DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of Bagobo Ceremonial, Magic and Myth

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of Bagobo Ceremonial, Magic and Myth % PRESKNTED BY THE AUTTHOR jg^v*. -. i--V:/> -^^It^^s^^' -4 NOV 1 4 1916 A STUDY OF BAGOBO CEREMONIAL, MAGIC AND MYTH Laura Watson Benedict Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Philosophy of Columbia University [Reprinted from the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. XXV, pp. 1—308. Published 15 May, 1916.] Printed by E. J. BRILL, Leyden (Holland). ^> t [Annals N. Y. Acad. Scl, Vol. XXV, pp. 1—308, pll. I—YIII. 15 May, 1916] o A STUDY OF BAGOBO CEREMONIAL, MAGIC AND MYTH^ By Laura Watson Benedict {Presented by title before the Academy^ 20 April^ 1914) CONTENTS Page Prefatory remarks 3 Introduction. General characteristics of the religious attitude of the Bagobo 8 Part I. Mythological concepts 13 The Bagobo pantheon 13 Myth-gods of the nine heavens 15 Gods associated with human interests 18 The demons called buso 29 Interpretation of physical evironment 43 The souls of man and life after death 49 Characterization of the two souls 49 Right-hand soul or Gimokud Takawanan 50 Signs of death 51 Summons to the living 51 Onong or travel outfit for the soul 53 The one country of the dead 54 Manner of existence in Gimokudan 55 Topography of the one country 56 Idea of retribution 58 Left hand soul or Gimokud Tebang 58 Dream exploits 58 Fate at death 60 General considerations ' 61 Restoration of the dead to life 61 Cult of the dead 62 Ideas of death 63 Souls of animals and of manufactured objects 64 Traditions of mythical ancestors 65 Part II. The formal ceremonial .... 75 Typical ceremonial behavior 75 General character of ceremonial 75 Fundamental elements of ceremonial 78 Human sacrifice 78 Ceremonial food 79 Ceremonial liquor 79 Betel ritual , 80 Offerings of manufactured products 81 ^ Manuscript received by the Editor, 8 April, 1914. ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Page Purification 81 Recitation of ritual words 82 Ceremonial chant 82 Agoog music 83 Dancing and costumes 85 The feast 87 Manganito 87 Various types of altar 87 Bamboo prayer stands called tambara 87 Hanging altars 90 Tigyama 90 Balekat 90 Agong altars called sonaran 91 Hut shrines 92 Buis or buso houses 92 Parabunnian or rice-sowing altars 92 Ceremonies in detail 93 Festival of drinking called Ginum 93 Introductory remarks 93 Chronology of the preparation and of the four main days of the festival 96 First day of the Ginum 101 First night called tig-kanayan or the beginning 101 Second day 101 Second night called ta dua dukilum 102 Third day 102 Third night 103 Fourth and main day 103 Fourth and last night 103 Ceremony of Awas or offerings of areca-nuts to spirits 104 Preliminary Awas 105 Main Awas Ill Ceremony of Tanung or magic rites against Buso 113 Preliminary Tanung 114 Main Tanung 115 Ceremony of Pamalugu or purification 117 Ceremony of Lulub or washing of water flasks 124 Ceremony of Sonar or offering on the agongs of manufactured products 125 Olfering of manufactured products to the gods 126 Ablutions called Sagmo 'J 28 Visitation of Anito 128 Rites with balabba 129 Ceremonies on the main day of Ginum 131 Arrangement of the long house 151 Festival of Ginum at Tubison 153 Question of head hunting 158 A few ceremonial chants 162 BENEBICT, BAGOBO CEBEMONIAL, MAGIC ANB MYTH 3 Page Rite of human sacrifice called Pag-huaga 166 Ceremonial at rice-sowing called Mariimmas 171 Ceremonial at harvest called Ka-pungaan 174 Marriage rites 180 Trial marriage 181 Formal ceremony called Taliduma 181 Rites attending death and burial 186 Part III. Every-day forms of religious response 193 Interviews with the gods called Manganito 193 Charms and magical rites 203 Charms by actual defense 206 Charms by substitution 208 Charms through association by contiguity 213 Charms having inherent virtue 217 Ordeal or test 222 Disease and healing in their supernatural aspects 223 Diseases that result from breaking tabu 223 Diseases caused by huso 225 Diseases caused by the left-hand soul 227 Methods of healing sickness 229 By an act of devotion 229 By magic 230 By native materia medica 230 Method of burning 232 Method of external use without burning 233 Method of internal use without burning 234 Method of wearing or of carrying medicine on the person 234 Tabu as a factor of the religious life 235 Ceremonial tabu 236 Mythical tabu 238 Class tabu 240 .Esthetic tabu 243 Omens and dreams 245 Omens 245 Dreams 248 Part IV. Problem of sources of cei^emonial and myth 250 Bibliography 279 Index 283 Prefatory Remarks The Bagobo form one of those Malay cultural groups in the mountainous country of southeastern Mindanao which have retained their pagan faith in its entirety and have never accepted the religious dictates of Islam. During the period when the Moro