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Colombia: a Country Study Within the Framework of the Evaluation of the Netherlands Government’S Policy on Tropical Rainforests

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Colombia: a Country Study Within the Framework of the Evaluation of the Netherlands Government’S Policy on Tropical Rainforests Colombia: A Country Study within the Framework of the Evaluation of the Netherlands Government’s Policy on Tropical Rainforests Gommert Mes (Alverna Beheer S.A., Costa Rica, independent consultant) Marjol van der Linden (IOB) San José – Bogotá – The Hague February 2008 Colombia: A Country Study within the Framework of the Evaluation of the Netherlands Government’s Policy on Tropical Rainforests Contents Acronyms and abbreviations iv Executive summary vii 1 Introduction 12 1.1 Background and justification 12 1.2 Objectives and central questions 12 1.3 Organisation and approach 13 1.4 Scope and limitations 17 1.5 Structure of this report 17 2 General context of Colombia 18 2.1 Geographical, social and economic features 18 2.2 Historical background, conflict and human rights 20 2.3 Economic background 21 3 Forests and forestry in Colombia 23 3.1 Forest ecosystems 24 3.2 Rainforests 25 3.3 Economic aspects of forests and forestry 30 3.4 Forestry policy and planning 31 3.5 Institutional framework 32 3.6 Present status of the environment and forests 36 3.7 International conventions related to forests 38 4 Development cooperation between Colombia and the Netherlands 39 4.1 Present situation 40 4.2 Netherlands ODA to Colombia 40 4.3 Sectors of Colombia–Netherlands development cooperation 42 4.4 Environmental SWAp 46 5 Netherlands support to tropical rainforests in Colombia 46 5.1 Desk study 47 5.2 Policy dialogue and legal issues 54 5.3 Bilateral RTR commitments 57 5.4 Regional and worldwide RTR commitments 72 5.5 Field visit to Colombia and project survey 80 6 Findings and conclusions 85 6.1 Relevance 85 6.2 Efficiency 88 6.3 Effectiveness 88 References 90 ii Colombia: A Country Study within the Framework of the Evaluation of the Netherlands Government’s Policy on Tropical Rainforests Annexes 1 Terms of reference 93 2 People and organisations visited 117 3 Programme of meetings, interviews and field visits in Colombia 119 4 List of selected projects and activities in Colombia 121 5 Survey and other communications emailed to informants and project implementers announcing the evaluation 127 6 Matrix of desk study of project appraisal memoranda (Bemos) 132 7 Netherlands bilateral programmes in Colombia on human rights, good governance and peace, and the private sector 145 8 Categories of protected areas in Colombia 149 iii Colombia: A Country Study within the Framework of the Evaluation of the Netherlands Government’s Policy on Tropical Rainforests Acronyms and abbreviations ACIF Asociación Colombiana de Ingenieros Forestales (Colombian Association of Forestry Engineers) ACTO Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organisation (Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica, OTCA) Alterra Research institute of WUR for the green living environment AUC United Self-defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) BBI Beleidsprogramma Biodiversiteit Internationaal (International Policy Programme on Biodiversity) Bemo Beoordelingsmemorandum (project appraisal memorandum) CAR Corporación Autónoma Regional (Regional Autonomous Corporation) CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CIAF Centro Interamericano de Fotointerpretación (Interamerican Center for Photointerpretation) CIPAV Centro de Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Producción Agropecuaria (Centre for Research in Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems) COAMA Consolidation of the Colombian Amazon programme COCOMACIA Consejo Comunitario Mayor de La Asociación Campesina Integral del Atrato (Communal High Council of the Integral Farmers Association of the Atrato) CODEBA Corporación para la Defensa de la Biodiversidad Amazónica (Corporation for the Defense of the Amazonian Biodiversity) CONPES Consejo Nacional para la Política Económica y Social (National Board for Economic and Social Policies) COP Colombian peso CRIVA Consejo Regional Indígena del Vaupés (Regional Indigenous Council of the Vaupés) DANE Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (National Administrative Department of Statistics) DGIS Directorate General for Development Cooperation DNP Departamento Nacional de Planeación (National Planning Bureau) EC-LNV Expertise Centre of the Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality Ecofondo Environmental, private non-profit corporation that manages (international) funding in the public interest FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FBC Fondo Biocomercio (Biotrade Colombia Fund) FNA Foro Nacional Ambiental (National Forum for Environment) FSC Forest Stewardship Council FUNBAP Fundación Fondo de Apoyo a la Biodiversidad y las Areas Protegidas (Biodiversity and