DOCSLIB.ORG

20 Years on the International Space Station

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
20 Years on the International Space Station The International Space Station (ISS) is a unique scientific platform where astronauts conduct experiments across multiple disciplines of research, including Earth and space science, biology, human physiology, physical sciences and technology DOWN TO EARTH demonstrations that could not be done anywhere else in the world. In 2020, the ISS Bringing scientific results CELEBRATING 20 YEARS celebrates 20 years of continuous human presence aboard the orbiting laboratory. back to Earth is an important role for the ISS. THE From December 1998 to OF HUMAN PRESENCE ON THE ISS GRAVITY March 2019 78,514 kg of were ISS International Partners: NASA, ROSCOSMOS, CSA, ESA, and JAXA LABORATORY research resources JOURNALS brought to the station, and The ISS is the only CONFERENCE PAPERS 23,559 kg were returned A GLOBAL ACHIEVEMENT RESEARCH & EDUCATION RESEARCH place we can conduct to Earth. EDUCATION NON-TECHNICAL long-duration research 240 individuals from 19 countries have visited the International on how living in 7% microgravity affects 100k Space Station. the human body. An international crew of six live and work aboard the ISS. 19% 74% 1000s of researchers on the ground from more Between December 1998 and March 2019, over 75k 4,200 investigators Where have ISS results than 100 countries and counting have conducted been published? representing more than 100 countries and counting carried out almost 3,000 experiments in microgravity. (data through March 2019) almost 3,000 completed and ongoing investigations. 50k The space station is a major feat WHY CONDUCT SCIENCE IN SPACE? 25k of engineering that has pushed The space station offers a great the boundaries of human innovation and problem solving. vantage point from which we can 0 study the Earth, allows scientists to STATION STATS expose materials to the harsh JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS BY DISCIPLINE environment of space and lets us Power Generation: 4 pairs of solar arrays test technologies that could help provide 75 to 90 kilowatts of power take us farther into deep space, including to the Moon and Mars. Solar Array Length: 240 feet, Biology about the same as an Airbus A380 and Human Physical EARTH TO ISS... Science Biotechnology Research WHAT CAN MICROGRAVITY REVEAL? The ISS is approximately Pressurized Module Length: 167 feet Microgravity turns everything we 260 miles above the 32% 24% 17% Mass: 925,335 pounds know upside down. surface of the Earth, just Fluids behave differently. a bit farther than the The space station is 357 feet wide, one yard shy of the length of distance between an American football field including the end zones. Fires burn in new ways. New insights into systems Washington, D.C. Up to eight spacecraft can connect to the space station at any time. are revealed, creating and New York City. Earth and Technology Educational new understandings. Space Development Activities It can take as few Science and and Demonstration Outreach as 6 hours for a <5% spacecraft to 14% 10% EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN BODY arrive to the To mitigate the loss of muscle and station from Earth. SPACEWALKS bone mass in microgravity, astronauts exercise at least 2 hours A WINDOW Astronauts have conducted more than 227 spacewalks 173 per day and follow a careful diet. TO THE (and counting!) since 1998, of which 173 were in U.S. spacesuits and 54 were in Russian spacesuits. 54 We continue to study changes in EARTH vision, cognition, fine motor skills and other physiological IN ORBIT NUMBERS OF INVESTIGATIONS & INVESTIGATORS systems to develop ways to keep astronauts safe in space The ISS travels at a DID YOU KNOW? 1000 INVOLVED PER EXPEDITION and help people back on Earth. speed of 5 miles per From the ISS, 800 astronauts take second or 17,500 mph. Number of investigators superseded number millions of of investigations around expedition 18 BENEFITTING EARTH & EXPLORATION In 24 hours, the space photos of the The Water Recovery 600 Research on the station, Earth below. station makes 16 orbits System recycles 93% of from growing plants in of Earth, traveling space to understanding space station waste water, 400 90% through 16 sunrises and reducing the dependence FUN FACT how cement behaves The station’s sunsets. on water delivered by a Christina Koch and in microgravity, has orbital path cargo spacecraft. Jessica Meir conducted 200 benefits for our future takes it over the first all-woman exploration of deep space as well as 90% of the spacewalk in 0 October 2019. benefits back on our Earth’s 1 3 7 11 15 19/20 27/28 35/36 43/44 55/56 population home planet. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • At NASA, 2019 Was the Year of the Woman, Yet Women Still Are a Small