dominated 4 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES the southern coast '^ from Point Tagubnm to Zamboanga, the Bagobo, like the other wild tribes of the Gulf of Davao, doubtless paid tribute to the Mohammedan conquerors, but they retained their independence in customs and in worship. Unlike the lowland peoples of the west, they would not fuse by conversion and by intermarriage with the Moro, though they came into trading rela- tions with Moro groups at the coast. In their remote homes on mountain peaks, which could be reached only by hard climbing through dense and thorny forest growth, the Bagobo remained safe from attack, except as, now and then, a few of their number were caught and pressed into slavery by the Moro. "Within the last sixty years, — that is to say since the Spanish conquest of the gulf of Davao, — the Bagobo have begun to build little villages on the w^est side of the gulf, and there to establish their own cultural conditions. When Datu^ Ali, a chieftain of great distinction, died in 1906, he had lived for fifty years in Ltibu, the old Bagobo name for the present village of Santa Cruz. While a coast culture developed that w^as modified somewhat by Visayan and Moro customs and by new elements from Spanish sources, yet, on the whole, the Bagobo at the coast appear to have been but superficially influenced by these various contacts. They have clung tenaciously to the old industrial processes and to the ancient forms of worship. There is not to be found that sharp dividing line w^hich one would look for between mountain culture and coast culture ; and particularly is this true on the religious side. W^hile there is a considerable range of local variation, not only between coast and mountain but also between different moun- tain groups, yet, as a general characterization, it may be said that * For a discussion of the Moro conquests in Mindanao, see N. M. Saleeby : ''Studies in Moro History, Law and Religion," pp. 50— 61. 1905. ^ Dat?i, a Malay word for grandfather, is now, as applied to the chiefs, restricted to the Moro and the wild tribes; but formerly it was in wide use among the rilipino as well. Blair and E-obektson (The Philippine Islands, vol. 16, p. 157. 1904) quote Pardo de Tavera as saying that the word dait4 or datuls, though not in the present day vocabulary of the Tagal, primitively signified grandfather or head of the family, the term being equivalent to the head of the hdrangay. The reference is given to T. H. Paedo de Tavera : Costumbres de los Tagalos, p. 10, note 1. 1892. Cf. also, Blair and Robertson : cp. cit.y vol. 4, footnote, pp. 184—185, for a discussion of the barangay, as meaning: (1) the slender craft, pointed at both ends and put together with wooden pegs, that formed the distinctive vessel of the Philippines; (2) the small social community of related individuals directed by the same cabeza, or datu, who had been captain of the same family group on the barangay in which they had crossed the water to the new home. BENEDICT, BAGOBO CEREMONIAL, MAGIC AND MYTH 5 the same rites are celebrated on mountain tops and beside the sea, the same tabus are respected, the same precautions taken against ghosts and demons. Although the new doctrines and the new rites suggested to the Bagobo fresh safeguards against evil spirits, — safeguards which might well be added to their already ample collec- tion of magic spells and of charm objects, — although they eagerly accepted foreign amulets and untried formulae that might, per- chance, subdue a fever or expel a cough, there are unmistakable signs that even those coast Bagobo who have felt most strongly the impelling force of the new forms of worship are at heart as sincere pagans as they ever were. In all essentials, they believe and think and behave like those remote mountain Bagobo who have been scarcely touched by foreign influences. Recent history accounts easily for this situation. The Bagobo who have settled at the coast during the last half century have come with a religion well organized, and fixed by centuries of tradition. Furthermore, there has been continuous and unbroken intercourse between the mountain people and the coast people, particularly on occasions of ceremonial gatherings and for purposes of trade. Intermarriage between mountain Bagobo and coast Bagobo has not been lacking. More than this, there has occurred an inter- mittent flow of whole families from the hills and from the nearer mountains to the coast, and from the sea back to the upland villages, in regulated response to a varying pressure of conditions both ecclesiastical and economic.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Global Education for Young Children: a Curriculum Unit for the Kindergarten Classroom Ann Davis Cannon University of North Florida
