ALFRED STRENG Ideella Rättigheter I Digital Miljö

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ALFRED STRENG Ideella Rättigheter I Digital Miljö ALFRED STRENG Ideella rättigheter i digital miljö ACTA WASAENSIA Nr 172 Rättsvetenskap 5 Handelsrätt UNIVERSITAS WASAENSIS 2007 Förhandsgranskare Professor Jan Rosén Stockholms universitet Juridiska institutionen 1006 91 Stockholm Professori Risto Nuolimaa Tampereen yliopisto Oikeustieteiden laitos Kanslerinrinne 1 33014 Tampereen yliopisto ACTA WASAENSIA 3 FÖRORD Processen med denna avhandling börjar nu närma sig sitt slut. Jag vill här tacka dem som på olika sätt hjälpt mig i mitt forskningsarbete. Ett stort tack till min handledare professor Asko Lehtonen som gjort en bety- dande insats för avhandlingsarbetets fortgång. Med stor sakkunskap och vän- liga råd har han stött mig i min forskning. Mitt tack riktas även till professor Juha Tolonen som särskilt övertygat mig om forskningsuppgiftens betydelse. Hovrättsrådet, JD, docent Hans Saxén har med sin skarpsynthet och erfaren- het läst manuskriptet och kommit med värdefulla anmärkningar, tack! ED, JD lektor Vesa Annola har läst mitt manuskript i flera omgångar under processens gång och bidragit med insiktsfulla kommentarer. Ett stort tack till honom. EL Mika Kärkkäinen och EL, assistent Sari Hakapää har bland annat bistått med teknisk hjälp då datorn och jag inte kommit överens. Många tack till dem. Mor lilla mor, vem är väl som Du.... Jag tackar innerligt ED, lektor Brita Her- ler för hennes envisa kamp. Ett särskilt tack går naturligtvis till professor Jan Rosén och professor Risto Nuolimaa, som fungerat som förhandsgranskare av denna avhandling. Jag är tacksam för att de åtog sig uppdraget och ägnade sin värdefulla tid till att gå igenom detta arbete. De har gett mig sakkunniga kommentarer och råd. 4 ACTA WASAENSIA Mitt tack riktas också till professor Juha Karhu som ställer upp som opponent för min avhandling. Handelsvetenskapliga fakulteten och Institutionen för handelsrätt vid Vasa universitet har vänligen bistått mig med ett arbetsrum, tillgång till dator och vetenskaplig litteratur, vilket jag uppskattar och till vilka jag framför mitt tack. Vaasan yliopistosäätiö, Ella och Georg Ehrnrooths stiftelse, Gustaf Swanljungs stiftelse, Svensk-Österbottniska samfundet, Niilo Helanders stiftelse, Stiftelsen för Åbo Akademi Forskningsinstitut, Svenska Kulturfonden och IPR Universi- ty Center har med ekonomiska bidrag gjort förverkligandet av detta forsk- ningsarbete möjligt. Ett stort tack. Slutligen vill jag även hjärtligt tacka min far Håkan och min bror Kristoffer med familj för deras idoga uppmuntran i mitt ständiga tvivel. Jag tillägnar min doktorsavhandling minnet av min mormor Margareta. För henne var bildning ovärderlig. Vikinga, december 2006 Alfred Streng ACTA WASAENSIA 5 INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING FÖRORD 3 FÖRKORTNINGAR 8 ABSTRACT 12 1. INTRODUKTION 13 1.1. Utgångspunkter för forskningen 13 1.1.1. Digital media och upphovsrätt 13 1.1.2. Yttre ramar, internationellt samarbete och harmonisering av upphovsrätten 20 1.1.3. Upphovsrätt och rättsprinciper 22 1.2. Forskningsuppgift 26 1.3. Rättskällor och användningen av dem 31 1.4. Disposition 35 2. UPPHOVSRÄTTENS UTVECKLING 38 2.1. Bakgrund 38 