DOCSLIB.ORG

Islam: in Light of History, Has Been Prepared As an Introduction to Islam

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Islam: in Light of History, Has Been Prepared As an Introduction to Islam Islam: In Light Of History Dr. Rafat Amari A Religion Research Institute Publication 1 Copyright by Religion Research Institute. P.O. Box 7505, Prospect Heights, IL 60070, USA. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any way by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author except as provided by USA copyright law. ISBN 0-9765024-0-2 Printed in the United States of America. First Edition, November 2004 This book can be purchased directly through www. religionresearchinstitute .org , or by contacting RRI through e-mailing to: [email protected] 2 Contents Preface …………………………………………….. ……………… 7 Introduction…………………………………….. ………….... 10 Maps …………………………………………….. …………….... 18 PART I- The Unreliability of the Qur’an and the Writers of the Islamic Tradition Regarding History ..…….……….. …….22 1 - An Analysis of the Qur’an in the Light ofDocumented History ……………………………….. …………..…………………23 2 - Those Who Rewrote History for Muslims…….…… 62 PART II - True History of Mecca …….…………. ……………….95 1 - Did Hagar Flee to Mecca ?. ……………………………….. 97 2 - Studies by Classical Writers Show That Mecca Could not Have Been Built Before the 4th Century A.D.…. 104 3 - The History and Archaeology of Arabia Show that Mecca did not Exist Before the Advent of 3 Christianity……………………………………………… ………….148 4 - Absence of Mecca in Archaeological Records Found in the Other Ancient Cities and Kingdoms of Arabia.... 168 5 - The Absence of Mecca Through Studying the Records of the Nations who Occupied the Region…..173 6 - The Study of the Assyrian Inscriptions Also Excludes an Ancient Mecca. ………………………. …………………… 185 7 - Chaldean Records Also Exclude any Record of Mecca During the 7th and 6th Centuries B.C. ……. 206 8 - The Missing Merchants of Mecca …….. …………… 210 9 - The Bible and the Ancient Mecca Claim…….…… 212 10 - The True Story of the Construction of the Temple of Mecca …………………………………………………………. 247 PART III - The Kaabah and Allah as Expressions of the Arabian Star Worship ………….... ……………………………… 268 1 - The Kaabah as Temple of the Arabian Star Worship ………………………………………………………… ….269 2 - Who was Allah in the Worship of Arabia?. …...… 273 PART IV - The Case of the Ishmaelites and Islam …..…... 284 4 1 - The Ishmaelites and Their Existence Throughout History ………………………………………………….. ………….285 2 - A Discussion of the Claims that the Arabs Were Descendants of Ishmael and that Ishmael was the Foundation for a Monotheistic Faith. ..……………….. 308 3 - Refuting the Islamic Claim About Mohammed as Descendant of Ishmael. ……………………………….. …. 333 4 - The History of Quraish Does not Include a Linkage to Ishmael in its Lineage. …………………………………. 357 PART V - The Hajj, the Occult Umra', and Ramadan …. 369 1 - The Great Pilgrimage of Islam. ……….…………. … 370 2 - The Small Hajj Called Umra', and Occultism at Mecca. ………………………………………………………… ….. 404 3 - Ramadan and its Roots ………………………….. …….. 434 Part VI - The Rise of Islam..…………. ………………………… 445 1 - The Earlier Followers of Mohammed at Mecca, and Jinn as Muslims……………………………………………… … 446 2 - The Filthy Bargain. …………………………………….. 455 5 3 - To What Moral Category Should Mohammed be Assigned?.. ………………………………………………………… 478 4 - Islam as the Newborn of the Jinn Religion of Arabia………………………. ………………………………….. 485 Index ……………………………………..…………………. 495 6 PREFACE Preface It was 20 years ago when I began studying Islam and its sources. At the beginning, I thought the study would require me to dedicate two years of my time. Also, because I preside over a Christian organization which requires that I travel from time to time to conduct prayer and teaching conferences in various countries of the world, I thought that my study of Islam should be limited to only a few years so that it would not conflict with my travel plans. However, the study continued for twenty years, compelling me to dedicate eight to nine hours a day, except for Sundays. There was no time for vacation. I researched various books written about the life of Mohammed and his sayings, called the Hadith. I read, re-read and studied the Qur’an several times in the light of the famous expositors of the Qur’an. I studied other Islamic and non-Islamic texts describing the history of Arabia before Islam and the Arabian mythology. Then, I found it necessary to study the classical Greek and Roman authors who visited Arabia and wrote about its geography. I wanted to know if they mentioned Mecca. My residency in The United States of America gave me access to