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Moral, Evolution Och Samhälle. Edvard Westermarck Och Hans Närmaste

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Moral, Evolution Och Samhälle. Edvard Westermarck Och Hans Närmaste MORAL, EVOLUTION Red. Otto Pipatti & Petteri Pietikäinen Sociologen, antropologen och moralfilosofenEdvard Westermarck (1862–1939) var en av Finlands inter- nationellt mest kända forskare under 1900-talets första decennier. Han inspirerades av Charles Darwin i sin forskning om äktenskapets och moralens ursprung och OCH SAMHÄLLE utveckling, och hans evolutionsteoretiska forskningsgrepp bildade skola. Hans elever använde det evolutionistiska perspektivet för att undersöka ursprunget till vitt skilda fenomen, såsom religionen, samhällsklasserna, konsten, staten, migrationen och diplomatin. Författarna till antologin presenterar här den Wester- marckska skolans vetenskapliga arbete ur ett idéhistoriskt perspektiv. Boken lyfter också fram Westermarcks och hans närkrets samhällsengagemang, bland annat hans och hans närmaste krets Westermarck Edvard egna vetenskapliga argument för en liberalare syn på homosexualitet samt systern, författaren och konstnären FOTO JANNE RENTOLA. Helena Westermarcks emancipatoriska synpunkter i Bokens författare (fr.v.) Otto Pipatti, Julia Dahlberg, hennes skönlitterära produktion. Niina Timosaari-Hyry, Petteri Pietikäinen och Den Westermarckska skolans vetenskapliga arv föll Jouni Ahmajärvi. Antologin är ett resultat av deras i glömska efter andra världskriget men har fått ny forskningsprojekt ”Kretsen kring Edvard Westermarck aktualitet på senare år. I antologin får vi ta del av denna och det tidiga 1900-talets idélandskap”, som Moral, finansierades av Svenska litteratursällskapet i forskningstradition, som är relevant både vetenskapligt Finland åren 2014–2017. och samhälleligt än i dag. evolution och samhälle Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland sls.fi Edvard Westermarck Appell Förlag appellforlag.se och hans närmaste krets ISBN 978-951-583-526-0 ISBN 978-951-583-526-0 (Finland) ISBN 978-91-985486-8-6 (Sverige) SLS ISSN 0039-6842 (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska 856 litteratursällskapet i Finland) 9 789515 835260 APPELL SLS | APPELL Titelsida Copyright Denna bok är nummer 856 i serien Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland och utges gemensamt av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland och Appell Förlag. Boken utges med stöd av Christian och Constance Westermarcks fond inom Denna bok är nummer 856 i serien Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. och utges gemensamt av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland och Appell Förlag. © Författarna och Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 2021 Boken utges med stöd av Christian och Constance Westermarcks fond inom Detta verk är licensierat under Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell- Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. IngaBearbetningar 4.0 Internationell (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Omslag och grafisk formgivning: Maria Appelberg/Station Mir © Författarna och Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 2021 Omslagsbild: Magnus Enckells porträtt av Edvard Westermarck (1913). Olja, 70 x 75 cm. Nylands nation vid Helsingfors universitet, foto Fredrik Forssell. Omslag och grafisk formgivning: Maria Appelberg/Station Mir Omslagsbild: Magnus Enckells porträtt av Edvard Westermarck (1913). Olja, 70 x 75 cm. Översättning från finska av Mattias Lehtinen, utom kapitel 1 och 6. Nylands nation vid Helsingfors universitet, foto Fredrik Forssell. Typsnitt: ITC Century Std, Trade Gothic Std Översättning från finska av Mattias Lehtinen, utom kapitel 1 och 6. ISBN 978-951-583-526-0 (tryckt utgåva, Finland) sls.fi Papper: Munken Lynx 100 g ISBN 978-91-985486-8-6 (tryckt utgåva, Sverige) appellforlag.se Typsnitt: ITC Century Std, Trade Gothic Std ISBN 978-951-583-542-0 (epub), http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-583-542-0 Tryck: Tallinna Raamatutrükikoda, Tallinn 2021 ISBN 978-951-583-543-7 (pdf), http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-583-543-7 ISSN 0039-6842 (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland) ISBN 978-951-583-526-0 (Finland) sls.fi Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland ISBN 978-91-985486-8-6 (Sverige) appellforlag.se ISSN 0039-6842 (tryckt) ISSN 0039-6842 (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland) ISSN 2490-1547 (digital) UDK 94, 316 UDK 94, 316 Innehåll Förord 7 Petteri Pietikäinen & Otto Pipatti Inledning 9 Julia Dahlberg 1. Evolutionsteori, språk och religion 39 Ett familjenätverk i 1880-talets Helsingfors Otto Pipatti, Jouni Ahmajärvi & Petteri Pietikäinen 2. Den Westermarckska evolutionismen 61 Otto Pipatti 3. Moralens ursprung och natur i Westermarcks etik 97 Niina Timosaari-Hyry 4. Moralrebellen Edvard Westermarck 129 Niina Timosaari-Hyry 5. Westermarck