DOCSLIB.ORG

FORESTS in the CLIMATE CHANGE AGENDA Joining Forces to Achieve SDG15: Delivering on the Global Agenda for Forests, Climate and Development UN System Side Event

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FORESTS in the CLIMATE CHANGE AGENDA Joining Forces to Achieve SDG15: Delivering on the Global Agenda for Forests, Climate and Development UN System Side Event 246ISSN 0041-6436 An international journal of forestry and forest industries Vol. 67 2016/1 FORESTS IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE AGENDA Joining forces to achieve SDG15: Delivering on the global agenda for forests, climate and development UN system side event UNFCCC COP22 Interactive town hall discussion on Marrakech, Morocco REDD+ (reducing deforestation and forest Blue Zone, Arabian Room degradation) and other land-use-related initiatives as powerful catalysts for delivering 16 November 2016 on SDG15 and achieving countries’ Nationally 18.30–20.00 Determined Contributions Moderated by Matt Frei (Channel 4 News) Speakers will include José Graziano da Silva (FAO Director-General) and Erik Solheim (UNEP Executive Director), with an international panel of ministers and high-level representatives from Chad, Costa Rica, Fiji, Ghana, Indonesia, the United Kingdom and other agencies (UNDP and World Bank). 246ISSN 0041-6436 An international journal of forestry and forest industries Vol. 67 2016/1 Editor: S. Lapstun Editorial Advisory Board: S. Braatz, I. Buttoud, P. Csoka, L. Flejzor, T. Hofer, Contents F. Kafeero, W. Kollert, S. Lapstun, D. Mollicone, D. Reeb, S. Rose, J. Tissari, Editorial 2 P. van Lierop Emeritus Advisers: J. Ball, I.J. Bourke, P. Iversen C. Palmberg-Lerche, L. Russo Forests’ role in the climate change agenda 3 Regional Advisers: F. Bojang, P. Durst, A.A. Hamid, J. Meza A. Cattaneo and L. Lipper Incorporating forest landscapes into climate-smart Unasylva is published in English, French agricultural strategies 12 and Spanish. Subscriptions can be obtained by sending an e-mail to [email protected]. M.J. Sanz and J. Penman Subscription requests from institutions An overview of REDD+ 21 (e.g. libraries, companies, organizations, universities) rather than individuals are M.J. Sanz preferred to make the journal accessible to UN-REDD, the United Nations programme to reduce emissions more readers. from deforestation and forest degradation (2008–2015) 31 All issues of Unasylva are available online free of charge at www.fao.org/forestry/ G. Muir, J. Murray, E. Sartoretto, D. Hewitt, R. Simpson and J. Fox unasylva. Comments and queries are welcome: Coordinating climate action: experiences from REDD+ [email protected]. and FLEGT 37 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information C.S. Silori, K. Wiset, B.H. Poudyal and T. Vu product. Except where otherwise indicated, Grassroots facilitators as agents of change for promoting material may be copied, downloaded and sustainable forest management: lessons learned from REDD+ printed for private study, research and teaching capacity development in Asia 45 purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate J. Bervoets, F. Boerstler, M. Dumas-Johansen, A. Thulstrup acknowledgement of FAO as the source and and Z. Xia copyright holder is given and that FAO’s Forests and access to energy in the context of climate change: endorsement of users’ views, products or the role of the woodfuel sector in selected INDCs in services is not implied in any way. The designations employed and the sub-Saharan Africa 53 presentation of material in this information W. A. Kurz, C. Smyth and T. Lemprière product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Climate change mitigation through forest sector activities: Agriculture Organization of the United Nations principles, potential and priorities 61 (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or J. Loo of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation Forest genetic resources and adaptation to climate change 68 of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of C. O’Donnell, J. Recharte and A. Taber specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does Climate change, mountain people and water resources – not imply that these have been endorsed or the experiences of the Mountain Institute, Peru 75 recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. FAO Forestry 81 The FAO publications reviewed in Unasylva World of Forestry 83 are available on the FAO website (www.fao. org/publications) and can be purchased through Books 85 [email protected]. Cover: Trees cling to the slopes of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, United States of America © Roy Luck EDITORIAL lmost one year has passed since the parties to the United capacities and the involvement of grassroots stakeholders, thereby Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change