    UNF Digital Commons UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship 1984 Global Education for Young Children: A Curriculum Unit for the Kindergarten Classroom Ann Davis Cannon University of North Florida Suggested Citation Cannon, Ann Davis, "Global Education for Young Children: A Curriculum Unit for the Kindergarten Classroom" (1984). UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 22. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/22 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at UNF Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UNF Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Digital Projects. © 1984 All Rights Reserved GLOBAL EDUCATION FOR YOUNG CHILDREN: A CURRICULUM UNIT FOR THE KINDERGARTEN CLASSROOM by Ann Davis Cannon A thesis submitted to the Division of Curriculum and Instruction in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Education UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION AND HUMAN SERVICES August, 1984 Signature Deleted Dr. Mary SuTerrell, Advisor Signature Deleted Signature Deleted Global Education ABSTRACT The purpose of this project was to develop a curriculum for global education appropriate for kindergarten children. A review of relevant literature provided concepts and themes that researchers consider essential components for inclusion in any global education program. Recommendations were made as to when and how the subject should be introduced in the classroom. Activities emphasized three important themes: We are one race, the human race, living on a small planet, earth; people are more alike than they are different, basic human needs bind people together; and, people of the world, even with different points of view, can live, work together, and learn from each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Going to St. Ives Playbill
    PRODUCTION STAFF Director.................................................................................................................Edd Miller Producer............................................................................................................Tom Stuckey Stage Manager......................................................................................................Herb Elkin Set and Floor Designer..........................................................................................Edd Miller Set Painting.....................................................................................Edd Miller, Tom Stuckey Art Painting.......................................................................................................Laurie Nolan Lead Carpenter..................................................................................................Dick Whaley Carpenters...........................................................Norm James, Bob Mumper, Ted Yablonski Costume Designer.........................................................................................Beth Terranova Lighting Designer...............................................................................................Harvey Hack Lighting Assistants.........................Terry Averill, Stuart Johnson, Lana Riggins, Robby Rose, Heather Quinn, Tom Stuckey, Beth Terranova, Bob Walker Sound Designer.............................................................................................Wes Bedsworth Composer, Original Music.............................................................................Carl
    [Show full text]
  • History of Research on African Factory-Printed Cloth and Current Approaches in the Field
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 2004 History of Research on African Factory-Printed Cloth and Current Approaches in the Field Michelle Willard University of British Columbia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Part of the Art and Design Commons Willard, Michelle, "History of Research on African Factory-Printed Cloth and Current Approaches in the Field" (2004). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 447. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/447 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. History of Research on African Factory-Printed Cloth and Current Approaches in the Field Michelle Willard Department of Anthropology/Museum Studies University of British Columbia [email protected] Objects are not what they were made to be but what they have become. This is to contradict a pervasive identification in museum research and material culture studies which stabilizes the identity of a thing in its fixed and founded material form.1 If we were to interpret factory-printed cloths in their “fixed and founded material form” as Nicholas Thomas states, we would be looking at a novel commodity and technology introduced to Africa by Europeans. However, factory-printed cloth is a product of both African design and European technology, and has its beginnings in the colonial period.