    At NASA, 2019 was the year of the woman, yet women still are a small minority there By Washington Post, adapted by Newsela staff on 12.12.19 Word Count 1,043 Level 1210L Image 1. NASA astronaut Suni Williams checks an aircraft used for flight training. Photo by: Jonathan Newton/Washington Post At NASA, 2019 could be considered the year of the woman. In October, astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Meir completed the first all-female spacewalk when they left NASA's International Space Station for hours to make a repair. Koch also is on her way toward 328 days aboard the International Space Station — the longest single space mission by a woman. Meanwhile, NASA is planning a moon mission called "Artemis," named after the Greek goddess, which aims to put "the next man and the first woman on the moon" by 2024. The aerospace industry, made up of businesses that design aircraft and spaceships, also boasts an unseen before number of women in high-ranking positions. Leanne Caret leads the defense and space division of Boeing, a top aerospace company. Gwynne Shotwell heads SpaceX, which makes rockets and spacecrafts. High-Profile Appointments, Record-Breaking Feats Are Rare This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. Yet for all the high-profile appointments and record-breaking feats, women remain an overwhelming minority at NASA and in the wider industry. Women make up only about a third of NASA's workforce. They make up just 28 percent of senior executive leadership positions and are only 16 percent of senior scientific employees, according to a survey done by the agency.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Women Visible B2 B2+
    Making women visible B2 B2+ Instead of accompanying her colleague Anne McClain on a spacewalk, NASA astronaut Christina Koch (centre) found herself assisting McClain and astronaut Nick Hague (left) into their spacesuits on 22 March 2019. Nasa 1 In March, 2019, NASA created a lot of publicity around the first all-female spacewalk by astronauts on the International Space Station. For the first time, two women would venture outside the station together to carry out repairs. Then the agency had to embarrassingly cancel the walk — because the ISS only had one spacesuit that would fit 5 women. This was a particularly public manifestation Most products are made of a depressingly common phenomenon. for a standard male, known According to Caroline Criado Perez’s new 15 as a 50th percentile male in book Invisible Women, we live in a world the U.S.A.: 1.77m tall and 10 that is literally made for men. And the 76kg in weight. And most results of that vary from annoying to data on risks is collected downright dangerous. about the standard male www.speakeasy-news.com - June 2019 B2 B2+ Making women visible - article & questionnement 1 20 (for example the risks of exposure to breasts. Not only is that uncomfortable, it chemicals in the work environment). 60 means the vests rise up on women, leaving Often, even if a manufacturer wanted to them unprotected around the waist. take women (or non-white people) into consideration, there is no data to base Help: 1. risk 25 changes on. CALLING SIRI But even if there is data, it doesn’t It’s not just men’s size that is used as a necessarily get taken into account.
    [Show full text]
  • LSAH Newsletter
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration THE LIFETIME SURVEILLANCE OF ASTRONAUT HEALTH Newsletter Volume 25, Issue 1 Editor’s Note: We hope you are all doing well during this unprecedented time in our history. This edition of the LSAH Newsletter looks at the most recent updates to the TREAT Astronauts Act, as well as how to make a behavior- al telehealth appointment with the JSC Clinic during the COVID-19 pandemic. We dive into the history of LSAH in the last three decades, and peer into the future of the Artemis program while remembering the great strides taken from the Apollo era. A Message from the JSC Clinic! As a reminder, your routine medical evaluation now includes a dedicated behavioral health session with our Clinical Neuropsychologist, Dr. Carmen Pulido. The initial session will take approximately 1.5 hours, and will include a review of your devel- opmental, occupational, and medical history. In response to COVID-19 and the current limitations Nov. 15, 2019 - NASA astronaut Andrew Morgan waves as on travel, we have this service available virtually! he is photographed during the first spacewalk to repair the For a behavioral telehealth appointment with Dr. Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, a cosmic particle detector on Pulido, please contact the JSC Flight Medicine the International Space Station. Clinic at 281-483- 7999 during normal business hours. Making a behavioral telehealth appointment LSAH: Looking Back, Moving Forward will not affect your ability to visit the JSC Clinic Mary Wear, Ph.D. and Jacqueline Charvat, Ph.D. for your routine physical and other health appoint- The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 ments.