many of the major libraries of the world which were instrumental in my study of the most important texts. Unfortunately, competent scholastic work was very limited. For example, I estimate that the total pages about Zoroastrianism in the Qur'an in these texts can be estimated at not more than twenty pages. When I thought that my study was complete, and wanting to publish some of my works, I realized that the Lord was urging me to do my own research on the sacred Zoroastrian texts, such as the Zenda Avest and the Pahlavi Texts, and not to depend only on what I had studied. This meant more years of study and research. My study was further extended to examine the sacred literature of other religions at the time of Mohammed. I was surprised by the similarities I found in the comparative study between the Qur’an and sacred texts of various sects and religions at the time of Mohammed, including: Zoroastrianism, Mandaeanism, Harranism, Manicheism and Gnosti- cism. (Mohammed had connections with all of these religions 7 ISLAM IN LIGHT OF HISTORY and sects, mainly through the group called “Ahnaf,” which he joined in his youth.) I asked myself: “What material from other religions was used in the Qur’an?” I discovered that much research had been connecting the Qur’an with Judaism and Christianity, but almost nothing had been connecting the Qur’an with Mandaeanism and Harranism. Even what had been done was inadequate and trivial when it came to examining Manicheism and Zoroastrianism as major sources for the Qur’an. My own research showed that these pagan religions had a major impact on the Qur’an, much more than Judaism, Christianity and heretical Christianity at the time of Mohammed. Suleiman al-Farsi was a priest of Zoroastrianism who embraced Islam and became a close counselor of Mohammed. His contact with Mohammed made Zoroastrianism a major resource for the Qur’an. Since Arabic is my native language, I used Arabic to write 800 pages on Zoroastrianism as a resource for the Qur’an. The study of Mandaeanism from their many sacred books allowed me to detect the roots of Mandaeanism in the Qur’an, which enabled me to prepare a volume of references about this study. I prepared the same thing for Manicheism, Harranism and Gnosticism as roots of the Qur’an. I continued my research with the occult religion of Arabia called the Jinn religion, or the religion of Kuhhan, the priests of the Jinn–devils. The affiliation of the family of Mohammed with this religion, and the existence of many of their doctrines in the Qur’an, makes this religion an important root of Islam. These religions were not alone. Another Arabian local religion has obvious roots in the Qur’an. It is the Arabian Star religion, in which Allah was the head; Ellat, the sun, was his wife; and al-'Uzza and Manat, representing two planets, were his daughters. These studies also gave birth to the Religion Research Institute, a scholarly ministry which endeavors to help Christians better understand Islam and its true sources. While this book is still being written, I am in the process of preparing a study course to help those who want to serve among Muslims, and for those who want to help their Muslim friends understand the roots of Islam. I want it to be easier for Muslims to make intelligent 8 PREFACE choices and avoid the trap of the untruthful data which they have inherited. The present text, Islam: In Light of History, has been prepared as an introduction to Islam. It will be part of the Religion Research Institute course to be presented in the first year of our curriculum. Though I mention some of the sources of the Qur’an in this book, this present text is not intended to cover the sources of the Qur’an, something that I am going to treat in a future publication. I am indebted to all those who edited, reviewed and stood behind me in this work. Finally, the book would never have been written without those who held me before the throne of grace continually in prayer. May the Lord use this effort to enlighten many to the truth. Dr. Rafat Amari, 2004 9 ISLAM IN LIGHT OF HISTORY Introduction More than 1.5 billion people of the world’s population face toward Mecca when they pray. They believe that the city of Mecca was visited by Abraham with his son, Ishmael, who, according to Mohammed's claim in the Qu'ran, built the first temple, called Kaabah. According to his claim, Mecca would have been a flourishing city in western Arabia ever since the 21st century, B.C., which was the time in which Abraham lived, although there is no historical documentation to support this claim. The claim itself was conceived at the time of Mohammed by four people who called themselves “Ahnaf.” We read in the narration of the life of Mohammed, called Ibn Hisham, and written during the 8th century A.D., that the Honafa’, or Ahnaf, was a small group “started when four persons at Mecca agreed on some ideas. Those four were Zayd bin Amru bin Nafil, Waraqa bin Naufal, Ubaydullah bin Jahsh and Uthman Bin al- Huwayrith. They all died as Sabians.”1 The four founders of Ahnaf were relatives of Mohammed, descendants of Loayy, one of Mohammed’s ancestors.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bauhistorische Untersuchungen Am Almaqah-Heiligtum Von Sirwah Vom
    BAUHISTORISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN AM ALMAQAH-HEILIGTUM VON SIRWAH VOM KULTPLATZ ZUM HEILIGTUM Von der Fakultät Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen und Stadtplanung der Brandenburgischen Technischen Universität Cottbus zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Dipl.-Ing. Nicole Röring geboren am 18.01.1972 in Lippstadt Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Adolf Hoffmann Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Rheidt Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 06.10.2006 Band 1/Text In Erinnerung an meinen Vater Engelbert Röring Zusammenfassung Das Almaqah-Heiligtum von Sirwah befindet sich auf der südarabischen Halbinsel im Nordjemen etwa 80 km östlich der heutigen Hauptstadt Sanaa und ca. 40 km westlich von Marib, der einstigen Hauptstadt des Königreichs von Saba. Das Heiligtum, dessen Blütezeit auf das 7. Jh. v. Chr. zurückgeht, war dem sabäischen Reichsgott Almaqah geweiht. Das Heiligtum wird von einer bis zu 10 m hoch anstehenden und etwa 90 m langen, gekurvten Umfassungsmauer eingefasst. Im Nordwesten der Anlage sind zwei Propyla vorgelagert, die die Haupterschließungsachse bilden. Quer zum Inneren Propylon erstreckt sich entlang der Westseite eine einst überdachte Terrasse mit unterschiedlichen Einbauten. Kern der Gesamtanlage bildet ein Innenhof, der von der Umfassungsmauer mit einem umlaufenden Wehrgang gerahmt wird. Den Innenhof prägen unterschiedliche Einbauten rechteckiger Kubatur sowie insbesondere das große Inschriftenmonument, des frühen sabäischen Herrschers, Mukarrib Karib`il Watar, das eins der wichtigsten historischen Quellen Südwestarabiens darstellt. Die bauforscherische Untersuchung des Almaqah-Heiligtums von Sirwah konnte eine sukzessive Entwicklung eines Kultplatzes zu einem ‘internationalen’ Sakralkomplex nachweisen, die die komplexe Chronologie der Baulichkeiten des Heiligtums und eine damit einhergehende mindestens 1000jährige Nutzungszeit mit insgesamt fünfzehn Entwicklungsphasen belegt, die sich wiederum in fünf große Bauphasen gliedern lassen.
    [Show full text]
  • La Regina Di Saba
    Pubblicazione a cura dell’Ambasciata dello Yemen a Roma via A. Bosio 10 - 00161 Roma Tel. 06 44231679 Fax 06 44234763 www.yemenembassy.it BILQISYemen La Regina di Saba N. 3 – Giugno 2013 BILQIS 1 Staff dell’Ambasciata dello Yemen a Roma Personale Diplomatico Ministro Plenipotenziario Omar Saba’a, Vice Capo Missione Consigliere Ahmed Al-Assry, Console e Addetto finanziario Consigliere Haytham Abdulmomen Hassan Shoja’aadin Affari Economici e Organizzazioni Internazionali Terzo Segretario Abdullah Al-Na’ami, Affari Culturali e Organizzazioni Internazionali Staff locale Ilaria Gemma Ilenia Sanzò Muna Al-Haidari Progetto grafico e impaginazione a cura di: Riccardo de Conciliis richi80gmail.com Da oggi sarà possibile accedere alla versione online di Bilqis in qualunque momento grazie al codice QR sotto riportato, che nei prossimi numeri troverete sul retro della copertina. Il funzionamento è molto semplice: 1 - scaricate gratuitamente il software per leggere il Codice QR-Code 2 - il software scelto si autoistalla (operazione da effettuarsi una sola volta) 3 - aprite l’applicazione scaricata 4 - inquadrate il Codice QR-Code 5 - consultate il magazine online L’Ambasciata della Repubblica dello Yemen a Roma declina ogni responsabilità su contenuti e pensieri espressi dai singoli autori. Editoriale Vice Capo Missione Omar Saba’a ari amici, questo è il terzo numero di Bilqis, un magazine pensato per fungere Cda ponte tra noi e i tanti amici dello Yemen in Italia. Nonostante gli ostacoli che si sono frapposti lo scorso anno lungo il no- stro cammino e gli eventi negativi e i cambiamenti che si sono verificati sia in Yemen che in Italia, la volontà del comitato di redazione è rimasta inalterata e, al contrario, ha tratto nuovi input dalle vostre osservazioni e dai vostri preziosi contributi per lavorare ancora più alacremente a questo progetto e produrre i risultati che tutti auspicavamo.