och homosexualiteten 151 Julia Dahlberg 6. Jag bryr mig inte om att vara en väluppfostrad ung dam 185 Plikten som problem hos Helena Westermarck Jouni Ahmajärvi 7. Gunnar Landtman som forskare i social stratifiering 207 Jouni Ahmajärvi & Otto Pipatti 8. Social samhörighet och utvidgning av sympatin i den Westermarckska sociologin 241 Bildkällor 270 Medverkande 272 Personregister 274 6 Förord Denna bok är resultatet av forskningsprojektet ”Kretsen kring Edvard Westermarck och det tidiga 1900-talets idélandskap”, som Svenska lit- teratursällskapet i Finland (SLS) finansierade 2014–2017. Projektet fick sin början av att några doktorander vid Uleåborgs universitet och Helsingfors universitet märkte att deras forskningsämnen alla hade att göra med Edvard Westermarck eller hans närkrets, framför allt Helena Westermarck och Gunnar Landtman. En viss professor i idé- och lärdomshistoria, som var välbekant med Westermarcks veten- skapliga tänkande, tände på deras förslag att ansöka om finansiering för ett helt projekt. Tack vare de projektmedel som SLS beviljade kunde alla fyra doktorander färdigställa sina doktorsavhandlingar, och med avhandlingarna som grund publicerade de också artik- lar och två vetenskapliga monografier, Otto Pipatti Morality Made Visible. Edward Westermarck’s Moral and Social Theory (Routledge 2019) och Niina Timosaari Edvard Westermarck – totuuden etsijä (Gaudeamus 2017). Dessutom belönades Julia Dahlberg för avhand- lingen Konstnär, kvinna, medborgare. Helena Westermarck och det moderna genombrottets tid 1880–1910 (Helsingfors universitet 2018) med Statsrådet Mauritz Hallbergs pris för bästa vetenskapliga verk på svenska 2019. Vi vill tacka SLS för finansieringen, för tillgången till sällskapets arbets- och seminarierum och för utgivningen av detta verk. Vi vill 7 MORAL, EVOLUTION OCH SAMHÄLLE också tacka medlemmarna i projektets vetenskapliga stödgrupp Maria Jalava, Olli Lagerspetz och Ilona Salomaa, medlemmarna i projektets styrgrupp Juhani Ihanus, Kirsi Suolinna och Ann-Catrin Östman samt SLS forskningschef Christer Kuvaja och projektchef Nina Edgren-Henrichson. Översättaren Mattias Lehtinen och Nina Edgren-Henrichson engagerade sig föredömligt i att färdigställa detta verk. Stödet från samtliga ovannämnda liksom de otaliga dis- kussionerna med dem har varit till stor hjälp i genomförandet av projektet och publiceringen av detta verk . Uleåborg och Helsingfors, 22.2.2021 Jouni Ahmajärvi, Julia Dahlberg, Petteri Pietikäinen, Otto Pipatti och Niina Timosaari-Hyry 8 INLEDNING Petteri Pietikäinen & Otto Pipatti Inledning Inom idé- och vetenskapshistorien påträffas ibland tänkare som sticker ut från den ideologiska bakgrund som är tidstypisk för den egna kulturkretsen. För forskaren framstår de som på något sätt av­­ vikande, de verkar vara antingen före sin tid eller gammalmodiga på ett egensinnigt sätt. Den finlandssvenske sociologen, antropologen och moralfilosofen Edvard Westermarck (1862–1939) var en sådan person, i många avseenden uttryckligen på grund av sitt nydanande tänkande. Som det framgår av denna bok skulle Westermarck känna sig hemma i den liberala värdepluralistiska och sekulära kultur som vi lever i på 2020-talet. Därutöver har den evolutionism han stod för starkt återkommit inom samhälls- och beteendevetenskaperna efter en halvsekellång ökenvandring. Westermarck skulle utan svårigheter kunna ge sig in i ett samtal med en evolutionspsykolog eller en pri- matolog som forskar i moralens ursprung i dag och både göra sig förstådd och förstå deras tankar. I centrum för den här boken står Edvard Westermarck, men den handlar även om hans syster, förfat- taren och konstnären Helena Westermarck (1857–1938) och om hans elever som från tiden kring sekelskiftet 1900 till andra världskriget representerade den evolutionssociologiska och evolutionsantropolo- giska forskningsinriktning som Westermarck lanserade. Detta verk är det första där den Westermarckska kretsens veten- skapliga produktion och samhälleliga tänkande undersöks mellan samma pärmar. I boken presenterar vi resultat ur doktorsavhand- 9 MORAL, EVOLUTION OCH SAMHÄLLE lingar om Westermarck och hans närkrets skrivna av medlemmarna i ett forskningsprojekt, som finansierats av Svenska litteratursällska- pet i Finland, samt nyare forskning gällande Westermarcks elever. Av skribenterna representerar Jouni Ahmajärvi, Petteri Pietikäinen och Niina Timosaari-Hyry forskning inom idé- och vetenskapshis- toria, som kan studeras som huvudämne vid Uleåborgs universitet. Historikern Julia Dahlberg och sociologen Otto Pipatti har dispute- rat vid Helsingfors universitet. Den Westermarckska evolutionismen och samhällsvetenskapen i bredare bemärkelse behandlas framför allt i de kapitel som är skrivna av Pipatti ensam eller i samarbete med andra. Den helhetsbild av Westermarcks moralpsykologiska och moralsociologiska produktion som Pipatti tecknat i sin forskning är ett komplement till tidigare forskning som huvudsakligen närmat sig
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