    [Show full text]
  • HUMANA Sustainability Report
    HUMANA Sustainability Report HUMANA Kleidersammlung GmbH, HUMANA Second Hand Kleidung GmbH (Germany) HUMANA People to People - Verein für Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (Austria) According to the guidelines of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) G4 Content: global context, supply chain (where the clothes go), employees, environment, economic performance, community involvement ... Cover picture: The ecological foot print is pretty well known. It describes the negative effects on the environment. What is still new is the term ecological hand print. It describes the positive effects on the environment. HUMANA: small foot print, large hand print. The manufacture of new clothes places a burden on people and the environment. Second hand helps. We have a re-wear quota of 80.6% for the clothes we collect in Germany. With this quota we are one of the leaders of the industry - average of the industry is 54 %. Therefore, our values, in terms of foot and hand print, are not only good, but great. Energy MWh CO2 tonnes Water m³ Land m² -28,428 . -7,114 . -6,630 . -98,151 . 904,757 . 169,642 . 113,094,639 . 76,904,355 . See page 32 and 82-89. Sustainability Report 2014-2016 - p. 02 Sustainability Report G4-3 Best before: 31.12.2020 G4-6 This report is published in May/June 2018, the next one at the end of 2020. Our reporting cycle is three years, compiling usually takes one year. The reporting period for this report is 2014 through 2016. The reporting organizations are: HUMANA Kleidersammlung GmbH Collection and sorting in Germany www.humana-kleidersammlung.de HUMANA Second Hand Kleidung GmbH Second hand shops in Germany www.humana-second-hand.de HUMANA People to People - Verein für Entwicklungszusammenarbeit Collection and second hand shops in Austria www.humana.at Sustainability Report 2014-2016 - p.
    [Show full text]
  • From Custom to Pancasila and Back to Adat Naples
    1 Secularization of religion in Indonesia: From Custom to Pancasila and back to adat Stephen C. Headley (CNRS) [Version 3 Nov., 2008] Introduction: Why would anyone want to promote or accept a move to normalization of religion? Why are village rituals considered superstition while Islam is not? What is dangerous about such cultic diversity? These are the basic questions which we are asking in this paper. After independence in 1949, the standardization of religion in the Republic of Indonesia was animated by a preoccupation with “unity in diversity”. All citizens were to be monotheists, for monotheism reflected more perfectly the unity of the new republic than did the great variety of cosmologies deployed in the animistic cults. Initially the legal term secularization in European countries (i.e., England and France circa 1600-1800) meant confiscations of church property. Only later in sociology of religion did the word secularization come to designate lesser attendance to church services. It also involved a deep shift in the epistemological framework. It redefined what it meant to be a person (Milbank, 1990). Anthropology in societies where religion and the state are separate is very different than an anthropology where the rulers and the religion agree about man’s destiny. This means that in each distinct cultural secularization will take a different form depending on the anthropology conveyed by its historically dominant religion expression. For example, the French republic has no cosmology referring to heaven and earth; its genealogical amnesia concerning the Christian origins of the Merovingian and Carolingian kingdoms is deliberate for, the universality of the values of the republic were to liberate its citizens from public obedience to Catholicism.