    [Show full text]
  • Searching for the Islamic Episteme: the Status of Historical Information in Medieval Middle-Eastern Anthological Writing
    SEARCHING FOR THE ISLAMIC EPISTEME: THE STATUS OF HISTORICAL INFORMATION IN MEDIEVAL MIDDLE-EASTERN ANTHOLOGICAL WRITING Dagmar A. Riedel Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, Indiana University August 2004 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. V \W\ \ Jamshtejl K. Choksy, Ph.D., Chairman -^S alm an al-Ani, Ph.D. Doctoral Committee Richard W. Bulliet, Ph.D. (Columbia University) Paul E. Losei 20 August 2004 with distinction Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © 2004 Dagmar A. Riedel ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. p. iii Dagmar A. Riedel Searching for the Islam ic Epistem e: The Status of H istorical Inform ation in M edieval M iddle-Eastern Anthological W riting This is a study of two compilations that originated in western Iran before the Mongol conquest. The research contributes to the ongoing discussion of the organization and preservation of knowledge in literate societies. The Muhadarat al-udaba’ wa-muhawarat al-shucara‘ wa-l-bulagha* (Conversations among Men of Letters and Debates between Men of Poetry and Rhetoric) is a major anthology of literary Arabic, ascribed to the lexicographer and philosopher Abu al-Qasim al-Raghib al-Isfahani (d. before 1050?). The Rahat al-sudur wa-ayat al-surur (Comfort of Hearts and Wonder of Delights) is a Persian miscellany about the Great Seljuq sultanate that Muhammad al-Rawandl (d.
    [Show full text]
  • The-Degradation-Of-History-English.Pdf
    The Degradation of History Violations Committed by the Warring Parties against Yemen’s Cultural Property November 2018 www.mwatana.org Mwatana for Human Rights released this report with support from : Table of Contents 6 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 44 CHAPTER II: CITIES LISTED ON THE 11 LACK OF ACCOUNTABILITY WORLD HERITAGE LIST 13 CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 46 - CITY OF SHIBAM – HADHRAMAUT 14 - CULTURAL PROPERTY 48 - AL QASIMI NEIGHBORHOOD IN THE OLD CITY 15 - CULTURAL HERITAGE OF SANA’A 15 - TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE 51 - AL FOULAIHY NEIGHBORHOOD – OLD CITY OF 15 - INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE SANA’A 53 - HOUSE IN THE OLD CITY OF SANA’A 16 METHODOLOGY OF THE REPORT 55 CHAPTER III: MONUMENTS 18 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 56 - KAWKABAN FORTRESS 21 RECOMMENDATIONS 58 - DAR AL-HAJAR PALACE – LAHIJ 22 - TO ALL PARTIES TO THE CONFLICT IN YEMEN 60 - THE PALACE OF THE ABDALI SULTAN – LAHIJ 22 - TO ANSAR ALLAH GROUP (HOUTHIS) 62 - AL QAHIRAH (CAIRO) CASTLE – TAIZ 23 - TO ANSAR AL-SHARIA GROUP AND AL- 66 - SALH CASTLE – TAIZ QAEDA 69 - AL SINNARA CITADEL IN THE A’ABLA’SITE – 23 - TO THE YEMENI MILITARY FORCES SA’ADA UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF PRESIDENT 71 - AL QEFEL SITE – SA’ADA HADI AND THE AFFILIATED ARMED GROUPS 73 - TOURISTIC PIER – ADEN (THE GROUP OF ABU ABBAS IN TAIZ - AND POPULAR RESISTANCE IN THE REST OF 76 CHAPTER IV: RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS YEMEN) 77 - AL HADI MOSQUE – SA’ADA 23 - TO THE COALITION COUNTRIES LED BY THE 81 - AL MAATBIYA MOSQUE - TAIZ KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA AND THE UNITED 83 - AL-ASHRAFIYA MOSQUE AND MADRASSA ARAB EMIRATES 85 - THE MUDHAFFAR
    [Show full text]
