DOCSLIB.ORG

Nyumunc Viii 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nyumunc Viii 1 nyumunc viii 1 nyumunc viii Dear Delegates, Welcome to NYUMUNC VIII’s (Holy) Roman Empire Committee! We are extremely excited to share with you our vision of this committee and look forward to seeing where you choose to take it over the course of the weekend. We stand against five other civilizations who all claim to be the greatest of the era, however it is through our actions and great debate that we will exclaim our superiority over all. My name is Ayushi Mathur, and I am extremely honored to serve as your Chair for this year’s conference. Hailing from New Jersey, I am a second year Pre-Health student majoring in Biochemistry and Mathematics here at NYU. As someone who has served as a delegate for many years, I look forward to finding myself on the other side of the dais and moderating an exciting and achieving committee. I am Nickson Chong, and I have the great honor of serving as your Crisis Director for the (Holy) Roman Empire in the eighth annual NYU Model United Nations Conference. I was raised in Houston, Texas, and I am currently a third year studying Economics and Real Estate. I served on four conferences over two years, once as a Chair and this conference will be my second as Crisis Director. I look forward to the conference, and I wish you all the best of luck. This committee stands in a time of great competition and excitement as five major empires battle to hold the title as victor. The Crusades have put everyone in an unique predicament of skepticism and unknown. It is your mission, as members of the empire with the greatest moral conviction, to prove your standing and ensure that nobody questions it ever again. With the Lord and us by your side, you have all the resources you need to take over this JCC. The fate of the (Holy) Roman Empire rests in your hands. Those of us who have worked on creating this committee in order to provide you with the greatest experience at the conference, wish you the best of luck in your aspiration to be the greatest of all time. We aim to provide you with meaningful and entertaining discussions. We look forward to meeting you all. If you have any questions, comments or concerns, then please feel free to contact us. Best, Ayushi Mathur Nickson Chong Chair Crisis Director NYUMUNC VIII NYUMUNC VIII [email protected] [email protected] 2 nyumunc viii kingdom’s power once more. Charlemagne History extended the borders of the Franks through During the age of the Roman the conquests of the Gaul, Germany, as well Empire, a mix of tribes known as the Franks as Italy. In addition to his military inhabited the lands between the lower and expansionism, he incorporated different middle Rhine as well as the Northern part of peoples of Eastern Europe such as the Serbs Roman Gaul. Historically, the Franks were and Avars into his Kingdom. In 774 CE, known to be one of the first German tribes Charles created an Alliance with the Papacy, that inhabited the region, but were and created a papal state in central Italy. incorporated into the dominion of the So on Christmas Day of 800 CE, Roman Empire during Julius Caesar’s Pope Leo III proclaimed Charlemagne as military expansion in the Gaul, also known the first Holy Roman Emperor, thus as modern day France. establishing the Holy Roman Empire. As the Roman Empire steadily Charlemagne’s great achievements of declined onto the third century CE, the reuniting Western Europe under one power Franks made frequent raids and pillages earned him the title of Holy Roman within Roman territory, for the Romans Emperor which was fortified with religious were in a position that they could no longer power by the Catholic Church. heavily fortify their vast borders. The Unfortunately, the reunification established Roman Empire eventually fell with the fall by Charlemagne was short lived in 840 CE of Rome in 476 CE. The vast territories the when the Empire was divided up by his Romans conquered were now divided up grandchildren who contested power to the with Latin and non-Latin tribes no longer throne. Charles II was given the West, Louis under the reign of Rome. II was given the East, and Lothar