2.2. Berättiganden 41 2.2.1. Berättiganden av hela upphovsrätten 42 2.2.1.1. Naturrättsliga argument 43 2.2.1.2. Personlighetsrättsliga argument 45 2.2.1.3. Utilitaristiska argument 46 2.2.2. Berättiganden av särskilt de ideella rättigheterna 50 2.3. Utveckling från 1800-talet till nutid på internationell nivå 54 2.3.1. Från 1800-talet till 2000 54 2.3.2. Nutid 59 2.4. Monism och dualism 65 2.5. Brett och snävt perspektiv 67 2.6. Förhållandet ideella - ekonomiska rättigheter 75 2.6.1. Grunddrag 75 2.6.2. Balans på marknaden 81 2.6.2.1. Brist 81 2.6.2.2. Nytta 84 6 ACTA WASAENSIA 2.7. EU och upphovsrätt 90 2.7.1. Ambitioner inom immaterialrättsområdet 90 2.7.2. Harmonisering av upphovsrättslagar 92 2.7.2.1. Grönbok 93 2.7.2.2. Direktiv 94 2.7.3. Infosoc - direktivet 100 2.7.4. Trender i harmoniseringsprocessen 108 3. IDEELLA RÄTTIGHETER OCH RÄTTSPRINCIPER 111 3.1. Rättsprincipernas aktualitet 111 3.2. Lojalitetsprincipen 115 3.2.1. Allmänt i EG 115 3.2.2. Terminologin och dess användning 117 3.2.3. Allmän och snäv bemärkelse 120 3.2.4. Lojalitetsprincipen inom olika rättsområden 124 3.2.5. Lojalitetsprincipen i upphovsrätten, särskilt ideella rätten 129 3.3. Principen om god sed 145 3.3.1. Generellt 145 3.3.2. God sed inom olika rättsområden 149 3.3.3. God sed i upphovsrätten, särskilt ideella rätten 152 3.4. Paternitetsrätten 155 3.4.1. Allmänt om paternitetsrätten 155 3.4.2. Bildkonstverk 156 3.4.3. Litterära verk 159 3.4.4. Musikaliska verk 162 3.4.5. Databaser och datorprogram 169 3.4.6. Bearbetningar 174 3.4.7. Anonymitet och överlåtelse 177 3.5. Respekträtten 180 3.5.1. Allmänt om respekträtten 181 3.5.2. Anseende och egenart 184 3.5.3. Subjektivt och objektivt synsätt 186 3.5.4. Intrångstyper 188 3.5.5. Satir, parodi eller travesti 200 ACTA WASAENSIA 7 3.6. Begränsningar av upphovsrätten 206 3.6.1. Privat bruk 206 3.6.2. Rätten att citera 210 3.6.2.1. Citat i digital miljö 220 3.6.2.2. Webbsidor och länkar 227 3.6.2.3. P2P-tjänster 238 3.6.3. Angivelse av källan och namnet 241 4. IDEELLA RÄTTIGHETER, DIGITAL RÄTTIGHETS- FÖRVALTNING OCH MOBILA SYSTEM 249 4.1. Sammanhang 249 4.2. Elektronisk information om rättighetsförvaltning 251 4.2.1. Bakgrund 252 4.2.2. WCT- och WPPT- fördragen 254 4.2.3. Infosocdirektivet och upphovsrättslagen 262 4.3. Mobila digitala system 267 4.3.1. Bakgrund 267 4.3.2. Hot och kostnader 273 4.3.3. Olika mobiltekniker och tjänster 276 4.3.3.1. GPRS och 3 G 276 4.3.3.2. Meddelanden (SMS, MMS och EMS) 280 4.3.3.3. Andra tekniker och tjänster 282 4.3.4. Förvaltning av rättigheter i mobila digitala system 290 4.3.5. Ideella rättigheter och ringtoner 295 4.3.6. Andra idellrättsliga problem vid mobila tillämpningar 306 4.3.6.1. Textmeddelandespråk 306 4.3.6.2. Andra frågeställningar 307 5. SAMMANFATTNING 314 KÄLLFÖRTECKNING 318 8 ACTA WASAENSIA FÖRKORTNINGAR ADSL Assymmetric Digital Subsciber Line AIPPI Association Internationale pour la protection de la propriété Intellectuelle AK Auktorrättskommittén ALAI Association littéraire et artistique internationale AP Associated Press BBC British Broadcast Company BBS Bulletin Board System BGH Bundesgerichtshof BK Bernkonventionen för skydd av litterära och konstnärliga verk BMG Bertelsmann Music Group CA Copyright Act 1956 C.A. United States Court of Appeals CD Compact Disc CD-ROM