  • Histoire Du Yémen
    Histoire du Yémen L'histoire du Yémen est particulièrement complexe et d'autant mal connue que les sources sont relativement rares et parcellaires. Les premières traces archéologiques de présence humaine semble remonter à 700 000 ans av. J.-C. comme l'atteste le site de Hadramaout dans le Wadi Dowan (est du pays). On a également découvert plusieurs sites rupestres à Saada datant de près de 7 000 ans av. J.-C., comportant également de nombreux outillages de pierres néolithiques dans le désert du Khub Al-Khali (nord-est du Yémen). Enfin, les préhistoriens pensent que la domestication du bétail a dû se faire à la même époque comme l'atteste les traces découvertes dans le Khawlan (nord-ouest du Yémen). L'Âge de bronze semble commencer entre 3 000 et 1 200 ans av. J.-C. car les archéologues ont retrouvé des idoles en bronze sur des sites de petits villages qui pratiquaient déjà l'agriculture irriguée. On sait également que c'est durant cette époque que des populations sémitiques (Sémites) achevèrent leur longue immigration. Ainsi, le Yémen vit le développement de ce qu'on appelle la culture de Sabr le long du littoral. Le premier véritable royaume du Yémen est le premier royaume sabéen de Mareb vers -1500 av. J.-C. Selon les spécialistes, l'épisode biblique de la visite de la Reine de Saba à Jérusalem pour voir le Roi Salomon (fin xe siècle av. J.-C.) tendrait à montrer la puissance de ce royaume de Saba. Encore faut-il être prudent car l'identification du royaume de Sabé à celui du royaume de Saba n'est pas certaine puisque la première réelle mention du royaume de Saba provient des inscriptions assyriennes de -750 av.
    [Show full text]
  • L'hydraulique Dans Les Civilisations Anciennes
    Pierre-Louis VIOLLET L’HYDRAULIQUE DANS LES CIVILISATIONS ANCIENNES 5 000 ans d’histoire Il est interdit de reproduire intégralement ou partiellement la présente publication sans autorisation du Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC, 20 rue des Grands-Augustins, 75006 Paris, Tél. : 01 44 07 47 70/Fax : 01 46 34 67 19). © 2004 ISBN 2-85978-397-0 (2e édition revue et corrigée) ISBN 2-85978-335-0 (1re édition) 28, rue des Saints-Pères 75007 Paris Imprimé en France Pour Dominique-Marie, avec qui j’ai partagé ce voyage Remerciements Je voudrais remercier les archéologues et spécialistes des civilisa- tions anciennes, les ingénieurs intéressés par l’histoire de l’hydraulique, qui m’ont bien souvent, fait part de résultats inédits. Merci donc à Gilbert Argoud, Frank Braemer, Corinne Debaine-Francfort, Bernard Geyer, Philippe Leveau et, tout particulièrement, à Günther Garbrecht avec qui j’ai entretenu une correspondance suivie, et qui m’a fourni une abondante documentation sur les résultats de ses propres travaux en Égypte, en Pales- tine et en Anatolie, ainsi qu’à Jean-Claude Margueron qui m’a ouvert sa bibliothèque personnelle sur la Mésopotamie et avec qui j’ai entretenu de passionnantes discussions. Felipe Martinez et Cristobal Mateos m’ont gracieusement communiqué plusieurs ouvrages et articles sur les anciens ouvrages hydrauliques en Espagne, et je les en remercie. Merci également au personnel du Centre de documentation contemporaine et historique de l’École nationale des ponts et chaussées, qui a facilité mes recherches dans le fonds ancien. Comme cet ouvrage est une synthèse, il me faut enfin rendre hommage à tous ceux qui, par leurs travaux sur le terrain ou penchés sur des textes anciens, ont amassé la somme de connaissances sans lesquelles ce livre n’aurait pu exister.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabic Manuscripts Handbook of Oriental Studies
