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Walking on the MOON Happy 50Th! Copy SpaceFlight A British Interplanetary Society publication Volume 61 No.8 August 2019 £6.25 Walking on the MOON Happy 50th! copy Getting the EVAsSubscriber right A very British contribution A very Soviet perspective 08> 634997 770038 9 copy Subscriber CONTENTS Features 12 The first Moonwalk Concluding our detailed coverage of the Apollo 11 mission, we look at activities associated with planning and executing the first lunar surface EVA, in which the initial set of experiments was 2 laid out by Armstrong and Aldrin. Letter from the Editor 21 A very British contribution BIS Fellow Keith Wright gives a first-hand Swifter than an English summer, no sooner is it here than it’s gone! account of his days working on the Apollo And soon that will be the feeling programme, where he helped to get the about the 50th anniversary of the experiment packages ready and made his own first Apollo Moon landing. But we unique contribution to the Apollo 11 mission by will continue to remember events sending a Union Jack to the Moon! from time to time as we progress to the special anniversary of the 26 Faltering decisions last Apollo landing in December 12 2022. Why did the Russians take so long to start their Meanwhile, in this issue I am Moon programme? Editor David Baker reflects proud to bring you another on his own discussions with senior Soviet personal recollection from a decision-makers 15 years after Apollo 11. British Apollo veteran with a truly fascinating story to tell. And next 35 Marking time for cosmonauts month there will be another personal reflection to emphasise Philip Corneille continues his coverage of the very real fact that the British watches flown by astronauts and cosmonauts contribution was strong and is with a description of the FORTIS chronograph, remembered still, on both sides of the first of its kind to fly in space. the Atlantic. We should not forget 21 that launched as a very American copy challenge in the midst of the Cold War, Apollo had its international element too. I am also very pleased to Regulars incorporate in this issue a NASA Apollo 11 flight chart, courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution, 2 Behind the news custodian at the National Air and Slow, slow, quick-quick, slow Space Museum in Washington, DC, of the largest collection of 4 Opinion space artefacts anywhere in the 26 world. In the UK, please visit the 6 ISS Report NationalSubscriber Space Centre and the London Science Museum for an 9 May – 8 June 2019 unforgettable “Apollo experience”. Happy 20 July! 38 Multi-media The latest space-related books, games, videos 42 Satellite Digest 559 – May 2019 David Baker [email protected] 46 Society news / Diary 35 COVER: NEIL ARMSTRONG AND EAGLE REFLECTED IN THE HELMET OF BUZZ ALDRIN / NASA OF BUZZ THE HELMET REFLECTED IN AND EAGLE ARMSTRONG NEIL COVER: What’s happened/ What’s coming up OUR MISSION STATEMENT Editor David Baker, PhD, BSc, FBIS, FRHS Sub Editor Ann Page Creative Consultant Andrée Wilson Design & Production MP3 Media Promotion Gillian Norman Advertising Tel: +44 (0)20 7735 3160 Email: [email protected] The British Interplanetary Society Distribution Warners Group Distribution, The Maltings, Manor Lane, Bourne, Lincolnshire PE10 9PH, England Tel: +44 (0)1778 promotes the exploration and 391 000 Fax: +44 (0)1778 393 668 SpaceFlight, Arthur C. Clarke House, 27-29 South Lambeth Road, London SW8 1SZ, use of space for the benefit England Tel: +44 (0)20 7735 3160 Email: [email protected] www.bis-space.com Published monthly by the British Interplanetary Society, SpaceFlight is a publication that promotes the mission of the British of humanity, connecting people Interplanetary Society. Opinions in signed articles are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of to create, educate and inspire, the Editor or the Council of the British Interplanetary Society. Registered Company No: 402498. Registered charity No: and advance knowledge in 250556. The British Interplanetary Society is a company limited by guarantee. Printed in England by Latimer Trend & Co. © 2019 British Interplanetary Society 2017 ISSN 0038-6340. All rights reserved. No part of this magazine may be reproduced all aspects of astronautics. or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording by any information storage or retrieval system without written permission for the Publishers. Photocopying permitted by license only. SpaceFlight Vol 61 August 2019 1 SLUGBEHIND THE NEWS SLOW, SLOW, copy QUICK-QUICK SLOW? Announced just three months ago, could the proposed Artemis Moon programme soon be in freefall? THE MOON HAS ALWAYS HELD an emotional and with scheduling timelines for delivering the connection with some people, driving irrational hardware. Only then would a contract be awarded to Subscriberdecisions regretted later. Now, it seems, NASA is the selected winner (SpaceFlight Vol 61 No 6 p12). faced with a series of