    [Show full text]
  • Seeing the World Through Chumash Rock Art
    CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE A PLACE WHERE THEY ONLY PLAY PEON: SEEING THE WORLD THROUGH CHUMASH ROCK ART A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology by Leslie Schupp Wessel May, 1982 The Thesis of Leslie Schupp Wessel is approved: Keith L. Morton Antonio Gilman, Chairman California State University, Northridge ii DEDICATION To Earth, and the First People of California who believed in her. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was produced with the help and usually the encouragement of many people: Rick Wessel, John Romani, Antonio Gilman, Clay Singer, Keith Morton, Breck Parkman, Dan Larson, Gwen Romani, Mike Mcintyre, Randy Milliken, Willie Pink, Bob Edberg, Arlene Benson, Tom Blackburn, Travis Hudson, Ken Hedges, Georgia Lee, Chester King, Bob Wlodarski, Kathy Miller, Chris Martinez, Chuck James, Aluk•oy, Lynne Turner, and countless others whose ideas I appropriated without even realizing it. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION . iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF TABLES . viii LIST OF FIGURES . viii LIST OF PLATES . viii ABSTRACT . ix INTRODUCTION . 1 Chapter 1 CULTURAL BACKGROUND 5 INTRODUCTION • 5 THE CHUMASH 8 THE SALINAN • • • 11 THE YOKUTS • • • • • • • 13 HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION 1 5 MOIETIES • • • • 16 RELIGION • • • • • • • 24 GAMES • • • • • • • • 33 SUMMARY 35 2 MYTHOLOGY 36 INTRODUCTION • • • 36 CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE • • • 40 THE FLOOD AND CREATION OF EARTH 41 TRANSFORMATION TO ANIMALS • • • • • • • ·41 THE MAKING OF MAN • • • . • • • • • • • 42 THEFT OF SUN AND FIRE • • • • 43 ORIGIN OF DEATH • • • • • • • 43 THE CONTEST OF DEATH • • • • • • • • • • • 44 LAND OF THE DEAD • • • 44 VISITS TO OTHER WORLDS • • • • • • • 45 OLD WOMAN MOMOY AND THE THUNDER TWINS • 46 INTERPRETATIONS • • • • • • • • • • 47 v Chapter Page 3 ROCK ART .
    [Show full text]
  • Exporting out of China Or out of Africa? Automation Versus Relocation in the Global Clothing Industry
    Discussion Paper 1/2020 Exporting out of China or out of Africa? Automation versus Relocation in the Global Clothing Industry Tilman Altenburg Xiao Chen Wilfried Lütkenhorst Cornelia Staritz Lindsay Whitfield Exporting out of China or out of Africa? Automation versus relocation in the global clothing industry Tilman Altenburg Xiao Chen Wilfried Lütkenhorst Cornelia Staritz Lindsay Whitfield Bonn 2020 Discussion Paper / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik ISSN (Print) 1860-0441 ISSN (Online) 2512-8698 Except as otherwise noted this publication is licensed under Creative Commons Attributtion (CC BY 4.0). You are free to copy, communicate and adapt this work, as long as you attribute the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) and the authors. Die deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-96021-111-2 (printed edition) DOI:10.23661/dp1.2020 Printed on eco-friendly, certified paper Tilman Altenburg is Head of the Research Programme “Transformation of Economic and Social Systems” at the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn Email: [email protected] © Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik gGmbH Tulpenfeld 6, 53113 Bonn +49 (0)228 94927-0 +49 (0)228 94927-130 Email: [email protected] www.die-gdi.de Preface For forty years now, Germany and China have been successfully working together in development cooperation. China has developed rapidly over recent decades, enabling several hundred million people to be lifted out of extreme poverty.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Track