    Arabic Manuscripts Handbook of Oriental Studies Section 1, The Near and Middle East Edited by H. Altenmüller B. Hrouda B.A. Levine R.S. O’Fahey K.R. Veenhof C.H.M. Versteegh VOLUME 98 Arabic Manuscripts A Vademecum for Readers By Adam Gacek LEIDEN • BOSTON 2009 On the cover: Detail of Tab. 47a, see page 262. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gacek, Adam. Arabic manuscripts : a vademecum for readers / by Adam Gacek. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1, the Near and Middle East ancient Near East ; v. 98) Summary: The main sequence is comprised of approximately 200 entries dealing with almost all aspects of Arabic manuscript studies (codicology and paleography); includes appendices covering abbreviations, letterforms, surah-headings, major reference works, and a guide to the description of manuscripts, as well as charts of major historical periods and dynasties. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-17036-0 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Manuscripts, Arabic—History—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Paleography, Arabic—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Codicology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. II. Series. Z115.1G33 2009 011’.31—dc22 2009010953 ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN 978 90 04 17036 0 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • The Degradation of History | Mwatana for Human Rights 11/23/18, 307 PM
    The Degradation of History | Mwatana for Human Rights 11/23/18, 307 PM العربية Home About Press Release Reports Messages Blogs Events Articles Multimedia The Degradation of History Violations Committed by the Warring Parties against Yemen’s Cultural Property http://mwatana.org/en/the-degradation-of-history-2/ Page 1 of 69 The Degradation of History | Mwatana for Human Rights 11/23/18, 307 PM Sana’a – Thursday, November 15, 2018 Historical Background: Yemen is the cradle of one of the oldest civilizations known to man in the Middle East. Historical sources indicate that the science of history of the Arabian Peninsula was prominent in the south[1]. This civilization relied on trade, mining, agriculture and urbanization, which enabled it to create a stable society that recorded this development and transferred its accumulated experience through history. A portion of this experience has been transferred out of Yemen, at varying intervals, with humans migrating north[2]. Given the climate of Yemen, which is directly linked to the influence of the monsoon, agriculture flourished in this country, and its inhabitants developed effective irrigation methods such as canals and dams. This agricultural prosperity had a direct impact on the social relations that created a system of intangible heritage http://mwatana.org/en/the-degradation-of-history-2/ Page 2 of 69 The Degradation of History | Mwatana for Human Rights 11/23/18, 307 PM associated with rituals of worship, irrigation and harvesting. The work in the field imposed a wider participation of women[3] outside their households, along with the men. As evidenced by monuments and inscriptions, the old and stable Yemen gave a great deal of space to the participation of women in the public sphere, culminating in the assumption of power by women.