Compact Disc, Read Only Memory CEK Content Encryption Key CGM2 Consumer Generated Multimedia CISAC Confedération internationale des sociétes d´auters et de compo- siteurs CMI Copyright Management Information DaURL Lov (158:1961) om ophavsretten til litteraere og kunstneriske vaerker DCF DRM Content Format DdA Le Droit d`Auteur DiMaS Digital Content Distribution Management System DL Defensor Legis DMCA Digital Millenium Copyright Act DN Dagens Nyheter DRM Digital Rights Management Ds Departementsserie DVD Digital Versatile Disc E.D. Va. United States Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ACTA WASAENSIA 9 EG Europeiska gemenskaperna EGD Europeiska gemenskapernas domstol EIPR European Intellectual Property Review EMS Smart Messaging EU Europeiska Unionen FrURL Loi n 57-298 du 11 mars 1957 sur la propriété littéraire et artis- tique GEMA Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältingungsrechte GPL General Public Licence GPRS General Packet Radio Service GRUR Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht HBL Hufvudstadsbladet HD Högsta Domstolen HE Hallituksen esitys HovR Hovrätt HTML Hypertext Markup Language HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol IFPI International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ILO International Labour Organization IPR Intellectual Property Rights JFT Tidskrift utgiven av Juridiska Föreningen i Finland KB Komittébetänkande KM Komiteanmietintö LF Loi sur la propriété littéraire et artistique LM Lakimies LU Lagutskottet MD Marknadsdomstolen MMS Multimedia Messaging Service MP3 MPEG Layer 3 N.D. Cal. United States District Court for the District of California 9th Circuit United States Court for the Ninth Circuit NIR Nordiskt Immateriellt Rättsskydd NJA Nordiskt Juridiskt Arkiv. Avd I 10 ACTA WASAENSIA NJA II Nordiskt Juridiskt Arkiv. Avd II ODRL Open Digital Rights Language OMA Open Mobile Alliance OT.PRP. Odelstingsproposisjon OPHL Ophavsretsloven (Danmark) PECL Principles of European Contract Law P2P Peer-to-peer-nätverk REL Rights Expression Language RP Regeringens Proposition SDNY District court for the Southern District of New York 2nd Cir. United States Court of appeals for the Second Circuit SMS Short Message Service SOU Statens Offentliga Utredningar STIM Svenska tonsättares internationella musikbyrå SvJT Svensk Juristtidning SVT Sveriges Television Teosto Säveltäjien Tekijänoikeustomisto Teosto r.y. TfR Tidskrift for Retsvitenskap TRIPS Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 3G Tredje Generationens Mobiltelefonnätverk UEFA Union of European Football Associations UfR Ugeskrift for retsvaesen UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UPIIC Unidroit Principle URG Urheberrechtgesetz URL Upphovsrättslag URL-adress Uniform Resource Locator XrML eXtensible rights Markup Language WCT WIPO:s fördrag om upphovsrätt WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WLAN Wireless Local Area Network VML Varumärkeslagen WPPT WIPO:s fördrag om framföranden och fonogram WTO World Trade Organization ACTA WASAENSIA 11 WWW World Wide Web ÅVL Åndsverksloven ÄKT Ääni-ja kuvatallennetuottajat ry. 12 ACTA WASAENSIA ABSTRACT Streng, Alfred (2007). Ideella rättigheter i digital miljö (Moral
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