    2009 ITAA Proceedings #66 Annual Meeting, Bellevue, Washington October 28-31, 2009 Historic – Cultural Track Aldridge, R. & Kuttruff, J., (2009). Nineteenth Century Postmortem Dress and Death Metaphors Arthur, L., (2009). Artifacts Speak: Material Culture Studies and the Cultural Authentication of Hawai`ian Quilts Arthur, L., (2009). The President Needed New Robes: Teaching Ethnic Textiles through Creating Presidential Regalia Brosdahl, D. & Barnes, W., (2009). Seventeen and Skin Exposure: 46 Years of Advertisements Dijxhoorn, E. & Welters, L., (2009). Symmetry Analysis in Armenian Needlework ca 1860-1915 Eason, K. & Nelson-Hodges, N., (2009). The Evolution of Women in Body Modification Eluwawalage , D., (2009). A Brief Narrative of Clothing Shopping in Great Britain Hancock, J. & Kennedy, A., (2009). The Importance of Academic Research: Creating an Online Journal Khoza, L., (2009). The Power of Dress: An Analysis of Conflict Between Tradition and Modernity in Swazi Dress Kidd, L., (2009). What Becomes a Racist Most?: Hate Couture in the United States Lillethun, A., (2009). Beyond the Minoan Locus: The Scope of the Bronze Age Flounced Skirt Marcketti, S., (2009). Codes of Fair Competition: The National Industrial Recovery Act, 1933-1935 and the Women’s Ready-to-Wear Apparel Industry Meyer, S., (2009). Erte’ Fashion or Fantasy: a Search for Evidence Nelson-Hodges, N. & Copeland, R., (2009). Changes in Trinidad Carnival Dress: A (R)evolutionary Process Parsons, J. & Marcketti, S., (2009). Women and Sewing:Integrating Object Analysis with Documentary Evidence Ratute, A. & Marcketti, S., (2009). From New York to Chicago: A Plan for America’s Fashion Centers Reale, A. & Lopez-Gydosh, D., (2009). A Philadelphian in the Court of William IV: Thomas A.
    [Show full text]
  • Read Book the Knitting Palette: 25 Stunning Colour Inspired Designs
    THE KNITTING PALETTE: 25 STUNNING COLOUR INSPIRED DESIGNS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Kristin Nicholas | 176 pages | 28 Mar 2008 | DAVID & CHARLES | 9780715329184 | English | Newton Abbot, United Kingdom The Knitting Palette: 25 Stunning Colour Inspired Designs PDF Book Get the Look: Leather Ottoman-Pouf. Traditional Scandinavian style values bright, airy spaces, making light wood floors the perfect pick. Clothing portal. In the mid to end of the s, African American style changed and developed with the times. Textiles in Indonesia have played many roles for the local people. Robert Glariston, an intellectual property expert, mentioned in a fashion seminar held in LA [ which? Recycled wool coats in tow tone off white and black with recycled buttons. Spontaneous road trips and amusement parks were my favorite part of summer when I was growing up. Historians, including James Laver and Fernand Braudel , date the start of Western fashion in clothing to the middle of the 14th century , [13] [14] though they tend to rely heavily on contemporary imagery [15] and illuminated manuscripts were not common before the fourteenth century. With a unique cultural and historical background, HK designers are known for their creativity and efficiency. Perfect for wrapping yourself in for your next road trip! A recent development within fashion print media is the rise of text-based and critical magazines which aim to prove that fashion is not superficial, by creating a dialogue between fashion academia and the industry. The New Yorker. MIT Technology Review. Black activists and supporters used fashion to express their solidarity and support of this civil rights movement. To Bettie fashion means to be oneself.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MEANING and SYMBOLISM of CULTURAL DRESS PRACTICES in LESOTHO by BAATSHWANA PHETO-MOETI Dissertation in Fulfilment of the Re
    THE MEANING AND SYMBOLISM OF CULTURAL DRESS PRACTICES IN LESOTHO by BAATSHWANA PHETO-MOETI Dissertation in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Consumer Science at the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science University of the Free State Bloemfontein Supervisor: Dr Jana Vermaas Co-Supervisor: Professor Andrè Pelser June 2020 DECLARATION I, Baatshwana Pheto-Moeti, declare that the thesis titled, THE MEANING AND SYMBOLISM OF CULTURAL DRESS PRACTICES IN LESOTHO, hereby submitted for the qualification of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of the Free State, is my own independent work and that I have not previously submitted the same work for a qualification at/in another university/faculty. I hereby cede copyright to the University of the Free State. Signature: _______________________ Date: ________________________ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “With all his abundant wealth through Christ Jesus, my God supplied all my needs” (Philippians 4:19). He provided me with the wisdom, knowledge and understanding for He is good, there is none like Him and His mercy endures forever. With these words I would like to thank my parents, siblings, relatives, friends, church members, students and colleagues for their contributions. I also extend my appreciation to my family, husband and children who supported me so much during these tough times in prayers and amazing understanding in order for me to achieve this Doctoral degree. My heartfelt gratitude also goes to my supervisors Dr. Jana Vermaas and Prof. Andrè Pelser for their guidance, time dedicated to this research and constructive criticisms which have widened my critical thinking and academic growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Shamanic Magic and the Dialectic Movement Between Mircea Eliade and Claude Lévi-Strauss
    chapter 4 De-historification (1944–1948): Shamanic Magic and the Dialectic Movement between Mircea Eliade and Claude Lévi-Strauss 1 The Integration of Eliade and Lévi-Strauss: Sacred Poles and Songs of Labor as Forms of De-historification After Vittorio Macchioro recommended Eliade’s Yoga: An Essay on the Origins of Indian Mysticism (1936) to his new son-in-law shortly after its publication, de Martino’s legacy leaves no traces of the Romanian giant for a decade.1 Even though Eliade’s lengthy article entitled “The Problem of Shamanism” (1946) is absent in de Martino’s The World of Magic,2 it is around this same time that he recommenced to engage the work of his famous Romanian counterpart. Responding to the recently published Techniques of Yoga (1948), de Martino showed himself visibly impressed with it, particularly with its sensibility for the religious conception of time and history.3 His review, published in Pettazzoni’s prestigious journal Studies and Materials of History of Religions,4 was generous with praise. This work by Mircea Eliade responds very well to the general require- ment for the Western culture to broaden its own humanism and to renew its own problems by means of the comprehension of forms of spirituality that are ideally distant from ours. According to the author, the paradox of Yoga (reintegration in all the forms of the indistinct, in the primor- dial unity) can be understood in light of the archaic aspiration to abol- ish history, to restore the auroral state, periodically and ritually renewing the “archetype time,” the time of the origins.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Factors Influencing Black South African Millenials When Considering African Ankora Fashion
    EXPLORING FACTORS INFLUENCING BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN MILLENNIALS WHEN CONSIDERING AFRICAN ANKARA FASHION TENDAI MBUMBWA A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Science (Marketing) for the MarketingUniversity Section, School of of CapeManagement Town Studies, University of Cape Town Supervisor: Dr. J. Chigada Date: 01 AUGUST 2016 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town Language Quality Assurance Practitioner Dr PJS Goldstone 14 Erasmus Drive Summerstrand Port Elizabeth 6001 South Africa Tel: +27 41 583 2882 Cell: +27 73 006 6559 [email protected] 13-07-2016 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN I hereby certify that I have language-edited the thesis of Ms Mbumbwa entitled: AN EXPLORING FACTORS INFLUENCING BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN MILLENIALS WHEN CONSIDERING AFRICAN ANKORA FASHION. We are satisfied that, provided the changes we have made are effected to the text, the language is of an acceptable standard, and is fit for publication. Kate Goldstone Dr Patrick Goldstone BA (Rhodes) BSc (Stell.) SATI No: 1000168 DEd (UPE) UPE Language Practitioner (1975-2004) NMMU Language Practitioner (2005) Language Quality Assurance – Certification Statement i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In honour and gratitude to my God, the God-head three in one: God the Father; God the Son; and God the Holy Spirit, I give my praise and exclusive worship to my triune God.
    [Show full text]