    [Show full text]
  • WALTER W. M¨ULLER S¨UDARABIEN IM ALTERTUM AUSGEW¨AHLTE UND KOMMENTIERTE BIBLIOGRAPHIE DER JAHRE 1973 Bis 2011 Stand
    WALTER W. MULLER¨ SUDARABIEN¨ IM ALTERTUM AUSGEWAHLTE¨ UND KOMMENTIERTE BIBLIOGRAPHIE DER JAHRE 1973 bis 2011 Stand: 23.04.2014 DEUTSCHES ARCHAOLOGISCHES¨ INSTITUT ORIENT-ABTEILUNG Epigraphische Forschungen auf der Arabischen Halbinsel Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Instituts von Norbert Nebes WALTER W. MULLER¨ Sudarabien¨ im Altertum Ausgew¨ahlte und kommentierte Bibliographie der Jahre 1973 bis 2011 unter Mitarbeit von Peter Blank herausgegeben von Norbert Nebes 2013 1. Bibliographie A 1. Ab¯az.a, F. `U., At{tadahhul al–aˇgnab¯ıf¯ıl{Yaman f¯ınih¯ayat `ahd al{h. ad. ¯araal{qad¯ıma wa{mawqif aˇs{ˇsa`bal{yaman¯ıiz¯a'ah¯u:MaˇgallatDir¯as¯atal{H˘˘ al¯ıˇgwal{Gaz¯ıraal{`Arab¯ıyaˇ (Journal of the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies) 4, no.˘ 16 (Oct. '78), p. 65{94 [Uber¨ die Invasionen und Okkupationen des Jemen durch die R¨omer, Abessinier und Perser]. 2. Ab¯az.a, F. `U., At-Tadahhul al-aˇgnab¯ıf¯ıl-Yaman f¯ınih¯ayat `ahd h. ad. ¯aratih¯ıal-qad¯ımawa- ˘˘ mawqif aˇs-ˇsa`bal-yaman¯ıiz¯a'ah¯u:S. an‘¯a'.Al-h. ad. ¯arawat-ta'r¯ıh. Ra'¯ısat-tah. r¯ırS. ¯alih. `Al¯ı ˘ B¯as.urra. Vol. 1. S. an‘¯a''05, p. 1{31 [Uber¨ die Einmischung ausl¨andischer M¨achte in der Sp¨atzeit des antiken Sudarabien¨ und die Einstellung der Jemeniten ihnen gegenuber].¨ 3. `Abdal`al¯ım,M. K., Tiˇg¯aratal–ˇgaz¯ıraal{`arab¯ıya ma`a Mis.r f¯ıl{maw¯addal{`it.r¯ıya f¯ıl{ `as.rayn al{y¯un¯an¯ıwar{r¯um¯an¯ı:Dir¯as¯atta'r¯ıh al–ˇgaz¯ıraal{`arab¯ıya.
    [Show full text]
  • Islam Ditinjau Dari Pengamatan Sejarah [
    Islam: Ditinjau dari Pengamatan Sejarah Oleh Dr. Rafat Amari Diterjemahkan oleh Adadeh dan Pod Rock Faithfreedom Indonesia http://indonesia.faithfreedom.org/forum 1 | Islam Ditinjau dari Pengamatan Sejarah [http://www.buktidansaksi.com] Daftar Isi Bagian I – Qur‘an yang Tak Dapat Dipertanggungjawabkan dan Para Penulis Hadis Menurut Sejarah 1. Analisa Qur‟an Berdasarkan Catatan Sejarah 2. Para Muslim yang Menulis Ulang Sejarah Islam Bagian II – Sejarah Asli Mekah 1. Apakah Hagar Pergi ke Mekah? 2. Penyelidikan Catatan Sejarah Menunjukkan Mekah Tidak Mungkin Dibangun Sebelum Abad 4M 3. Sejarah dan Arkeologi Arabia Menunjukkan bahwa Mekah Tidak Ada Sebelum Jaman Kristen 4. Tiadanya Keterangan tentang Mekah dalam Arkeologi dari Kota² dan Kerajaan² Kuno Arabia 5. Tiadanya keterangan tentang Mekah di berbagai catatan sejarah Negara² yang Menguasai Arabia 6. Penelitian Prasasti Assyria juga Tak Menemukan Keterangan tentang Mekah di Jaman Kuno 7. Catatan Sejarah Bangsa Kaldea Juga Tidak Mencantumkan Keterangan Apapun tentang Mekah di Abad ke-7 dan 6 SM 8. Tiadanya Perdagangan di Mekah 9. Alkitab dan Pengakuan Muslim tentang Mekah Kuno 10. Sejarah Sebenarnya Pembangunan Ka‟bah di Mekah Bagian III – Ka‘bah dan Allah sebagai Ungkapan Ibadah Bintang Arabia 1. Ka‟bah adalah Bangunan Ibadah Bintang Arabia 2. Siapakah Allah yang Disembah di Arabia? Bagian IV – Perihal Keturunan Ismael dan Islam 1. Keturunan Ismael dan Keberadaannya Sepanjang Sejarah 2. Pendapat yang Mengakui Orang Arab adalah Keturunan Ismael dan Ismael adalah Dasar Agama Monotheisme 3. Membantah Pernyataan Islam tentang Muhammad sebagai Keturunan Ismael 4. Sejarah Quraysh Tidak Menyertakan Hubungan Darah dengan Ismael Bagian V – Haji, Klenik Umra‘, dan Ramadan 1. Ibadah Haji dalam Islam 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Qur'ānic Geography
