Space News Update – March 2019 By Pat Williams IN THIS EDITION: • Astronauts arrive safely at space station. • Non-invasive Collection of Saliva Helps Monitor Stress Levels in Real Time. • NASA mission reveals asteroid has big surprises. • Pentagon submits Space Force proposal to Congress. • Acucela to develop a compact OCT for NASA’s deep space missions. • Weighing galactic wind provides clues to evolution of galaxies. • Links to other space and astronomy news published in March 2019. Disclaimer - I claim no authorship for the printed material; except where noted (PW). ASTRONAUTS ARRIVE SAFELY AT SPACE STATION The official Expedition 59 crew portrait with (from left) astronauts David Saint-Jacques of the Canadian Space Agency and Anne McClain of NASA; cosmonauts Oleg Konenenko and Oleg Shkripochka of Roscosmos; and NASA astronauts Nick Hague and Christina Koch. Credit: NASA/Robert Markowitz For more than 18 years, humans have lived and worked continuously aboard the station, advancing scientific knowledge and demonstrating new technologies, making research breakthroughs not possible on Earth that will enable long-duration human and robotic exploration into deep space, including the Moon and Mars. A global endeavour, 236 people from 18 countries have visited the unique microgravity laboratory that has hosted more than 2,500 investigations from researchers in 106 countries. Investigations conducted on the International Space Station impact the daily lives of people on Earth and prepare the way for Page 1 of 17 humans to venture farther into space. Three crew members have arrived safely at the International Space Station, following a successful launch and docking of their Soyuz MS-12 spacecraft. The Soyuz spacecraft carried Nick Hague and Christina Koch of NASA and Alexey Ovchinin of the Russian space agency Roscosmos. They docked to the space station’s Rassvet module after a four-orbit, six-hour journey. Their mission, Expedition 59, officially began at the time of docking. Their arrival restores the station's crew complement to six. They have joined Anne McClain of NASA, David Saint-Jacques of the Canadian Space Agency and Expedition 59 Commander Oleg Kononenko of Roscosmos. The crew members will spend more than six months conducting about 250 science investigations in fields such as biology, Earth science, human research, physical sciences, and technology development. Seventy-five of the investigations are new and have never been performed in space. Some of the investigations are sponsored by the U.S. National Laboratory on the space station, which Congress designated in 2005 to maximize its use for improving quality of life on Earth. (NASA) Astronauts arrive safely at space station (15 March 2019) NON-INVASIVE COLLECTION OF SALIVA HELPS MONITOR STRESS LEVELS IN REAL TIME Paolo Nespoli performs the IN SITU experiment onboard the space station. Credits: NASA Spitting is discouraged aboard the ISS, unless it helps monitor the health of crew members. However, while saliva samples can be useful for such monitoring, storing them for later analysis on Earth is expensive and cumbersome, and means any problems that are identified cannot be addressed in a timely manner. Increased stress is a common problem associated with spaceflight. The ISS Non-invasive Sample Investigation and results Transmission to ground with the Utmost easiness (IN SITU) investigation tested a portable device to conduct direct, real-time analysis of saliva samples on the space station. Investigators used the device to monitor stress levels among crew members by detecting the presence of the stress hormone cortisol. The IN SITU device uses disposable cartridges, and sample collections and analyses are simple to perform. Crew members collect saliva with a swab, inject the sample into the cartridge, and push buttons to initiate the analytical procedure. They then insert the cartridge into a reader to obtain results. The process poses no risk to the operator or the space station environment. Since this process relies on capillary forces, it is not affected by microgravity conditions. The device makes sensitive and specific quantitative measurement of biomarkers Page 2 of 17 possible by using fluid samples obtained non-invasively. Saliva is easily and non-invasively collected, especially in microgravity. It does not require cumbersome pre-analytical treatment procedures; in this case, it was analyzed as is. Moreover, it is a particularly interesting matrix for measuring cortisol, since data in the literature already demonstrate that salivary levels of cortisol well correlate with its blood levels. In addition to improving crew health monitoring on the space station, the device could be employed to monitor astronauts on long-duration missions to Mars, asteroids or other distant destinations. Simple modification of the cartridges would make it possible to analyse other biological fluids, such as blood, plasma and sweat. The potential advantages of this device are definitely worth salivating over. Non-invasive collection of saliva helps monitor stress levels in real time (18 March 2019) NASA MISSION