was given During the 5th and 6th centuries CE, the Italian province who ultimately the Franks expanded into modern day inherited the title of Holy Roman Emperor. France and Belgium as well as the northern The Holy Roman Empire went part of Spain. These successful military through subsequent divisions because of campaigns were orchestrated by Clovis I of competition over the Holy Roman throne, the Merovingian Dynasty who consolidated which dissolved the authority of the Frankish power by uniting all of Gaul. At the Carolingians. New powers rose within the time, many Franks were pagans, but it was Empire such as the Saxons and Normans not until Clovis converted to Christianity and it was not until 881 CE that Carolingian that the Franks began their conversion to power had dissolved completely after the Christianity as well. reign of Charles III. However, during the early 8th During Louis the Pious’ reign after Century, political and internal division Charlemagne, he had the duty to handle the within the Frankish Kingdom caused the fall Civil War brought upon by his competitive of the Merovingian Dynasty. As the sons over the Holy Imperial Throne. In 829, Merovingians lost power, the noble family Louis the Pious gave his son, Charles, the of the Carolingians took control of what kingdom of Alemannia which infuriated his remained of the Frankish Kingdom. One competitive brother a co-emperor alongside certain ruler of the new dynasty, Charles Louis, Lothair. A civil war was underway later known as Charlemagne, reunited all because of the sons’ political competition the territories of the Franks expanding the over the rights of the empire. It was not 1 nyumunc viii until 830 CE, that Louis the Pious pardoned dominating the other kingdoms in Europe. but banished Lothair to Italy that the civil Many of the greatest reformers of the war ended with the remaining rebels taken period, including the abbots of Cluny, care of. supported the Empire and even looked to its However, another revolt erupted in emperor rather than the pope as the 832 CE when another son, Louis the primary leader of morality, ethics and Latin German gathered an army to conquer the Christendom. The Empire safeguarded the kingdom of Swabia before the emperor papal states; and while the papacy remained could intervene. In response, Louis the under this imperial protection, it easily Pious declared his son, Charles, king of became prostrated under the authority of Aquitaine. Soon enough in 833, all sons the Empire. including Lothair were involved in the Disgruntled over an unfavorable second Civil war over total control of the peace treaty, which made his territory a kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire. vassal under Otto I, Beranger II invaded the Lothair wanted to usurp his father's Papal States of Italy. In 960, Pope John XII, authority, but Louis the Pious made peace like many popes before him, needed with his sons in 836 CE by dividing the assistance against Italy’s enemies and again empire further between all of them. appealed to a strong German ruler, Otto I. In 839 CE, another great civil war By 961, Otto I conquered the Kingdom of broke out once more because of the unfair Italy and extended the Empire’s borders division of land amongst Louis the Pious’ throughout much of Europe. During his and empire. Louis the Pious favored his son his successors reign, a cultural explosion Charles more by giving him most of the that saw a flourishing of the arts and inheritance. Louis the German prompted architecture swept throughout the Empire. another invasion and the other sons joined Such patronage and great achievements had the revolt as well to claim more territory not been seen since the glory days of within the empire. Lothair for the first time Charlemagne, thus Otto I was crowned as allied with his father to quell the rebellion in the Holy Roman Emperor in 962 CE by exchange for a better inheritance of the Pope John XII. With his coronation, the empire. Louis the Pious was able to put Kingdom of Germany and the Kingdom of down the revolt and for the last time divided Italy united under a common realm, which his empire further between his sons in an would later be