    Qur'ānic Geography Independent Scholars Press QG15.indd 1 2/20/2011 3:15:53 PM QG15.indd 2 2/20/2011 3:15:53 PM Qur'ānic Geography A SURVEY AND EVALUATION OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES IN THE QUR'ĀN WITH SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS FOR VARIOUS PROBLEMS AND ISSUES DAN GIBSON Independent Scholars Press Canada QG15.indd 3 2/20/2011 3:15:53 PM Qur'ānic Geography by Dan Gibson Copyright © Dan Gibson, 2011 ISP (Independant Scholar’s Press is an imprint of CanBooks, Saskatoon, Can- ada.) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys- tem, or transmitted in any form, by any means, electronic, mechanical, pho- tocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the pub- lisher, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles or reviews. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gibson, Daniel 1956 - Qur'ānic Geography: a survey and evaluation of the geographical references in the Qur'ān with suggested solutions for various problems and issues. / Dan Gibson p. cm. - (Studies in antiquity and early Islam) Includes bibliographic references and index. ISBN: 978-0-9733642-8-6 1. Islamic Empire - History 622-661 2. Islamic Empire - History 661-750 - Historiography. 3. Middle East - Civilization - History - To 622 - Historiography For further orders contact: www.canbooks.ca Printed by Friesens Book Division, Altona, Manitoba, Canada QG15.indd 4 2/20/2011 3:15:53 PM In memory of my father, David J. Gibson, who worked so long and hard on matching the Edomites with the Hyksos.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 HLD PATRON Gelding 424 103IG43 2003 2 Part Arab WATERLEA
    Discipline: Endurance Ranking / Standing Name: Open Horse World Endurance Ranking Ranking / Standing Date: 31/12/2016 (include validated results from 01/01/2016 to 31/12/2016) Ranking / Standing No: 12 Rank Horse Points FEI pass No Birth Sex Breed Studbook Sire Dam Dam's Sire 1 HLD PATRON 424 103IG43 2003 Gelding 2 WATERLEA DAWN 390 103NK09 2005 Gelding Part Arab Lormar Shaman Akala TREADER 3 CHE NIEBLA 388 104DN93 2003 Mare 4 E DA FUICA 381 104RH81 2009 Mare ANGLO ARAB AA ORLANDO I FUICA IRONICO 4 EVER GOLD 381 104ZP56 2009 Mare ARABIAN AGIL ASALAH SULBAH COMAR DION 6 DUDE FREE GOLD 379 104YV21 2008 Gelding ARABIAN PADRONS DESTINY SAIZAHRA UNKNOWN 7 JQ ZARIAL 377 103UA23 2006 Mare 8 POLY DE COAT FRITY 370 103GN49 2003 Gelding Anglo-Arabe AA FADASIR, AR KALOUGA DE BRIGHT SILVER KERGOET, PS 9 ZAMBA II 369 104NB96 2007 10 TALENT DE JANSAVIS 357 104NB64 2006 Gelding ARABE KHADAR TAKITA KALYPSO*HN 11 ROUCHKA DE LUC 342 103SP86 2005 Gelding ARAB KHADAR TOUCHKA II ASPIC 12 AM MYSTERIOUS MOPSA 334 103WV40 2007 Mare ARABIAN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 13 ANTALL DE JALIMA 322 FRA42989 1999 Gelding CHEVAL ANTIBES (NL ) AR PIREVA (AR) ARABE 14 MY HORSE 318 104PL93 2006 Arabe Barbe TAKI QUATIA 15 KAYO 315 103RJ12 2000 Mare Purebred arab Hillmann Kismana Kismet 15 TAM TAM TOKAY 315 104GM23 2007 Gelding DEMI-SANG BALTZIK AR ADELE - O N C ARABE PONEY 15 MA RUSTICO 315 103ZI80 2007 Gelding 18 LYRICAL BREEZE 308 103OU06 2006 Gelding CALIF EL MASAN SONG OF WIND 18 BEY GIBBY 308 103CX69 2001 Gelding ARABIAN GIBSON BEY PALOMA GRANDE PADRON HALLELUIAH 20 IMOSEC
    [Show full text]