    [Show full text]
  • Expedition 59
    INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION EXPEDITION 59 Soyuz MS-11 Launch: December 3, 2018 Soyuz MS-12 Launch: March, 2019 Landing: June, 2019 Landing: September, 2019 ANN McCLAIN (NASA) CHRISTINA KOCH (NASA) Flight Engineer Flight Engineer Born: Spokane, Washington Born: Grand Rapids, Michigan Interests: Weightlifting, rugby, golf, Interests: Backpacking, rock biking, fitness training and running climbing, paddling and sailing Spaceflights: First flight Spaceflights: First Flight Bio: https://go.nasa.gov/2s8ryrB Bio: https://go.nasa.gov/2QCRHbX Twitter: @AstroAnnimal Twitter: @Astro_Christina DAVID SAINT-JACQUES (CSA) NICK HAGUE (NASA) Flight Engineer Flight Engineer Born: Saint-Lambert, Quebec Born: Belleville, Kansas Interests: Mountaineering, cycling, Interests: Exercise, flying, snow skiing skiing and sailing and scuba Spaceflights: First flight Spaceflights: Soyuz MS-10 Bio: https://go.nasa.gov/2VBcqAu Bio: https://go.nasa.gov/2Qz3qZ1 Twitter: @Astro_DavidS Twitter: @AstroHague OLEG KONONENKO (Roscosmos) ALEXEY OVCHININ (Roscosmos) Commander Flight Engineer Born: Türkmenabat, Turkmenistan Born: Rybinsk, Russia Spaceflights: Exp. 17, 30/31, 44/45 Spaceflights: Exp 47/48 Bio: https://go.nasa.gov/2QviZ3S Bio: https://go.nasa.gov/2QAQBgu Twitter: Text EXPEDITION Expedition 59 began in March 2019 and ends in June 2019. This expedition will include research investigations and technology demonstrations not possible on Earth to advance scientific knowledge of 59 Earth, space, physical and biological sciences. During Expedition 59, researchers will use tissue chips to study changes in the human body caused by microgravity, conduct research on regolith simulants in the Hermes research facility, test free-flying robots inside the station and study the complex dynamics of the Earth’s atmospheric carbon cycle using the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3 space instrument.
    [Show full text]
  • HUMAN ADAPTATION to SPACEFLIGHT: the ROLE of FOOD and NUTRITION Second Edition
    National Aeronautics and Human Space Administration Adaptation to Spaceflight: The Role of Food and Nutrition Second Edition Scott M. Smith Sara R. Zwart Grace L. Douglas Martina Heer National Aeronautics and Space Administration HUMAN ADAPTATION TO SPACEFLIGHT: THE ROLE OF FOOD AND NUTRITION Second Edition Scott M. Smith Grace L. Douglas Nutritionist; Advanced Food Technology Lead Scientist; Manager for Nutritional Biochemistry Manager for Exploration Food Systems Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory Space Food Systems Laboratory Biomedical Research and Human Systems Engineering and Environmental Sciences Division Integration Division Human Health and Performance Human Health and Performance Directorate Directorate NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas USA Houston, Texas USA Sara R. Zwart Martina Heer Senior Scientist; Nutritionist; Deputy Manager for Nutritional Program Director Nutritional Sciences Biochemistry IU International University of Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory Applied Sciences Biomedical Research and Bad Reichenhall, Germany Environmental Sciences Division & Human Health and Performance Adjunct Professor of Nutrition Physiology Directorate Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences NASA Johnson Space Center University of Bonn, Germany Houston, Texas USA & Preventive Medicine and Population Health University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas USA Table of Contents Preface .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • US Astronaut Returns to Earth After Longest Mission by Woman 6 February 2020, by Christopher Rickleton
    US astronaut returns to Earth after longest mission by woman 6 February 2020, by Christopher Rickleton "Welcome back to Earth, @Astro_Christina, and congratulations on breaking the female record for the longest stay in space! You're inspiring young women and making the USA proud!" he tweeted. Local Kazakhs on horseback were among those to witness the capsule landing in the snow-covered steppe as support crews gathered around the three astronauts, NASA commentator Rob Navias said. "I've never seen this," Navias exclaimed, reporting that the men stopped to chat with engineering personnel. Koch, a 41-year-old Michigan-born engineer, on NASA astronaut Christina Koch landed on the Kazakh December 28 beat the previous record for a single stepe after 328 days in space spaceflight by a woman of 289 days, set by NASA veteran Peggy Whitson in 2016-17. Koch called three-time flyer Whitson, now 60, "a NASA's Christina Koch returned to Earth safely on heroine of mine" and a "mentor" in the space Thursday after shattering the spaceflight record for programme after she surpassed the record. female astronauts with a stay of almost 11 months aboard the International Space Station. She spoke of her desire to "inspire the next generation of explorers." Koch touched down at 0912 GMT on the Kazakh steppe after 328 days in space, along with Luca Koch also made history as one half of the first-ever Parmitano of the European Space Agency and all-woman spacewalk along with NASA counterpart Alexander Skvortsov of the Russian space agency. Jessica Meir—her classmate from NASA training—in October.