called the (Holy) Roman attempt to end hostilities between them. Empire, and sparked the reanimation of a Peace did not last long, for the Christian emperor and imperium competitive ambitions of Louis’ sons Christianum. continued after his death in 840 CE. Revolts Otto II and Otto III, son and erupted over more territory in the Holy grandson of Otto I, regarded the imperial Roman Empire, but in 843 CE, the Treaty of crown as a mandate to control the papacy. Verdun divided the empire into three realms They dismissed Popes at their will and between Louis’ sons. Finally, the long appointed replacements that were more competitive quarrels ended over the Holy congenial to their individual campaigns. The Roman throne with Charles III becoming Roman Emperor’s power to pick and select the new Holy Roman Emperor. Popes and their control of most of central From 962 to 1046, the (Holy) Europe raised the German Empire to higher Roman Empire saw the height of its power, levels of prestige and admiration.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Normans and the Papacy
    Normans and the Papacy A micro history of the years 1053-1059 Marloes Buimer S4787234 Radboud University January 15th, 2019 Dr. S. Meeder Radboud University SCRSEM1 V NORMAN2 NOUN • 1 member of a people of mixed Frankish and Scandinavian origin who settled in Normandy from about AD 912 and became a dominant military power in western Europe and the Mediterranean in the 11th century.1 1 English Oxford living dictionaries, <https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/norman> [consulted on the 19th of January 2018]. Index INDEX 1 PREFACE 3 ABBREVIATIONS 5 LIST OF PEOPLE 7 CHAPTER 1: STATUS QUAESTIONIS 9 CHAPTER 2: BATTLE AT CIVITATE 1000-1053 15 CHAPTER 3: SCHISM 1054 25 CHAPTER 4: PEACE IN ITALY 1055-1059 35 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 43 BIBLIOGRAPHY 47 1 2 Preface During my pre-master program at the Radboud University, I decided to write my bachelor thesis about the Vikings Rollo, Guthrum and Rörik. Thanks to that thesis, my interest for medieval history grew and I decided to start the master Eternal Rome. That thesis also made me more enthusiastic about the history of the Vikings, and especially the Vikings who entered the Mediterranean. In the History Channel series Vikings, Björn Ironside decides to go towards the Mediterranean, and I was wondering in what why this affected the status of Vikings. While reading literature about this conquest, there was not a clear matter to investigate. Continuing reading, the matter of the Normans who settled in Italy came across. The literature made it clear, on some levels, why the Normans came to Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Peter the First Pope?
    G3 2017 Is Peter the First Pope? Turn to Matthew 16 and let’s tackle the Roman Catholic’s best support verse. Debunk their claim in three points: 1. The entire Bible debunks the claim 2. History debunks the claim 3. Peter’s confession debunks the Roman Catholic Church’s claim Matthew 16: 13-19 13 Now when Jesus came into the district of Caesarea Philippi, He was asking His disciples, “Who do people say that the Son of Man is?” 14 And they said, “Some say John the Baptist; and others, Elijah; but still others, Jeremiah, or one of the prophets.” 15 He said to them, “But who do you say that I am?” 16 Simon Peter answered, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” 17 And Jesus said to him, “Blessed are you, Simon Barjona, because flesh and blood did not reveal this to you, but My Father who is in heaven. 18 I also say to you that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church; and the gates of Hades will not overpower it. There have been 260 popes (more if you count the anti-popes). You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church: on the Cathedral ceiling along with “I will give to you the keys of the kingdom of heaven.” Three reasons these verses do not support the office of the papacy: 1. Biblically 2. Historically 3. Confessionally I. The Bible itself debunks the claim: 18 I also say to you that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church; and the gates of Hades will not overpower it.