REVEALS ASTEROID HAS BIG SURPRISES This view of asteroid Bennu ejecting particles from its surface on January 19 was created by combining two images taken on board NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft. Other image processing techniques were also applied, such as cropping and adjusting the brightness and contrast of each image. Credits: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona/Lockheed Martin A NASA spacecraft that will return a sample of a near-Earth asteroid named Bennu to Earth in 2023 made the first-ever close-up observations of particle plumes erupting from an asteroid’s surface. Bennu also revealed itself to be more rugged than expected, challenging the mission team to alter its flight and sample collection plans, due to the rough terrain. Bennu is the target of NASA’s Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) mission, which began orbiting the asteroid on Dec. 31. Bennu, which is only slightly wider than the height of the Empire State Building, may contain unaltered material from the very beginning of our solar system. The team has directly observed a change in the spin rate of Bennu as a result of what is known as the Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack (YORP) effect. The uneven heating and cooling of Bennu as it rotates in sunlight is causing the asteroid to increase its rotation speed. As a result, Bennu's rotation period is decreasing by about one second every 100 years. Separately, two of the spacecraft’s instruments, the MapCam colour imager and the OSIRIS-REx Thermal Emission Spectrometer (OTES), have made detections of magnetite on Bennu’s surface, which bolsters earlier findings indicating the interaction of rock with liquid water on Bennu’s parent body. (NASA) NASA mission reveals asteroid has big surprises (19 March 2019) Page 3 of 17 PENTAGON SUBMITS SPACE FORCE PROPOSAL TO CONGRESS US President Donald Trump shows his signature on the Space Policy Directive-4 (SPD-4) Credit: The Pentagon. The Pentagon has submitted a proposal to Congress that, if approved, would see the creation of a new "Space Force." The move comes at the request of President Donald Trump, who has insisted that a separate branch of military is needed to focus on protecting satellites and tackling vulnerabilities in space. This follows President Trump's bold vision for space and commits resources to deliver more capability faster, ensuring the United States can compete, deter, and, if needed, win in a complex domain. In its current form, the Space Force would be established as its own branch of the military but would fall under the Air Force, as the Navy oversees the Marine Corps. Not since the Air Force was stood up in 1947 has the Pentagon created a new military branch. Space Force would be the sixth, with the others being the Army, Navy, Marines and Coast Guard. But the creation of Space Force is by no means a done deal, as it must be vetted and approved by Congress. (Washington) Pentagon submits Space Force proposal to Congress (1 March 2019) ACUCELA TO DEVELOP A COMPACT OCT FOR NASA’S DEEP SPACE MISSIONS Credit: Wikipedia Approximately 63% of long-duration spaceflight crewmembers present with one or more signs of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS), including optic disc oedema, globe flattening, choroidal folds, cotton wool spots, and refractive shifts. *OCT has Page 4 of 17 become a mainstay of crew testing for SANS because it allows accurate measurement of retinal thickness and cross-sectional imagery of the retina and optic disc. This in combination with other tests provides the necessary data to diagnose, monitor, and eventually treat SANS. The commercially available off-the-shelf (COTS) OCT devices currently deployed to the International Space Station (ISS) are not suitable for Lunar, Martian and other expeditionary space travel. These commercial systems are complex, too large, not radiation hardened, and contain features that are not necessary for diagnosing and monitoring the anatomic effects of SANS, according to a company news release. By using a unique approach, Acucela are able to create a solid-state OCT yielding high resolution imagery. The final flight-ready device will allow NASA to replace current COTS OCT devices with smaller, lighter, easier to use, durable and radiation hardened instruments that are practical for use in smaller spacecrafts, while providing required image quality from astronauts during flight. (Acucela) *Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging test. OCT uses light waves to take cross-section pictures of your retina. With OCT, an ophthalmologist can see each of the retina's distinctive layers. Acucela to develop a compact OCT for NASA’s deep space missions (17 March 2019) WEIGHING GALACTIC WIND PROVIDES CLUES TO EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES The Central Magnetic Field of the Cigar Galaxy Image Credit: NASA, SOFIA, E. Lopez-Rodriguez; NASA, Spitzer, J. Moustakas et al. The Cigar Galaxy (M82) is famous for its extraordinary speed in making new stars, with stars being born 10 times faster than in the Milky Way.