    [Show full text]
  • Tens of Thousands of Goats Destroy Island First All-Female Spacewalk
    14th – 20th October 2019 2019 First all-female spacewalk back on The first all-female spacewalk is back on, six months after it had to be cancelled as they didn’t have two medium sized spacesuits ready! Astronauts, Christina Koch and Jessica Meir, will venture out of the International Space Station (ISS) on 21st October to swap old batteries for new ones. The space station uses solar panels to generate power, but the batteries are used when it is in the dark and not getting power from the sun. Both astronauts now have medium-sized spacesuits, one of which was brought to the ISS in June. NASA's deputy chief astronaut, Megan McArthur, says the first-female spacewalk will be a milestone worth celebrating. Christina Koch is on course for another record too. She is more than 200 days into a 300-day mission, which will be the longest-ever spaceflight by a Pictured: Christina Koch and Jessica Meir preparing for their spacewalk taken woman. from Christina Koch’s Twitter page. Tens of thousands of goats destroy island Tens of thousands of semi-wild goats are munching so much vegetation on the Greek island of Samothraki that they are leaving mountains barren and residents under the threat of mudslides. Torrential rains two years ago swept away the island’s town hall and severed its roads. There were no trees or vegetation left on the steep, goat-eaten hillsides to stop the mudslides caused by the downpour. Goats outnumber the 3,000 human inhabitants by 15 times! Experts, environmental groups, researchers and locals are working together to find a 21st-century way to save the island’s ecology and economy, including creating a herd Pictured: Typical goats.
    [Show full text]
  • Ken Bowersox Deputy Associate Administrator Human Exploration and Operations NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ken Bowersox Deputy Associate Administrator Human Exploration and Operations NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) June 12, 2019 SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED • NASA INTERNAL USE ONLY • DO NOT DISTRIBUTE Humans are going to the Moon in the next decade and we are going to stay. We will use what we learn on the Moon to take the next giant leap… Sending astronauts to Mars and destinations beyond. We’ve been launching humans into space for more than 50 years We’ve carried the dreams of nations We’ve transcended international borders to build the most sophisticated in-space technology the world has ever known A testbed for deep space exploration, there are six astronauts from three different countries living and working on station David Saint-Jacques, CSA Anne McClain, NASA Oleg Konenenko, Roscosmos Alexey Ovchinin, Roscosmos Nick Hague, NASA Christina Koch, NASA On Earth, there are many things that pull us apart – it is wonderful to find things like exploring space to pull us together UNITY – DISCOVERY – HUMANITY – OPPORTUNITY 8 International Interoperability Standards Preparing for deep space exploration • Avionics • Power • Communications • Rendezvous • Environmental • Robotics Control and Life • Thermal Support Systems www.InternationalDeepSpaceStandards.com Open Architecture Creates Opportunity COMMERCIAL CARGO & CREW ISS as a Model Cygnus (Northrop Grumman) Dragon (SpaceX) Dream Chaser (SNC) INTERNATIONAL Crew Dragon (SpaceX) Starliner (Boeing) Gateway Lunar Surface Soyuz & Progress H-II Transfer Orion/European (Roscosmos) Vehicle (JAXA) Service Module (ESA) Multiple providers expected in lunar orbit and on the surface Space Policy Directive-1 Reinvigorating America’s Human Space Exploration Program “Lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion across the solar system and to bring back to Earth new knowledge and opportunities.
    [Show full text]
  • Meir, Jessica U
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 April 2021 Jessica U. Meir (Ph.D.) NASA Astronaut Summary: Jessica U. Meir was selected by NASA in 2013. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in Biology from Brown University, a Master of Science in Space Studies from the International Space University, and a Doctorate in Marine Biology from Scripps Institution of Oceanography (UCSD). From 2000 to 2003, Dr. Meir worked for Lockheed Martin’s Human Research Facility, supporting human physiology research. During this time, she also participated in research flights on NASA’s reduced gravity aircraft and served as an aquanaut in an underwater habitat for NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO). Prior to becoming an astronaut, her career as a scientist focused on the physiology of animals in extreme environments. Meir most recently served as flight engineer on the International Space Station for Expedition 61 and 62. Personal Data: Born and raised in Caribou, Maine. Recreational interests include skiing, hiking, running, cycling, soccer and SCUBA diving. She is a private pilot and is conversational in Swedish and Russian. Education: Graduated from Caribou High School, Caribou, Maine. Earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Biology from Brown University in 1999. Earned a Master of Science degree in Space Studies from International Space University in 2000. Earned a Doctorate in Marine Biology (diving physiology) from Scripps Institution of Oceanography (UCSD) in 2009. Experience: For her Ph.D. research, Dr. Meir studied the diving physiology of marine mammals and birds, focusing on oxygen depletion in diving emperor penguins (Antarctic field research) and elephant seals (northern California).