    [Show full text]
  • Vatican Secret Diplomacy This Page Intentionally Left Blank Charles R
    vatican secret diplomacy This page intentionally left blank charles r. gallagher, s.j. Vatican Secret Diplomacy joseph p. hurley and pope pius xii yale university press new haven & london Disclaimer: Some images in the printed version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. Copyright © 2008 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Set in Scala and Scala Sans by Duke & Company, Devon, Pennsylvania. Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gallagher, Charles R., 1965– Vatican secret diplomacy : Joseph P. Hurley and Pope Pius XII / Charles R. Gallagher. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-300-12134-6 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Hurley, Joseph P. 2. Pius XII, Pope, 1876–1958. 3. World War, 1939–1945— Religious aspects—Catholic Church. 4. Catholic Church—Foreign relations. I. Title. BX4705.H873G35 2008 282.092—dc22 [B] 2007043743 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Com- mittee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my father and in loving memory of my mother This page intentionally left blank contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1 A Priest in the Family 8 2 Diplomatic Observer: India and Japan, 1927–1934 29 3 Silencing Charlie: The Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • The Holy Roman Empire [1873]
    The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Viscount James Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire [1873] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Papal Transitions
    Backgrounder Papal Transition 2013 prepared by Office of Media Relations United States Conference of Catholic Bishops 3211 Fourth Street NE ∙ Washington, DC 20017 202-541-3200 ∙ 202-541-3173 fax ∙ www.usccb.org/comm Papal Transitions Does the Church have a formal name for the transition period from one pope to another? Yes, in fact, this period is referred to by two names. Sede vacante, in the Church’s official Latin, is translated "vacant see," meaning that the see (or diocese) of Rome is without a bishop. In the 20th century this transition averaged just 17 days. It is also referred to as the Interregnum, a reference to the days when popes were also temporal monarchs who reigned over vast territories. This situation has almost always been created by the death of a pope, but it may also be created by resignation. When were the most recent papal transitions? On April 2, 2005, Pope John Paul II died at the age of 84 after 26 years as pope. On April 19, 2005, German Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, formerly prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, was elected to succeed John Paul II. He took the name Pope Benedict XVI. There were two in 1978. On August 6, 1978, Pope Paul VI died at the age of 80 after 15 years as pope. His successor, Pope John Paul I, was elected 20 days later to serve only 34 days. He died very unexpectedly on September 28, 1978, shocking the world and calling the cardinals back to Rome for the second time in as many months.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline1800 18001600
    TIMELINE1800 18001600 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 8000BCE Sharpened stone heads used as axes, spears and arrows. 7000BCE Walls in Jericho built. 6100BCE North Atlantic Ocean – Tsunami. 6000BCE Dry farming developed in Mesopotamian hills. - 4000BCE Tigris-Euphrates planes colonized. - 3000BCE Farming communities spread from south-east to northwest Europe. 5000BCE 4000BCE 3900BCE 3800BCE 3760BCE Dynastic conflicts in Upper and Lower Egypt. The first metal tools commonly used in agriculture (rakes, digging blades and ploughs) used as weapons by slaves and peasant ‘infantry’ – first mass usage of expendable foot soldiers. 3700BCE 3600BCE © PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 1 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 3500BCE King Menes the Fighter is victorious in Nile conflicts, establishes ruling dynasties. Blast furnace used for smelting bronze used in Bohemia. Sumerian civilization developed in south-east of Tigris-Euphrates river area, Akkadian civilization developed in north-west area – continual warfare. 3400BCE 3300BCE 3200BCE 3100BCE 3000BCE Bronze Age begins in Greece and China. Egyptian military civilization developed. Composite re-curved bows being used. In Mesopotamia, helmets made of copper-arsenic bronze with padded linings. Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, first to use iron for weapons. Sage Kings in China refine use of bamboo weaponry. 2900BCE 2800BCE Sumer city-states unite for first time. 2700BCE Palestine invaded and occupied by Egyptian infantry and cavalry after Palestinian attacks on trade caravans in Sinai. 2600BCE 2500BCE Harrapan civilization developed in Indian valley. Copper, used for mace heads, found in Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Sumerians make helmets, spearheads and axe blades from bronze.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Cambridge Medieval History