improving implementation. (UNFCCC) met in Paris and agreed to make a collec- In turn, Bervoets, Boerstler, Dumas-Johansen, Thulstrup and Ative endeavour to limit temperature increases to below 2 °C. Xia shed light on an important concern for many African coun- But between the intention and its realization lies a great deal of tries, namely woodfuel. They stress the importance of factoring uncharted territory, and it is useful to map out what has already woodfuel into the climate change equation, including both the been accomplished. This issue of Unasylva comes just a few extent to which it is contributing to emissions and the role that days after the Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November it can play as a substitute for fossil fuels. 2016 and coincides with the 22nd Conference of the Parties of The article by Kurz, Smyth and Lemprière provides a different UNFCCC (COP 22), which will be decisive for the effective perspective on wood, looking specifically at the role of harvested implementation of the agreement. wood products to maximize the displacement of emissions from The articles cover a range of aspects relating to the role of other sectors, and the accounting principles involved. forests in the climate change agenda. Together they provide a Strategies to deal with climate change must take a range of areas comprehensive overview, both for those already versed in the into account in order to be successful. Loo’s article highlights complexities of the issues and those who would like to gain a the adaptation potential of forest genetic resources, as well as better grasp of them. Readers will be able to gain better insight their importance in the tree-planting efforts needed for climate into the background and status of ongoing climate negotiations, change mitigation. the functioning of mechanisms and initiatives such as Reducing The final article describes some effective adaptation measures emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+), for coping with the tangible effects of climate change, presenting and where these stand in the international architecture. They the case of mountain areas in Peru that are already witnessing will also discover several interesting and innovative success significant glacial retreat and glacial lake outburst floods. stories that point the way to some avenues for further exploration. These and other types of climate-change-related phenomena The introductory article, by Iversen, provides a snapshot of will spread and increase as temperatures rise, and the many the main international agreements relating to climate change, effects of climate change are only just beginning to be felt glob- the place of forests within these agreements, and the obstacles ally. This issue of Unasylva cautions that we will have to work that remain to be overcome. Although the UNFCCC has long faster, more collaboratively and in a more integrated way if we recognized forests’ key role in climate regulation, accurate are to successfully tackle the enormous challenge that is facing and comparable monitoring and reporting are still a challenge. us today. u The second article, by Cattaneo and Lipper, identifies further challenges. Arguing that the drivers of deforestation and for- est degradation are often situated outside the forest sector, it highlights the need to look at land use through a broad lens and build the synergies between forestry and agriculture. Sanz and Penman give a detailed account of REDD+, argu- ably the most important mitigation initiative involving forests, and explain its role in providing a framework and guidance for countries to develop concrete action plans. Sanz then looks specifically at UN-REDD, a multilateral programme that supports over 60 partner countries in meeting their REDD+ commitments. Muir, Murray, Sartoretto, Hewitt, Simpson and Fox explore REDD+ from another angle, making a convincing case for strengthening its interlinkages with the European Union’s Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) initiative. Whereas REDD+ provides incentives to keep forests stand- ing, FLEGT improves the functioning of the market for forest products by eliminating illegal timber. Viet Nam, Honduras and Côte d’Ivoire are examples of countries that are successfully developing synergies between the two. Silori, Wisyet, Poudyal and Wu also share noteworthy examples of the application of REDD+ on the ground, looking at several Asian countries where efforts are being made to strengthen the 3 © FAO/GIULIO NAPOLITANO Forests’ role in the climate change agenda P. Iversen Where and how forests fit into the orest ecosystems are affected by stabilizing greenhouse gas concentration main international agreements climate change, e.g. changes in levels in the atmosphere at a level that