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Histoire Du Yémen

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Histoire Du Yémen Histoire du Yémen L'histoire du Yémen est particulièrement complexe et d'autant mal connue que les sources sont relativement rares et parcellaires. Les premières traces archéologiques de présence humaine semble remonter à 700 000 ans av. J.-C. comme l'atteste le site de Hadramaout dans le Wadi Dowan (est du pays). On a également découvert plusieurs sites rupestres à Saada datant de près de 7 000 ans av. J.-C., comportant également de nombreux outillages de pierres néolithiques dans le désert du Khub Al-Khali (nord-est du Yémen). Enfin, les préhistoriens pensent que la domestication du bétail a dû se faire à la même époque comme l'atteste les traces découvertes dans le Khawlan (nord-ouest du Yémen). L'Âge de bronze semble commencer entre 3 000 et 1 200 ans av. J.-C. car les archéologues ont retrouvé des idoles en bronze sur des sites de petits villages qui pratiquaient déjà l'agriculture irriguée. On sait également que c'est durant cette époque que des populations sémitiques (Sémites) achevèrent leur longue immigration. Ainsi, le Yémen vit le développement de ce qu'on appelle la culture de Sabr le long du littoral. Le premier véritable royaume du Yémen est le premier royaume sabéen de Mareb vers -1500 av. J.-C. Selon les spécialistes, l'épisode biblique de la visite de la Reine de Saba à Jérusalem pour voir le Roi Salomon (fin xe siècle av. J.-C.) tendrait à montrer la puissance de ce royaume de Saba. Encore faut-il être prudent car l'identification du royaume de Sabé à celui du royaume de Saba n'est pas certaine puisque la première réelle mention du royaume de Saba provient des inscriptions assyriennes de -750 av. J.-C. Toutefois, on note du XIIe au xe siècle av. J.-C. l'essor des premières inscriptions monumentales dans les cités littorales qui connaissent vers -750 av. J.-C. un essor architectural remarquable basé sur la pierre. On remarquera la corrélation entre cet essor bâtisseur, qui pourrait avoir nécessité un pouvoir central organisé, et l'apparition concommitante dans les inscriptions du titre de "Mukkarib" (unificateur). Les premiers jalons historiques avérés datent de -716 av. J.-C. lorsque le Mukkarib Yâthiamar, roi de Saba, paie tribut à l'Assyrien Sargon II. Est-ce lui qui finança le creusement à la même époque d'une prise dans le rocher de la rive sud du wadi Dahana ? Actuellement, celle-ci est intégrée dans l'écluse méridionale de la digue de Mareb. De fait, de nombreux historiens pensent que cette prise d'eau constituait peut-être un des premiers éléments d'un barrage, ce qui ferait de ce dernier le premier barrage connu construit au monde. Déjà, des forces centrifuges semblent menacer l'unité du royaume puisque vers - 700 av. J.-C., Karibîl Watar, fils Dhamar'alî, lance deux campagnes contre la ville de Nashan pour réduire les vélléités d'indépendance de celle-ci. Il fit appel à l'aide de la cité d'Haram et de Dekaminahû. Puis, de -689 à -681 av. J.-C., il fonda l'empire Sabéen avec pour capitale Maryab (ou Mareb), après avoir détruit le royaume d'Awsân. Il s'agit du premier État yéménite unifié réellement attesté. Cet empire subit une attaque d'Hadramaout qui établit une brève domination au milieu du vie siècle av. J.-C. avec deux rois étrangers qui siègent sur le trône de Maryab. Ils durent faire aussi face à la pénétration d'une nouvelle tribu étrangère (d'origine arabe ?), celle de Ma'în qui s'installa à Qarnaw et fonda un nouveau royaume concurrent. Elle dominait les villes de Yathill (Barâqish) et Nashan (As- Sawdâ). Toutefois, ce royaume très commerçant reconnut la suzeraineté du Royaume de Saba et en devint semble-t-il son vassal. Cet âge de propérité semble se terminer au ve siècle av. J.-C. avec une violente période de guerre et d'instabilité. Les royaumes sudarabiques de Saba, Qataban, Maïn et Hadramaout luttent les uns contre les autres pour asseoir leurs dominations sur la région et provoquent un abandon massif des sites de Kuhâl, Arârat, Kutal, Inabba. Ce qui prouve l'importance de cette lutte violente. Finalement, c'est le royaume Qataban qui l'emporta et fondit une hégémonie qui dura de -500 à -110 av. J.-C. Durant l'ère Qataban, période d'apogée artistique pour le Yémen, une nouvelle monnaie est fabriquée au milieu du ive siècle av. J.-C. Cela tend à montrer la vitalité des échanges commerciaux caravaniers entre le Yémen et l'ensemble de la péninsule arabique. Mais la puissance de Qataban doit composer avec les autres royaumes certes assujettis mais relativement autonomes et qui entretiennent des relations complexes entre eux. Cela les empêche de faire face efficacement à des périls extérieurs. Ainsi, vers -200 av. J.