seminal decisions as it tries to This was a modified variant on the multi-phase find support – and money – to get back on the lunar approach used for Shuttle procurement. In that cycle, surface in 2024, 52 years after the last Apollo Phase A was a feasibility study undertaken by a wide astronaut departed. But is it a Moon too far? range of acknowledged industry participants each Amid a public-relations blizzard of rousing words, paid seed-money to carry out a conceptual analysis of emotional speeches and gripping videos, popular the idea. This was followed with Phase B, a definition support for Moon missions is slipping away across a study awarded to at least two or three potential wide range of metrics. Each one vital for getting contenders for much more comprehensive, and astronauts back on the lunar surface from US soil. To expensive, subsidised proposals on detailed design see where and why, a little background is essential. configurations. In turn, this led to Phases C/D, which began with an RFP issued to several contractors, OUT WITH THE OLD… each with their own subcontractor teams. When NASA examined the way it would get humans Under C/D, technical proposals were submitted by back on the Moon it defined a three-stage lunar the contenders, embracing work from their team lander operating out of the Lunar Gateway which it members, and the two phases would result in the would put out through a Request for Information award of a Design, Development, Test and (RFI). This would provide a specification upon which Evaluation (DDT&E) component followed by a First interested companies could begin to develop design Manned Orbital Flight (FMOF) component. This and operating concepts. After reviewing these would merge into the contract for supporting full different approaches, NASA would issue a Request operational use of the system, managed by NASA for Proposals (RFP) which would result in interested but under contract to the manufacturer. industry contenders sending in their ideas, costed This was the way NASA traditionally did things and 2 Vol 61 August 2019 SpaceFlight BEHIND THE NEWS The first Artemis lander descends to the lunar surface – an event NASA currently plans for 2024. that was how it was done for the Space Shuttle. But ways are now incapable of providing solutions for the it is cumbersome, bureaucratic and costly, wastes goal laid down by the White House. A goal that may time and reflects an extended interpretation of “due very well be achievable but not with those ways. diligence”. But it is the way government departments do things and is a general sign that an agency is …IN WITH THE NEW losing its leanness over time in favour of programme To fulfil the Trump administration’s desire to put SLOW, SLOW, overburden (inflated complexity) and cost risk- astronauts back on the Moon by 2024, additional mitigation. The consequence is usually one of funds will be required to supplement NASA budgets ABOVE financial overruns and repeated delay cycles. None over that period and beyond. An initial request for Getting on the of that occurred with the Shuttle programme $1.6 billion hascopy been requested of Congress for the Moon will require because delays were largely a result of unanticipated Fiscal Year 2020 budget which begins on 1 October the Lunar Gateway technical problems and constrained annual budget this year. Of that amount, $1 billion would be to pay as a staging post. QUICK-QUICK SLOW? appropriations. for the lander itself. That can only be achieved if NASA began the post-Shuttle era – essentially a NASA re-orientates its bidding and contract process human space flight survivability plan – by releasing from hardware procurement to a service contract. In some of the constraints and leasing services from that regard, Administrator Jim Bridenstine has With the private and commercial contenders for contracted outlined a fast-track scheme to get industry services rather than contracted manufacturing. mobilised for a new approach. decision to Instead of defining the specifications for a In the existing programme plan, three separate accelerate the requirement, it issued the requirement to lander elements (Descent, Ascent and Transfer Subscribercontenders and then contracted with more than one (SpaceFlight Vol 61 No 6 p14 illustration) would be first landing contender to mitigate the danger of reliance rather contracted under the NASA Space Technologies for than risk. It was a neat volte-face. Exploration Partnerships (NextSTEP) programme. from 2028 to And there certainly was risk. To show intent and That would have supported a landing attempt with commitment, contractors had the advantage of humans in 2028 but NASA is now adopting a more 2024…the old investment-sharing between government and the open-ended approach by which the initial landing commercial companies, to see the latter over heavy would be accomplished by a vehicle designed and ways are now development costs.
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