on climate change. temperature, changes in precipita- would prevent dangerous anthropogenic Ftion patterns and an increasing frequency interference with the climate system, to of extreme weather events. At the same be achieved within a timeframe sufficient time, forest ecosystems remove signifi- to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to cant amounts of greenhouse gases, mostly climate change. Exactly what this means in CO2, from the atmosphere through forest practice is not explained, but the 197 coun- growth, afforestation and reforestation, tries that have ratified and become Parties and add to them through deforestation and to the Convention have nevertheless agreed forest degradation. to work towards this objective, with dif- The United Nations Framework Conven- fering responsibilities for developed and tion on Climate Change (UNFCCC)1 was developing countries.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Towards Forestry Information Dissemination and Communication Strategies: New Partners, Priorities and Technologies
    Towards forestry information dissemination and communication strategies: new partners, priorities and technologies Produced by: Forestry Department Title: Forestry extension... Español Français More details Towards forestry information dissemination and communication strategies: new partners, priorities and technologies S.A. Dembner and J. Anderson Stephen A. Dembner is Publications and Information Coordinator and Editor of Unasylva in the FAO Forestry Department, Rome. Jon Anderson is Extension Officer in the FAO Forest Resources Division, Rome. Note: This article is adapted from a paper prepared for the XX IUFRO World Congress, held in Tampere, Finland, in August 1995. Needs and opportunities for forestry information dissemination and communication strategies are evolving in response to broad changes in the world forestry debate, particularly with regard to new partners, new priorities and new communication technologies. An analysis of the situation and the evolving response from FAO. Changes in the world of forestry, including increasing concern for sustainable and more diversified management of forest ecosystems encompassing wood and non-wood products and benefits, are resulting in new demands on the sector and in the expansion of the people involved in forest management. These trends are exemplified by the priorities affecting forestry that emerged from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), or the Earth Summit, in 1992. Recognition of the important role of multiple partners in sustainable forest management - including local people, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the private sector as well as governments - is resulting in an expansion of the audiences for forestry information and in a need for communication based on dialogue, feedback and flexibility.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Perennial Trees for the Balance of Northern European Agricultural Landscapes
    42 The importance of perennial trees for the balance of northern European agricultural landscapes F. Herzog The environmental, socio- n temperate agricultural land- ate Europe. It consists of fruit-trees that cultural and economic functions scapes, forests as well as trees and are scattered (gestreut in German) on ag- of Streuobst, hedgerows and Ishrubs outside forests are indispen- ricultural land, as also expressed in Spain riparian buffers. sable for maintaining the equilibrium by the term árboles en diseminado. The between the landscape’s productive French and the English terms près ver- and ecosystem regulation functions. gers and “fruit-tree meadows” basically The amount, type and arrangement of designate the same system, but are re- woody perennials on farmland depend stricted to fruit-trees on grassland. The mainly on the farmers’ decisions. But trees, however, can also be underplanted other social groups and the authorities with arable crops. This was common intervene as well, because trees have practice until the early twentieth cen- always attracted public attention. tury. Today, Streuobst most frequently In the twentieth century, trees have occurs on grassland. been increasingly removed from Euro- Typically Streuobst consists of com- pean agricultural landscapes, mainly mon fruit-trees with densities of 20 to because of agricultural mechanization, 100 trees per hectare. Rows of fruit-trees land reallocations and the increasing along streets are also considered a form specialization of farming enterprises. of Streuobst. Fruit-trees in home gar- In recent years, however, enhanced dens, on the other hand, are not, nor are awareness of the functions of trees in intensively managed orchards consist- agricultural landscapes has provoked ing of trees managed exclusively for efforts to conserve them.
