitled “Martian Paleolakes and Oceans.” His research papers on the subject of ancient aqueous environments on Mars, begin- ning in 1989, have played a signifi cant role in the development of the “follow the water” theme of Mars exploration and infl uenced the graduate studies of a number of students around the world. Tim’s fl ight project experience at JPL includes CRAF, , Mars Pathfi nder, Mars Exploration Rovers (MER), and the Phoenix and MSL missions. He is a member of the science team on MER and serves as a Geology Team Group Lead. He played a critical role in landing site selection for Pathfi nder, MER and Curiosity, and leads traverse geological assessments for MER and MSL, which involves comparing high resolution HiRISE views of 116 About the Authors the rover landing sites with overhead projections of images acquired by the rovers on the ground. Continuous updates of these location maps are critical for the successful operation of the rovers. Tim is a team member on the Mastcam, MAHLI and MARDI cameras on MSL.

Jani Radebaugh is a planetary scientist who specializes in landform geomorphology in the solar system. She studies more accessible features on Earth to gain into similar land- forms and processes on other planets. Her current investigations include , mountains, cryovolcanoes, rivers and lakes on Saturn’s moon Titan from Cassini RADAR observations and volcanoes and mountains on Jupiter’s moon Io from Galileo, Cassini, and Voyager obser- vations. She has done fi eld work in the Egyptian Sahara, the Ethiopian Afar Rift Valley, , the desert southwestern US, and . She obtained her Ph.D. in planetary science from the ’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, and she is currently an associate professor of geological sciences at Brigham Young University.

John Spencer is an Institute Scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. A native of Lancashire, England, he obtained a Bachelor’s degree in Geology from the University of Cambridge in 1978, and a Ph.D. in Planetary Sciences from the University of Arizona in 1987. He worked at the University of Hawaii and Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona before joining Southwest Research in 2004. He specializes in studies of the of the outer planets, using Earth-based telescopes, close-up spacecraft observations, and the Hubble Space Telescope. He was a team member on the thermal mapping instrument on the Galileo Jupiter orbiter, and now works with the Composite Infrared Spectrometer on the Cassini Saturn orbiter, and is a science team member on the mission to . His work has included the fi rst observations of Io’s volcanic plumes with Hubble, including the discovery of gas in those plumes, the co-discovery, using Cassini data, of ice volcanic activity on Saturn’s moon Enceladus, and the co-discovery of oxygen on Jupiter’s moon Ganymede. He also recently found the probable explanation for the strange black-and-white appearance of Saturn’s moon Iapetus. He enjoys living in Boulder with his wife Jane and their dog Maggie. Index

A D Acidalia , 12, 13, 15, 18–22 Deep sea vents , 83 Aerial Vehicle for In-situ and Airborne Titan Reconnaissance Deuterium , 4 (AVIATR) , 62 Deuteronilus Alba Patera , 29 level , 13, 17–22 Alkanes , 63, 64 Mensae , 14–17, 19 Alpha Centauri , 95 shoreline , 11 Alpha Regio , 6, 31 Diamonds , 72, 77–79 Amirani , 31, 32 Diapir , 41 Ammonia , 23, 36, 45, 47, 49, 52, 71, Differentiation , 38, 39 72, 75, 92 Dione , 30, 46, 47, 53 Antarctica , 7, 81, 84, 86, 87 Doppler shift , 35, 91 Aphrodite Terra , 5, 7 Dry river valleys Apollo , 28, 61 Mars , 11 Arabia Titan , 64, 66 level , 13–22 Dunes shoreline , 11 barchans , 58, 60 Archaea , 81, 82, 86 , 58 Ariel , 50, 53 linear , 55, 58, 60 , Isaac , 7 Mars , 60 Astrobiology , 7 organic , 58 Aurora , 40, 72, 74 Titan , 58–61, 67 Venus , 58–60

B Bagnold, R. , 55, 59–62 E Balloons , 9, 61, 62 Egypt , 1, 55, 56, 59, 61 Baltis Valles , 30 Enceladus , 2, 45–53, 73, 87 Endoliths , 87 andesites , 26, 29 , 86 fl ood , 26, 27, 29 E-ring (Saturn) , 47, 48 Beaches, Mars , 21 Eris , 47, 51, 53 Belet , 55, 57 , 1, 2, 23, 29, 30, 45, 48, 49, 51, 53, 56, 62–69, 71, 72, Black smokers , 106 76, 77, 84, 92, 107, 109 , L. , 11, 14, 16 Europa , 2, 31, 33, 35–45, 47, 53, 72, 82–84, 87, 92, 105–107 Bradbury, R. , 1 Exobiology , 83 Exoplanets , 2 Extrasolar planets , 89, 92 C , 49, 94 , 2, 35–44, 52, 53, 92 Extremophiles , 81, 84 Carbonate , 2, 4, 84, 99 Cassini spacecraft , 47, 55, 63, 67, 77 Challenger deep , 60 F Channels , 29, 30, 58, 63, 64 Fluid metal , 71 Climate , 1, 4, 7, 9, 21, 22, 60, 67 “Follow the water” strategy , 81, 87 Clouds , 2, 3, 7, 26, 30, 59, 71–75, 77 Coleridge, S.T. , 1 Corona , 26, 30 G Mensae , 16, 18, 21 GAIA mission , 89, 90

M. Carroll and R. Lopes (eds.), Alien Seas: Oceans in Space, 117 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-7473-9, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 118 Index

