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The Mythology of All Races

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The Mythology of All Races THE MYTHOLOGY OF ALL RACES VOLUME X NORTH AMERICAN This One 62NE-NZD-BJEY VOLUME I. Creek and Roman WILLIAM SHERWOOD Fox, Ph.D., Princeton University. VOLUME II. Teutonic AXEL OLKIK, Ph.D., University of Copenhagen. VOLUME III. Celtic, Slavic CANON JOHN A. MACCULLOCH, D.D., Bridge of Allan, Scotland. JAN MACHAL, Ph.D., Bohemian University, Prague. VOLUME IV. Finno-Ugric, Siberian UNO HOLMBERG, Ph.D., University of Finland, Helsingfors. VOLUME V. Semitic R. CAMPBELL THOMPSON, M.A., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., Oxford. VOLUME VI. Indian, Iranian A. UKRRJKDALK KEITH, D.C.L., Edinburgh University. ALBERT J. CARNOY, Ph.D., University of Louvain. VOLUME VII. Armenian, African MARDIROS ANANIKIAN, H.I )„ Kennedy School of Missions, Hart ford, Connecticut. GEORGE FOUCART, Docteur es Lettres, French Institute of Oriental Archeology, Cairo. VOLUME VIII. Chinese, Japanese V. HATTORI, Litt.D., University of Tokyo. (Japanese Exchange Professor at Harvard University, ir>i$-igi6) MASABARU ANESAKI, Litt.D., University of Tokyo. (Japanese Exchange Professor at Harvard University, 1913-1915) VOLUME IX. Oceanic ROLAND BURRACE DLXON, Ph.D., Harvard University. VOLUME X. American (North of Mexico) HARTLEY BURS ALEXANDER, Ph.D., University of Nebraska. VOLUME XI. American (Latin) HARTLEY BURR ALEXANDER, Ph.D., University of Nebraska. VOLUME XII. Egypt, Far East W. MAX MiJLLER, Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. Snt (JAMES) GEORGE SCOTT, K.C.I.E., London. VOLUME XUJ. Index PLATE I Zuni masks for ceremonial dances. Upper, all colours, mask of the Warrior of the Zenith ; lower, black, mask of the Warrior of the Nadir. After 23 ARBE, Plates LVI, LVII. See p. 189 and Note 65 (pp. 309-10). THE MYTHOLOGY OF ALL RACES IN THIRTEEN VOLUMES LOUIS HERBERT GRAY, A.M., PH.D., EDITOR GEORGE FOOT MOORE, A.M., D.D., LL.D., CONSULTING EDITOR NORTH AMERICAN BY HARTLEY BURR ALEXANDER, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA VOLUME X BOSTON MARSHALL JONES COMPANY M DCCCC XVI \\ COPYRIGHT, 1916 BY MARSHALL JONES COMPANY Entered at Stationers' Hall, London All rights reserved Printed April, 1916 FEINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS BOUND BY THE BOSTON BOOKBINDING COMPANY AUTHOR'S PREFACE NO one can be more keenly aware of the sketchy nature of the study here undertaken than is the author. The literature of the subject, already very great, is being aug mented at a rate hitherto unequalled; and it is needless to say that this fact alone renders any general analysis at present provisional. As far as possible the author has endeavoured to confine himself to a descriptive study and to base this study upon regional divisions. Criticism has been limited to the indication of suggestive analogies, to summaries in the shape of notes, and to the formulation of a general plan of selection (indicated in the Introduction), without which no book could be written. The time will certainly come for a closely analytical comparative study of North American myths, but at the present time a general description is surely the work which is needed. Bibliographical references have been almost entirely rele gated to the Notes, where the sources for each section will be found, thus avoiding the typographical disfigurement which footnotes entail. The plan, it is believed, will enable a ready identification of any passage desired, and at the same time will give a convenient key for the several treatments of related topics. The Bibliography gives the sources upon which the text is chiefly based, chapter for chapter. Other references, inci dentally quoted, are given in the Notes. The critical reader's attention is called, in particular, to Note I, dealing with the difficult question of nomenclature and spelling. The author has made no attempt to present a complete bibliography of American Indian mythology. For further references the litera ture given in the "Bibliographical Guides "should be consulted; vi AUTHOR'S PREFACE important works which have appeared since the publication of these "Guides" are, of course, duly mentioned. For the form and spelling of the names of tribes and of linguistic stocks the usage of the Handbook of American Indians is followed, and the same form is used for both the singular and for the collective plural. Mythic names of In dian origin are capitalized, italics being employed for a few Indian words which are not names. The names of various objects regarded as persons or mythic beings — sun, moon, earth, various animals, etc. — are capitalized when the per sonified reference is clear; otherwise not. This rule is difficult to maintain consistently, and the usage in the volume doubt less varies somewhat. The word "corn," occurring in proper names, must be under stood in its distinctively American meaning of "maize." Maize being the one indigenous cereal of importance in Ameri can ritual and myth, "Spirits of the Corn" (to use Sir J. G. Frazer's classic phrase) are, properly speaking, in America " Spirits