    [Show full text]
  • Observations on Forest Certification
    Session I, Section C Observations on Forest Certification B. BRUCE BARE College of Forest Resources University of Washington, Seattle This paper is an adaptation of a Powerpoint presenta- tion on forest certification. It is a brief tutorial for intro- WHAT IS IT? ducing forest certification and discusses the pros/cons of certification as well as the relationship to other policy • Process by which a forest owner tools such as forest conservation easements, Habitat voluntarily requests an inspection of a Conservation Plans, cost sharing, and forest practice forest to determine if pre-defined management standards are being met. regulations. • Process for assessing if a forest is managed sustainably. • A way to communicate environmental information about forests to consumers. OUTLINE • What is it? • Purpose and approaches? • Who sets the guidelines? • Costs and benefits? and consumers of forest products demand certified prod- • Relationship to incentives and regulations? ucts, forest certification could effectively become re- quired for forest owners who wish to retain market share. Forest certification is a means of communicating to buyers of forest products that the forest (producing the products) is being managed in a sustainable manner. Many owners claim that they have been managing their The topics covered in this presentation include: forests sustainably for years and, therefore, see no rea- 1. A definition of forest certification and its relationship son to become certified. This misses the point. Certifi- to sustainable forestry. cation is a mechanism to communicate this information 2. The approaches various organizations adopt to to consumers even if it does not significantly change on- certify forests. the-ground management practices of an owner who is already practicing sustainable forestry.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from the Potential to Mitigate Anthropogenic Impacts and Improve Human Well-Being
    SCIENCE ADVANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE APPLIED ECOLOGY Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; Global restoration opportunities in tropical exclusive licensee American Association rainforest landscapes for the Advancement Pedro H. S. Brancalion1*, Aidin Niamir2, Eben Broadbent3, Renato Crouzeilles4,5,6, of Science. No claim to 7 8 9 10 original U.S. Government Felipe S. M. Barros , Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano , Alessandro Baccini , James Aronson , Works. Distributed 11 10 4,5,6 12 1,4,13,14,15 Scott Goetz , J. Leighton Reid , Bernardo B. N. Strassburg , Sarah Wilson , Robin L. Chazdon under a Creative Commons Attribution Over 140 Mha of restoration commitments have been pledged across the global tropics, yet guidance is needed NonCommercial to identify those landscapes where implementation is likely to provide the greatest potential benefits and License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). cost-effective outcomes. By overlaying seven recent, peer- reviewed spatial datasets as proxies for socioenviron- mental benefits and feasibility of restoration, we identified restoration opportunities (areas with higher potential return of benefits and feasibility) in lowland tropical rainforest landscapes. We found restoration opportunities throughout the tropics. Areas scoring in the top 10% (i.e., restoration hotspots) are located largely within conservation hotspots (88%) and in countries committed to the Bonn Challenge (73%), a global effort to restore 350 Mha by 2030. However, restoration hotspots represented only a small portion (19.1%) of the Key Biodiversity
    [Show full text]
  • References AFFORESTATION
    AFFORESTATION Drawdown Technical Assessment References Agyeman, V. K., Marfo, K. A., Kasanga, K. R., Danso, E., Asare, A. B., Yeboah, O. M., & Agyeman, F. (2003). Revising the taungya plantation system: new revenue-sharing proposals from Ghana. Unasylva, 54(1), 40-43. Aide, T. M., Zimmerman, J. K., Pascarella, J. B., Rivera, L., & Marcano-Vega, H. (2000). Forest regeneration in a chronosequence of tropical abandoned pastures: implications for restoration ecology. Restoration ecology, 8(4), 328-338. Aide, T. M., Clark, M. L., Grau, H. R., López-Carr, D., Levy, M. A., Redo, D., ... & Muñiz, M. (2013). Deforestation and reforestation of Latin America and the Caribbean (2001–2010). Biotropica, 45(2), 262- 271. Baccini, A. G. S. J., Goetz, S. J., Walker, W. S., Laporte, N. T., Sun, M., Sulla-Menashe, D., ... & Houghton, R. A. (2012). Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps. Nature Climate Change, 2(3), 182-185. Backéus, S., Wikström, P., & Lämås, T. (2005). A model for regional analysis of carbon sequestration and timber production. Forest ecology and management,216(1), 28-40. Balooni, K., (n.d.) Economics of wastelands afforestation in India, a review. New Forests 26, 101–136. doi:10.1023/A:1024494010538 Barford, C. C., Wofsy, S. C., Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Pyle, E. H., Urbanski, S. P., ... & Moore, K. (2001). Factors controlling long-and short-term sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in a mid-latitude forest. Science, 294(5547), 1688-1691. Betts, R. A. (2000). Offset of the potential carbon sink from boreal forestation by decreases in surface albedo.