Galilean satellites , 35, 39, 43, 107 Mare Imbrium , 28 Galileo (scientist) , 31 Maria , 1, 25, 27, 28 Galileo orbiter , 40 spacecraft , 1, 8, 11, 28 Galileo probe , 77 Mars , 1, 2, 7, 11–23, 25, 27–30, 58–60, 62, 63, 67, 83, 87, 89, 92, 94, Ganymede , 2, 31, 33, 35–45, 47, 53, 92 95, 97, 99, 104 planets , 2, 72, 108, 109 , 11, 29 Geothermal vents , 102 , 11, 13, 18 Geysers Mars Odyssey , 11–13, 17, 60 nitrogen , 51 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter , 14, 17, 19 water , 46, 49, 50 Mercury , 25–28, 33, 37, 92 Glaciers , 12 MESSENGER spacecraft , 28 Gravity measurements/ mapping , 11, 13, 34, 37, 40, 42, 49, 66, 77 Meteorites , 7, 29 Greenhouse effect , 3 Grooved terrain Ganymede , 36, 37, 39 atmospheric , 29 lakes , 63–69 and life , 29, 67 H Mimas , 53 Habitable zone , 1, 92, 109, 110 Miranda , 50, 51, 53 Haze , 2, 62, 64, 77 MOLA data , 13 Helium-3 , 74–76, 78, 79 Moon, Earth’s , 37, 41, 55 Hubble space telescope , 96 Huygens Titan probe , 72 , 49, 66, 67, 72, 73 N Hyperion , 46 Neptune , 45, 50–53, 71–73, 78, 92, 95, 108 New horizons spacecraft , 32, 52, 95

I Iapetus , 46, 53 O planets , 2, 45 Oberon , 50, 53 Iceland , 1, 25–27, 109 , 25, 27, 29 Io , 25, 31–35, 39, 40, 43, 45, 47, 53 (Titan) , 67 Ishtar Terra , 4 Ovda Regio , 67 Ismenius level , 18–20, 22 Isotopes , 45 P Palimpsests , 36 J Phoebe , 46 Jupiter , 2, 35–37, 39–44, 46, 53, 71–73, 77, 78, 91, 92, 95, 96, Photosynthesis , 43, 49, 89, 94, 96 105–107, 110 Pillan () , 32 Pioneer spacecraft , 11, 30 Planetesimals , 5, 35 K Plate tectonics , 5, 6, 25 Karstic terrain , 66 Plume , 31, 32, 48–53 (spacecraft, mission) , 1, 89–91, 94, 96, 110 Pluto , 32, 43, 45–53, 95 , 64–66 (volcano) , 31 Belt , 45, 51, 52

R L Radioactivity/radiogenic heating , 47, 52, 87 Lacus , 1, 63, 66, 67 Rhea , 46, 53 Laki eruption Iceland , 27 Ridges, Europa , 40 Lava , 2, 5, 6, 11, 12, 15, 18, 21, 22, 25–34, 36, 42 Lavinia Regio , 6 Life, ancient , 84, 85 S Life, extraterrestrial , 49, 95 Salts , 26–29, 32, 34, 36, 43, 49, 53, 81, 83 , 64, 69 Saturn , 1, 2, 45–50, 62, 63, 67, 71–79, 87, 92, 107 Loki , 32, 33 Schiaparelli, Antoniadi , 2 Lost city (vents) , 84 Seasons , 1, 2, 58, 67, 68, 96, 108 Lowell, Percival , 2 Shorelines , 11–16, 18, 67 Crater , 17, 18, 20 Sif Mons , 30 Solar wind , 71, 74 Soviet Mars (spacecraft) , 11 M , and volcanism , 30, 31, 34, 42, 53 Magellan (spacecraft, mission) , 5, 6, 30, 31, 59 Sulfuric acid , 27, 30, 42, 62 Magma , 25, 26, 28, 30–34, 37 Sun (Earth's) , 1–9, 11, 12, 14, 19, 22, 23, 26–35, 37, 40–43, 45, Magnetosphere , 37, 71, 72, 83 48–52, 55–63, 65–67, 69–74, 76–79, 81–87, 89–92, 94–96, Mamers Valles , 15–18, 20 99–103, 106, 107, 110, 111 Index 119

Super , 92 V Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) , 30, 57, 59, 66 Valhalla , 35, 42 Venera (spacecraft, lander) , 30, 59, 62 Venus , 1–9, 25, 27, 30, 31, 33, 40, 58–60, 62, 63, 69, 75, T 89, 92, 94, 99, 103 Tellus Tesera , 7 spacecraft , 30 Terrestrial planets , 25, 26, 30, 92 Verne, J. , 1 Tethys , 46, 53 Viking (spacecraft, mission) , 1, 11–22, 29, 59 Tidal heating , 39, 42, 47, 49–51 Viking spacecraft , 11 Tides , 1, 3, 14, 15, 39, 42, 47, 66, 100 Volcanism TiME. See (TiME) on Io , 31–34 TiME proposal , 69 on Mars , 29 Titan(s) , 1, 2, 7, 46, 50, 53, 55–69, 72, 73, 77, 79, 107 on Mercury , 28 Titania , 7, 50, 53 on the Moon (Earth) , 25, 28, 31 Titan Mare Explorer (TiME) , 62, 64, 66, 69 on Venus , 30, 58, 68 Transits , 91 Volcano , 3, 4, 21, 22, 25–32, 34, 35, 38, 52, 56, Triton(s) , 50–53, 108 83, 86, 101 Tvashtar , 31, 32 , 86 Tyre (Europa) , 42 Voyager (spacecraft, mission) , 31–36, 40, 48, 50, 52, 63, 64, 72, 108

U Ultramafi c eruptions , 28, 30, 32 X , 45, 50, 51, 53, 71–73, 78, 92, 95, 109 (Titan) , 56