    The New Cambridge Medieval History The fourth volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History covers the eleventh and twelfth centuries, which comprised perhaps the most dynamic period in the European middle ages. This is a history of Europe, but the continent is interpreted widely to include the Near East and North Africa as well. The volume is divided into two Parts of which this, the second, deals with the course of events, ecclesiastical and secular, and major developments in an age marked by the transformation of the position of the papacy in a process fuelled by a radical reformation of the church, the decline of the western and eastern empires, the rise of western kingdoms and Italian elites, and the development of governmental structures, the beginnings of the recovery of Spain from the Moors and the establishment of western settlements in the eastern Mediterranean region in the wake of the crusades. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 The New Cambridge Medieval History editorial board David Abulafia Rosamond McKitterick Martin Brett Edward Powell Simon Keynes Jonathan Shepard Peter Linehan Peter Spufford Volume iv c. 1024–c. 1198 Part ii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE NEW CAMBRIDGE MEDIEVAL HISTORY Volume IV c. 1024–c. 1198 Part II edited by DAVID LUSCOMBE Professor of Medieval History, University of Sheffield and JONATHAN RILEY-SMITH Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History, University of Cambridge Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa~o Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge ,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/ © Cambridge University Press This book is in copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Papal Overlordship and Protectio of the King, C.1000-1300
    1 PAPAL OVERLORDSHIP AND PROTECTIO OF THE KING, c.1000-1300 Benedict Wiedemann UCL Submitted for the degree of PhD in History 2017 2 I, Benedict Wiedemann, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 3 Papal Overlordship and Protectio of the King, c.1000-1300 Abstract This thesis focuses on papal overlordship of monarchs in the middle ages. It examines the nature of alliances between popes and kings which have traditionally been called ‘feudal’ or – more recently – ‘protective’. Previous scholarship has assumed that there was a distinction between kingdoms under papal protection and kingdoms under papal overlordship. I argue that protection and feudal overlordship were distinct categories only from the later twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. Before then, papal-royal alliances tended to be ad hoc and did not take on more general forms. At the beginning of the thirteenth century kingdoms started to be called ‘fiefs’ of the papacy. This new type of relationship came from England, when King John surrendered his kingdoms to the papacy in 1213. From then on this ‘feudal’ relationship was applied to the pope’s relationship with the king of Sicily. This new – more codified – feudal relationship seems to have been introduced to the papacy by the English royal court rather than by another source such as learned Italian jurists, as might have been expected. A common assumption about how papal overlordship worked is that it came about because of the active attempts of an over-mighty papacy to advance its power for its own sake.
    [Show full text]
  • Coloma Catholic Life
    Series 2 Newsletter 39 11th July 2021 Coloma Catholic Life. Pope Francis Prayer Intention for July: Social Friendship. ‘We pray that, in social, economic and political situations of conflict, we may be courageous and passionate architects of dialogue and friendship.’ Video: https://www.vaticannews.va/en/p ope/news/2021-06/pope-francis- july-2021-prayer-intention-social- The Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel friendship.html The brown Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, according to the Carmelite tradition, was presented by Our Lady to St. Simon Stock, the Tweet: ‘Let us pray for all the sick then Father General on July 16, 1251. Our Lady gave St. Simon a scapular that may no one be left alone, that for the Carmelites with the following promise, saying : "Receive, My everyone receive the anointing of beloved son, this habit of thy order: this shall be to thee and to all listening, closeness and care. We Carmelites a privilege, that whosoever dies clothed in this shall never suffer eternal fire .... It shall be a sign of salvation, a protection in danger, and a can all give it with a visit, a phone pledge of peace." call, an outstretched hand. In these days of being hospitalized, I have Another important aspect of wearing the Scapular is the Sabbatine experienced how important good Privilege. This concerns a promise made by Our Lady to Pope John XXII. In a health care is, accessible to all. This papal letter he issued, he recounted a vision that he had had. He stated precious benefit must not be lost that the Blessed Virgin had said to him in this vision, concerning those who which needs everyone’s wear the Brown Scapular: "I, the Mother of Grace, shall descend on the Saturday after their death and whomsoever I shall find in Purgatory, I shall contribution.’ free, so that I may lead them to the holy mountain of life everlasting." Liturgical Year th Many popes and saints have strongly recommended wearing the Brown Week: 15 of Ordinary Scapular to the Catholic Faithful.