    [Show full text]
  • Reshaping the Terrain Forest and Landscape Restoration in Burkina Faso 1
    Reshaping the terrain Forest and landscape restoration in Burkina Faso 1 GLF Factsheet | August 2018 Reshaping the terrain Forest and landscape restoration in Burkina Faso Mathurin Zida* Construction of half-moon anti erosion micro basins 2, Djibo area, Burkina Faso Introduction Land degradation is a key issue in Burkina Faso’s sustainable development equation. Recent analyses show that degradation occurs at a rate of about 470,000 ha per year, affecting 51,600 km2, 19 percent, of the national territory (MEEVCC 2018). The annual price tag is estimated to be equal to 26 percent of the country’s gross domestic product (Global Mechanism of the UNCCD 2018). Huge efforts have been undertaken by numerous stakeholders to tackle the problem. Currently, Burkina Faso is taking advantage of the Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) program, with which it aligned in 2016, by setting its national voluntary goals and identifying measures to achieve them by 2030 (SPONG and CARI 2017; MEEVCC 2018; UNCCD 2018). Reforestation efforts Examples of on-going restoration-related projects include: Neer-Tamba project in North, Center North and An analysis of degradation trends conducted East regions; ProSol project in Haut-Bassin region; EBA- between 2002 and 2013 revealed that degrada- FEM project in Boucle du Mouhoun and Sahel regions; tion hot-spots exist throughout the country’s three Forest Investment Program (FIP) in Boucle du Mouhoun, eco-regions – the Sahelian, Sudano-Sahelian and Center West, South West and East regions; Great Green Sudanese zones – with varying levels of severity Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative (GGWSSI) in (MEEVCC 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • 300 Years of Sustainable Forestry FAO Forestry’S Video Library
    ISSN 0041-6436 Food and Agriculture An international journal Vol. 64 Organization of forestry and forest of the United Nations industries 2013/1 240 300 YEARS OF SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY FAO Forestry’s video library FAO Forestry is developing a library of beautifully made videos, such as those shown below, on various aspects of sustainable forest management. Check out this rich resource and use it to help educate others on the importance of forests. www.fao.org/forestry/74648/en/ Forests for food security and nutrition International Day of Forests Forests for people Edible insects Turning the tide on desertification in Africa Soil carbon and climate change The future of the Russian Federation's forests Protecting Mongolia’s forests ISSN 0041-6436 Food and Agriculture An international journal Vol. 64 Organization of forestry and forest of the United Nations industries 2013/1 240 Editor: A. Sarre Editorial Advisory Board: P. Csoka, L. Flejzor, T. Hofer, F. Kafeero, W. Kollert, Contents E. Rametsteiner, S. Rose, A. Sarre, J. Tissari, P. van Lierop, P. Vantomme, M.L. Wilkie Editorial 2 Emeritus Advisers: J. Ball, I.J. Bourke, C. Palmberg-Lerche, L. Russo Regional Advisers: F. Bojang, P. Durst, M. Saket F. Schmithüsen Three hundred years of applied sustainability in forestry 3 Unasylva is published in English, French and Spanish. Free subscriptions can be obtained C. Küchli by sending an e-mail to [email protected]. The Swiss experience in forest sustainability and adaptation 12 Subscription requests from institutions (e.g. libraries, companies, organizations, universities) rather than individuals are preferred to make the J.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Outcome of Afforestation Programs in Ontario, Canada