    [Show full text]
  • Rachel L. Smith Curriculum Vitae
    Rachel L. Smith Curriculum Vitae (Updated, 12/29/20) ________________________________________________________________________ CURRENT EMPLOYMENT 2011-Present: Head, Astronomy & Astrophysics Research Laboratory Curator of Meteorites (since 2013) North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences 121 West Jones Street, Rm. 3802B Raleigh, NC 27603 Associate Professor (since 2018 as Associate) Department of Physics and Astronomy Appalachian State University Boone, NC 28608 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Phone: 919.707.8239 Website: https://naturalsciences.org/staff/rachel-smith Adjunct Professor (since 2017) Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Previous Academic/Research Appointments: (2011-2018) Assistant Professor, Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Appalachian State University (2013-2016) Visiting Scholar, Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, UNC at Chapel Hill (2011) Postdoctoral Scholar, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena California Blake Research Group, Astronomy & Astrochemistry, Planetary Science (2005-2011) Graduate Student Researcher, UCLA (2008-2009) Teaching Fellow, Evolution of the Cosmos and Life, freshman cluster course, UCLA (2005-2007) Teaching Assistant, Solar System and Planets; Oceanography (2004-2005) Research Associate, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Wadsworth Anaerobe Laboratory (2000-2002) Visiting Scientist, USGS, Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ (1996) Field Researcher, The Bellairs Research Institute, McGill University, St. James, Barbados
    [Show full text]
  • Astronaut Jessica Meir Interviewer
    Transcript – Jessica Meir, class of 1999 Narrator: Astronaut Jessica Meir Interviewer: Amanda Knox, Pembroke Center Assistant Archivist Interview Date: October 27, 2020 Interview Time: 2:30 pm EST Location: Zoom Length: 48:48 Amanda Knox: Good afternoon. My name is Amanda Knox. I am the Assistant Archivist at the Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Research – Teaching and Research on Women – at Brown University. It is 2:30pm Eastern Standard Time, 1:30pm Central Time, on Tuesday, October 27, 2020, and I am here with another Brown University alumna who I invite to introduce herself now. Jessica Meir: Hello, my name is Jessica Meir. I am currently a NASA astronaut. Previously, and I guess still, a scientist. And I was a graduate of Brown University in the class of 1999, my Bachelor of Arts in biology. AK: Well, thank you so much for joining me today, Dr. Meir. I’m excited to learn about your, your time at Brown and everything you’ve done since Brown. If you’re comfortable, I wonder if you wouldn’t mind starting even before Brown and sharing with me a little bit about your family background, where you grew up, what your [1:00] parents did if you’re comfortable sharing that, things like that? JM: Sure. I grew up in a small town in northern Maine called Caribou, Maine. And my parents are actually both from other countries. So I’m a first generation American, my mother’s from Sweden, and my dad was originally born in Baghdad, but moved to what was then Palestine and then became Israel in the early 1930s.
    [Show full text]
  • Opportunities for Biomanufacturing in Low Earth Orbit: Current Status and Future Directions
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 2 August 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0044.v1 Opportunities for Biomanufacturing in Low Earth Orbit: Current Status and Future Directions Marc A. Giulianotti1*, Arun Sharma2,3, Rachel A. Clemens4, Orquidea Garcia5, D. Lancing Taylor6, Nicole L. Wagner7, Kelly A. Shepard8, Anjali Gupta4, Siobhan Malany9, Alan J. Grodzinsky10, Mary Kearns‐Jonker11, Devin B. Mair12, Deok‐Ho Kim12,13, Michael S. Roberts1, Jeanne F. Loring14, Jianying Hu15, Lara E. Warren1, Sven Eenmaa1, Joe Bozada16, Eric Paljug16, Mark Roth17, Donald P. Taylor18, Gary Rodrigue1, Patrick Cantini19, Amelia W. Smith1, William R. Wagner19,20* 1 Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, Melbourne, FL, USA 2 Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA 3 Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4 Axiom Space, Inc., Houston, TX, USA 5 Johnson & Johnson 3D Printing Innovation & Customer Solutions, Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc., Irvine, CA , USA. 6 University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 7 LambdaVision Inc., Farmington, CT, USA 8 California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Oakland, California, USA 9 Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA 10 Departments of Biological Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA 11 Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA 12 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 13 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 14 Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA 15 Center for Computational Health IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA 16 Joseph M.
    [Show full text]