    [Show full text]
  • The Feast Day of St Henry
    On July 13, the Catholic Church celebrates the memory of St. Henry II, a German king who led and defended Eu- rope's Holy Roman Empire at the beginning of the first millennium. St. Henry was born in 972 to Duke Henry of Bavaria and Princess Gisela of Burgundy. During his youth, Henry received both an education and spiritual guidance from a bishop who was himself canonized, St. Wolfgang of Re- gensberg. Henry was an intelligent and devout student, and for a period of time he was considered for the priesthood. St. Wolfgang's lessons in piety and charity left a lasting mark on Henry's soul. But it was ultimately in the political realm, not the Church, that he would seek to exercise these virtues. He took on his fa- ther's position as Duke of Bavaria in 995, one year after St. Wolfgang's death. The Church support- ed his accession to the throne as King of Germany in 1002. As king, Henry encouraged the German bishops to reform the practices of the Church in accordance with canon law. During the same period he is said to have brought a peaceful end to a revolt in his territory, which ended with the king mercifully pardoning the rebels. Henry also acted decisively, but not harshly, against an Italian nobleman who set himself up as a rival king. In 1014, the German king journeyed to Rome where Pope Benedict VIII formally crowned him as head of the Holy Roman Empire. The emperor demonstrated his loyalty to the Pope by confirming Benedict VIII's authority over the city of Rome.
    [Show full text]
  • Town of Bamberg
    Town of Bamberg Bamberg is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is located in Upper Franconia on the river Regnitz, close to its confluence with the river Main. During the post-Roman centuries of Germanic migration and settlement, the region afterwards included in the Diocese of Bamberg was inhabited for the most part by Slavs. The town, first mentioned in 902, grew up by the castle (Babenberch) which gave its name to the Babenberg family. On their extinction it passed to the Saxon house. The area was Christianized chiefly by the monks of the Benedictine Abbey of Fulda, and the land was under the spiritual authority of the Diocese of Würzburg. In 1007, Henry II, King of the Romans, made Bamberg, a family inheritance, the seat of a separate diocese. The emperor's purpose in this was to make the Diocese of Würzburg less unwieldy in size and to give Christianity a firmer footing in the districts of Franconia, east of Bamberg. In 1008, after long negotiations with the Bishops of Würzburg and Eichstätt, who were to cede portions of their dioceses, the boundaries of the new diocese were defined, and Pope John XVIII granted the papal confirmation in the same year. The new cathedral was consecrated May 6, 1012, and in 1017 Henry II founded on Mount St. Michael, near Bamberg, a Benedictine abbey for the training of the clergy. The emperor and his wife Cunigunde gave large temporal possessions to the new diocese, and it received many privileges out of which grew the secular power of the bishop.
    [Show full text]
  • Separation of East and West
    The Great Schism Separation of East and West Wednesday, November 30, 11 Great Schism One of greatest calamities of history of Church. Undermined powers to resist advance of Islam Hastened centralization of Western Church leading to abuses triggering Reformation Traditionally tied to excommunication of Patriarch of Constantinople and act in kind 1054 Actually began 9th century Wednesday, November 30, 11 Photian Schism 9th century drama Photian schism - 863-867 Conflict involves Patriarch Photios I and Pope Nickolas I. Both pious men who were acclaimed as saints and given title Great. Mainly political - Involved primarily ecclesiastical jurisdictional rights of Pope of Rome Wednesday, November 30, 11 Pope Nickolas I Great Known as consolidator of papal authority Empire of Charlemagne had fallen, Christian territory threatened both from north & east, Christendom on brink of anarchy. Christian morality was questioned; many bishops were worldly and unworthy of office. Tried to regain control and restore Church Rebuilt and endowed several churches in Rome, and constantly sought to encourage religious life. Personal life guided by earnest Christian asceticism and profound piety. Highly esteemed by citizens of Rome Wednesday, November 30, 11 Photios the Great Parents martyred for defending use of icons Brilliant and well educated, taught grammar, rhetoric, theology, and philosophy before becoming chief imperial secretary and ambassador to Persia. Patriarch Ignatius resigned. Photios elevated to Patriarch going through all clerical offices in six days. Pope Nicholas felt appointment needed consent of Rome - objected Photius was layperson. Wednesday, November 30, 11 Photios Schism 861, Emperor Michael III (842-867) convened a council known as First-Second Synod.
    [Show full text]