    Growing our future: Assessing the outcome of afforestation programs in Ontario, Canada by Georgina K. Magnus1, Elizabeth Celanowicz1, Mihai Voicu1, Mark Hafer1,*, Juha M. Metsaranta3, Andrew Dyk1 and Werner A. Kurz1 ABSTRACT The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) requires its signatories, including Canada, to estimate and report their annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals. Forests are an important natural resource as they slow the accumulation of atmospheric carbon through the process of carbon sequestration. Due to the role of forests as carbon sinks, governments consider afforestation projects as feasible climate change mitigation strate- gies. This article outlines a spatially-explicit approach to validating afforestation data in Ontario, Canada. Validation is a user-supervised process that uses satellite imagery, remote sensing tools, and other auxiliary data to confirm the presence of seedlings planted through Forests Ontario’s 50 Million Tree program. Of the 12 466 hectares assessed, 83% is identified as afforested, 6% is not afforested and 10% is not determined. The area classified as successful afforestation is used as input for the Generic Carbon Budget Model (GCBM), to simulate afforestation effects on carbon stocks. Our findings show the afforestation activities will create a small carbon sink by 2060. From this project, it is evident that spatial vali- dation of afforestation data is feasible, although the collection of additional standardized auxiliary data is recommended for future afforestation projects, if carbon benefits are to be reported. Keywords: afforestation, carbon sequestration, CBM-CFS3, climate change mitigation RÉSUMÉ La Convention cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) exige que ses signataires évaluent et déclarent annuellement leurs émissions et annuelles de leur absorption de gaz à effet de serre (GES).
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Certification and the Green Economy
    17 Forest certification and the green economy M.K. Muthoo More investment in forest orest certification is a soft policy market access through the economically certification could pay dividends instrument that seeks to use assess- viable, environmentally appropriate and in the quest for a more ments of forest management, the socially beneficial management of trees, prosperous, sustainable world. Fverification of legality, chains of custody, forests and related renewable resources. ecolabelling and trademarks to promote Forest certification, therefore, can be the sustainable management, conservation a pragmatic instrument for harnessing and development of forests in a holistic market forces, public opinion and civil manner without compromising the rights, The ultimate objective of forest resources or requirements of present and certification should be to Maharaj K. Muthoo is President of the future generations. It aims to encourage "improve the quality of life without Roman Forum, Rome. ethical trade and commerce and improve using up an unsustainable share of the planet’s resources" FAO/M. MUGISHAFAO/M. Unasylva 239, Vol. 63, 2012/1 18 society in support of sustainable forest to a greener economy. Certification can requirements and management systems. management (SFM). also help ensure that forests are not only Standards-setting is a multi-faceted pro- SFM systems supported by forest certi- well-managed but also properly valued cess involving the custodians of the forest fication conform with the green economy by markets. Healthy forests and their sus- and related resources, owners, workers and paradigm because they appropriately tainable management, assured by forest managers, local communities and societ- balance the social, economic and envi- certification, can contribute to the goals ies, retailers and consumers, producers ronmental dimensions of development.