of the Maize." A like ambiguity attaches to " buffalo," which in America is almost universally applied to the bison. The illustrations for the volume have been selected with a view to creating a clear impression of the art of the North American Indians, as well as for their pertinency to mythic ideas. This art varies in character in the several regions quite as much as does the thought which it reflects. It is interesting to note the variety in the treatment of similar themes or in the construction of similar ceremonial articles; for this reason representations of different modes of presenting like ideas have been chosen from diverse sources: thus, the Thunderbird conception appears in Plates III, VI, XVI, and Figure i; the ceremonial pole in Plates XII, XVII, XXX; and masks from widely separate areas are shown in the Frontispiece and in Plates IV, VII, XXV, XXXI. In a few cases (as Plates II, VIII, IX, XI, XVIII, and probably XIX) the art is modified by white influence; in the majority of examples it is purely AUTHOR'S PREFACE vii aboriginal. The motives which prompt the several treatments are interestingly various: thus, the impulse which lies behind Plates II, VIII, IX, XVIII, XIX is purely the desire for pic torial illustration of a mythic story; mnemonic, historical, or heraldic in character — prompted by the desire for record — are Plates V, X, XI, XVII, XX, XXI, XXX, XXXII, XXXIII; while the majority of the remaining examples are representa tions of cult-objects. Through all, however, is to be observed the keen aesthetic instinct which is so marked a trait of North American tribes. The author desires to express his sense of obligation to the editor of this series, Dr. Louis H. Gray, for numerous and valuable emendations, and to Dr. Melvin R. Gilmore, recently of the Nebraska State Historical Society, now Curator of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, especially for the materials appearing in Note 58 and Plate XIV. HARTLEY BURR ALEXANDER. MARCH I, 1916. CONTENTS PAGE AUTHOR'S PREFACE v INTRODUCTION xv CHAPTER I. THE FAR NORTH I I Norseman and Skraeling I II The Eskimo's World 3 III The World-Powers 5 IV The World's Regions 6 V The Beginnings 8 VI Life and Death 10 CHAPTER II. THE FOREST TRIBES 13 I The Forest Region 13 II Priest and Pagan 15 III The Manitos 17 IV The Great Spirit 19 V The Frame of the World 21 VI The Powers Above 24 VII The Powers Below 27 VIII The Elders of the Kinds 30 CHAPTER III. THE FOREST TRIBES (continued) 33 I Iroquoian Cosmogony 33 II Algonquian Cosmogony 38 III The Deluge 42 IV The Slaying of the Dragon 44 V The Theft of Fire 46 VI Sun-Myths 48 VII The Village of Souls 49 VIII Hiawatha 51 CHAPTER IV. THE GULF REGION 53 I Tribes and Lands 53 II Sun-Worship 55 x CONTENTS PAGE III The New Maize 57 IV Cosmogonies 60 V Animal Stories 64 VI Tricksters and Wonder-Folk 67 VII Mythic History 69 CHAPTER V. THE GREAT PLAINS 74 I The Tribal Stocks 74 II An Athapascan Pantheon 77 III The Great Gods of the Plains 80 IV The Life of the World 82 V "Medicine" 85 VI Father Sun 87 VII Mother Earth and Daughter Corn 91 VIII The Morning Star 93 IX The Gods of the Elements 97 CHAPTER VI. THE GREAT PLAINS (continued) 102 I Athapascan Cosmogonies IO2 II Siouan Cosmogonies 105 III Caddoan Cosmogonies 107 IV The Son of the Sun 112 V The Mystery of Death 115 VI Prophets and Wonder- Workers 120 VII Migration-Legends and Year-Counts 124 CHAPTER VII. MOUNTAIN AND DESERT 129 I The Great Divide 129 II The Gods of the Mountains 132 III The World and its Denizens 135 IV Shahaptian and Shoshonean World-Shapers .... 139 V Coyote 141 VI Spirits, Ghosts, and Bogies 145 VII Prophets and the Ghost-Dance 149 CHAPTER VIII. MOUNTAIN AND DESERT (continued) .... 154 I The Navaho and their Gods 154 II The Navaho Genesis 159 III The Creation of the Sun 166 IV Navaho Ritual Myths 169 an PAGE V Apache and Piman Mythology 175 VI Yuman Mythology 179 CHAPTER IX. THE PUEBLO DWELLERS 182 I The Pueblos 182 II Pueblo Cosmology 185 III Gods and Katcinas 187 JIV The Calendar 192 V The Great Rites and their Myths 196 VI Sia and Hopt Cosmogonies 202 VII Zuni Cosmogony 206 CHAPTER X. THE PACIFIC COAST, WEST 212 I The California-Oregon Tribes 212 II Religion and Ceremonies 215 III The Creator 217 IV Cataclysms 221 V The First People 225 VI Fire and Light 230 VII Death and the Ghost- World 233 CHAPTER XL THE PACIFIC COAST, NORTH 237 I Peoples of the North-West Coast 237 II Totemism and Totemic Spirits 240 III Secret Societies and their Tutelaries 245 IV The World and its Rulers 249 V The Sun and the Moon 254 VI The Raven Cycle 258 VII Souls and their Powers 262 NOTES 267 BIBLIOGRAPHY 315 ILLUSTRATIONS FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE • FACING PAGE I Zuiii masks for ceremonial dances — Coloured Frontispiece II Encounter of Eskimo and Kablunait 2 III Harpoon-rest with sketch of a mythic bird capturing a whale 8 III Dancing gorget 8 IV Ceremonial mask of the Iroquois Indians 14 V Chippewa pictograph — Coloured 18 VI Ojibway (Chippewa) quill-work pouch 22 VII Seneca mask 26 VIII Iroquois drawing of a Great Head — Coloured ..
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