-C., le royaume de Haram est détruit par l'invasion de plusieurs tribus arabes, notamment celle d'Amîr. Ces tribus, qui seront rapidement soumises sous la tutelle sabéenne, imposent de nouveaux cultes comme le montre le temple principal de Haram dans lequel le culte de Matabnatiyân est remplacé par celui de Halfân, divinité des nouveaux venus. Finalement, c'est au iie siècle av. J.-C. que s'unifie réellement les royaumes yéméniques sous la domination de Saba. Même si ce dernier ne peut empêcher l'intrusions de nouvelles tribus arabes dans le Jawf, Saba impose peut à peu son pouvoir. Avec la disparition en -120 av. J.-C. du royaume de Ma'in, c'est l'ensemble du Jawf qui est sous le contrôle de Saba. L'aristocratie sabéenne s'approprie les régions de Nashan, Nashq et Manhiyat ; le reste est abandonné aux tribus nomades. Quant à Qataban, il sombre et éclate avec la sécession de Himyar en -110 av. J.-C. qui le supplante et met fin à son hégémonie. La période suivante semble être marquée au début par de nombreux bouleversements importants car avec la chute de Qataban s'ensuit la destruction de nombreux sites majeurs comme celle de Raybun au Hadramaout. La nouvelle donne permet également l'éclosion du petit royaume d'Awsan. Mais finalement, c'est une nouvelle ère de prospérité commerciale et caravanière qui s'ouvre grâce à deux facteurs majeurs : d'une part l'expansion croissante de l'Empire romain qui, avec la prise de l'Égypte et de l'Asie Mineure, offre un débouché commercial gigantesque et, d'autre part, le développement de la Chine et de l'Inde. De fait, le Yémen se découvre une place de carrefour central majeure qui dynamise ses villes. Cela explique la tentative avortée de Rome de mettre sous tutelle cette région en lançant en -26 av. J.-C. une expédition dirigée par Aelius Gallus qui occupa un temps Nashan et Yathill. Dès lors, le royaume d'Hadramaout se lança dans une politique hégémonique au début du Ier siècle ap. J.-C. sous le règne de Yashurîl Yuharish qui étendit son pouvoir désormais jusqu'au Zafâr omanais. Devant sa puissance, les petits royaumes encore indépendant s'unirent à l'instar de Himyar et de Zafâr. Cette hégémonie ne se fit pas dans le consensus, bien au contraire comme en témoigne la violence des destructions dans le Jawf (seuls Nashan, Nashq et Manhiyat sont encore habités de manière permanente). De plus, Himyar se lança dans une politique de colonisation en fondant en Érythrée des colonies sur la côte vers 45 ap. J.-C. qui ne subsisteront guère. Le premier signe d'affaiblissement d'Hadramaout semble apparaître en 74 avec la fondation de la principauté de Radmân suivit vers 100 ap. J.-C. de la restauration du Royaume de Saba. Là encore, les conflits durent être violents car d'autres sites furent abandonnés comme Haram et Kaminahû. Mais Hadramaout reprit son contrôle en détruisant définitivement en 175 le Qataban. Seul Himyar semble avoir été suffisamment puissant pour contrer son hégémonie. C'est sous le règne d'Ilî'azz Yalut qu'Hadramaout connut son apogée politique et culturel. Ensuite, c'est un long déclin : En 230, le roi de Saba Sha'r Awtar rompit son alliance avec le Hadramaout et s'empara de Shabwa et de Qâni puis lança les premières expéditions contre les Arabes du désert. Mais le retour en force de Saba ne fut qu'un instant éphémère brisé définitivement par les rois himyarites Yâsir Yuhan'm et son fils Shammir Yuharish qui annexèrent Saba. Ensuite, l'Hadramaout ne put empêcher l'Abyssinie d'occuper de 200 à 275 les côtes du Yémen occidental. Enfin, le conflit inévitable d'Hadramaout contre la puissance montante Himyar vit l'anéantissement du premier. Le souverain Himyarite, Shammir Yuharish, conquérant l'Hadramaout, unifie pour la première fois la totalité de l'Arabie méridionale, formant ainsi l'Empire Himyarite au début du ive siècle. L'Empire Himyarite inaugure la grande période faste du Yémen pré-islamique tant du point de vu de l'étendue de l'Empire, qui recouvre une grande partie du sud de la péninsule arabique, que culturel ou commercial. Mais c'est la question religieuse qui, à bien des aspects, demeure intéressante à étudier : à savoir sur quel terreau cultuel l'Islam a pu s'implanter aussi rapidement et durablement ? Économiquement, il est certain que les échanges se poursuivent même s'il y a de sévères revers. En effet, au ive siècle, le monnayage sud-arabique cesse. Pire, le système d'agriculture irriguée pluriséculaire qui permettait de stopper la désertification croissante de la région tend à être moins bien entretenu : la première rupture de la digue de Mareb eut lieu sous le règne de Tharan Yuhanim en 360 ; la seconde en janvier 456 sous le règne de Sharahbi'îl Ya'far, fils d'Abîkarib As'ad.
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