Protected Areas Trust Fund) FUNDAGER Fundación Ambiental Grupos Ecológicos de Risaralda (Environmental Foundation of Ecological Groups in Risaralda) GEF Global Environment Fund GTZ German Technical Cooperation Agency HDI Human Development Index HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries IADB Inter-American Development Bank IAvH Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos, Alexander von iv Colombia: A Country Study within the Framework of the Evaluation of the Netherlands Government’s Policy on Tropical Rainforests Humboldt (AvH Biological Resources Research Institute) IDEAM Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (Institute for Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies) IGAC Instituto Geográfico ‘Agustín Codazzi’ (Geographical Institute ‘Agustín Codazzi’) IIAP Instituto de Investigaciones Ambientales del Pacifico (Environmental Research Institute of the Pacific) IMF International Monetary Fund INDERENA Instituto Nacional de los Recursos Naturales Renovables y del Medio Ambiente (National Institute of Renewable Natural Resources and Environment) INVEMAR Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (Institute for Marine and Coastal Research) IOB Inspectie Ontwikkelingssamenwerking en Beleidsevaluatie (Policy and Operations Evaluation Department) IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (part of the World Bank Group) ITC International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature – World Conservation Union IUCN/SUR IUCN Regional Office for South America (Quito, Ecuador) MADR Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) MAVDT Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial (Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development) NC-IUCN Netherlands Committee of IUCN NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NUFFIC Netherlands Organisation for International Cooperation in Higher Education NTFP non-timber forest product OAPN Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de España (National Park Administration, Spain) ODA Official Development Assistance OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PDF-A Project Development Facility A, a GEF project preparation fund PNDF Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Forestal (National Forestry Development Plan) PROFORIS Information System on Activities on International Nature, Forest and Biodiversity funded by the Netherlands Government PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PUM Programma Uitzending Managers, Netherlands Management Cooperation Programme RTR Regeringsstandpunt Tropisch Regenwoud (Netherlands Government’s Policy on Tropical Rainforests) SENA Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (National Service for Learning) SFM Sustainable forest management SIAC Sistema de Información Ambiental de Colombia (Environmental Information System of Colombia) SIAOD Sistema de Información de la Asistencia Oficial para el Desarrollo (Information System on ODA of the International Cooperation Directorate of Acción Social) SIB Sistema de Información sobre Biodiversidad de Colombia (Information System on Biodiversity in Colombia) v Colombia: A Country Study within the Framework of the Evaluation of the Netherlands Government’s Policy on Tropical Rainforests SINA Sistema Nacional Ambiental (National Environmental System) SINAP Sistema Nacional de Areas Protegidas (National System of Protected Areas) SINCHI Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicos (Amazon Institute of Scientific Research) SNV Netherlands development organisation (formerly Stichting Nederlandse Vrijwilligers’ or Foundation of Netherlands Volunteers) SWAp Sector-Wide Approach TFAP (PAFC) Tropical Forestry Action Plan (Plan de Acción Forestal para Colombia) TRF tropical rainforest UAESPNN Unidad Administrativa Especial del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales (Special Administrative Unit for the System of National Natural Parks) UNAL Universidad Nacional de Colombia (National University of Colombia) UNFF United Nations Forum of Forests UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UTCH Universidad Tecnológica del Chocó (Technological University of Chocó) WRM World Rainforest Movement WUR Wageningen University and Research Centre vi Colombia: A Country Study within the Framework of the Evaluation of the Netherlands Government’s Policy on Tropical Rainforests Executive summary This report presents the findings of a country study in Colombia as part of the evaluation by the IOB of the Netherlands government’s policy on tropical rainforests (Regeringsstandpunt Tropisch Regenwoud, RTR). The overall objective of the evaluation is to get an understanding of the relevance, efficiency and effectiveness of ODA inputs for the conservation of the tropical rainforest. The main goal of the study was to assess the activities of the Colombia–Netherlands development cooperation between 1999 and 2005 targeting tropical rainforests
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