    [Show full text]
  • How Are Wood and Non-Wood Forest Products Utilized in the Czech Republic? a Preliminary Assessment of a Nationwide Survey on the Bioeconomy
    sustainability Article How Are Wood and Non-Wood Forest Products Utilized in the Czech Republic? A Preliminary Assessment of a Nationwide Survey on the Bioeconomy Ratna C. Purwestri , Miroslav Hájek *, Miroslava Šodková and Vilém Jarský Faculty Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Praha 6–Suchdol, Czech Republic; purwestri@fld.czu.cz (R.C.P.); sodkova@fld.czu.cz (M.Š.); jarsky@fld.czu.cz (V.J.) * Correspondence: hajek@fld.czu.cz; Tel.: +420-224-383-707 Received: 13 November 2019; Accepted: 8 January 2020; Published: 11 January 2020 Abstract: The Czech forests occupy 33.7% of the total country area; thus, wood and non-wood forest products (NWFPs) are important resources for the country. To date, the country has not adopted a forest bioeconomy strategy. A forest bioeconomy is defined as all activities that relate to the forest ecosystem services (FES). This study aimed to provide an initial evaluation regarding the use of forest products and related factors, and to make recommendations on developing wood consumption and promoting other FES for the adoption of a forest bioeconomy strategy in the country. The research study was part of a nationwide survey in June 2019. An online panel of 1050 respondents aged 18–65 years old was recruited based on a quota sampling procedure. Wood products were the most preferred material for furniture (96.3%) and building materials (46.3%). In total, 38.6% of Czech residents used wood as a source of energy, mostly in the form of firewood. It is challenging to switch the practice from using fossil-based heating to wood boiler energy source.
    [Show full text]
  • Shifting Cultivation, Livelihood and Food Security
    Shifting Cultivation, Livelihood and Food Security New and Old Challenges for Indigenous Peoples in Asia Shifting Cultivation, Livelihood and Food Security: New and Old Challenges for Indigenous Peoples in Asia Across South and Southeast Asia a large number of people depend for their livelihood and food security fully or partly on shifting cultivation. The actual number of these people is not known. Since reliable data does not exist, only rough estimates can be made. For Southeast Asia, the number of shifting cultivators has been estimated to lie between 14 and 34 million people.1 For South Asia no such estimate was made, but there too, shifting cultivators must number at least several millions. The majority of the people practicing shifting cultivation in South and Southeast Asia belong to ethnic groups that are referred to as ethnic minorities, tribal people, hill tribes, aboriginal people or, as they increasingly call themselves, Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous Peoples in Asia comprise two thirds of the world’s estimated 370 million indigenous people. The form of land use we are concerned with here is sometimes also called rotational farming, swidden farming/agriculture or slash-and-burn agriculture. The latter carries a negative connotation, reflecting the widespread prejudicial view that it is a destructive and wasteful form of agriculture. Shifting cultivation comes in variations that are as diverse as the people who practice it. What these forms of land use all have in common is: 1. The removal of the natural vegetation (usually forest or shrub land), in most cases by cutting and subsequent burning 2. An alternation between a short duration of cultivation and a comparatively long duration of bush or forest fallow 3.
    [Show full text]
  • FSC User-Friendly Guide to FSC Certification for Smallholders
    Forest Stewardship Council FSC user-friendly guide to FSC certification for smallholders Make more out of your forests! FSC Technical Series No. 2009 - T003 The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an independent, FORWORD non-governmental, not for profit organization established to promote the responsible management of the world’s FSC developed this guide to help smallholders to gain better access forests. It provides standard setting, trademark assurance to FSC certification and its benefits, since access to certification can and accreditation services for companies and organizations be more challenging than for larger enterprises. interested in responsible forestry. FSC’s efforts to encourage smallholders into FSC certification are guided by the FSC Global Strategy which outlines five clear goals. Products carrying the FSC label are independently certified Goal 2 is to ensure equitable access to the benefits of the FSC to assure consumers that they come from forests that are system. FSC will develop additional mechanisms to distribute the managed to meet the social, economic and ecological needs benefits from FSC certification more evenly across the supply chain. FSC will also become a more viable and attractive solution for forest of present and future generations. managers in tropical regions and increase its relevance to small forest owners, community or low intensity managed forests. FSC would like to express its gratitude to the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) for the financial support that made this guide possible. Special thanks also go to UNEP and CIFOR for their institutional support. Produced by FSC International Center GmbH, 1st edition, November 2009 FSC’S VISION The world’s forests meet the social, ecological and Funded by GEF through UNEP, coordinated by economic rights and needs of the present generation without CIFOR and supported by ProForest compromising those of future generations.
    [Show full text]