DOCSLIB.ORG

Rome and Constantinople, Popes and Patriarchs, 1204-1453

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rome and Constantinople, Popes and Patriarchs, 1204-1453 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Empires Reshaped and Reimagined: Rome and Constantinople, Popes and Patriarchs, 1204-1453 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Natalie Sherwan 2016 © Copyright by Natalie Sherwan 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Empires Reshaped and Reimagined: Rome and Constantinople, Popes and Patriarchs, 1204-1453 by Natalie Sherwan Doctor of Philosophy, History University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Patrick Geary, Co-chair Professor Claudia Rapp, Co-chair This dissertation discusses the politics of conquest and the strategies of legitimization pursued by Latin, Greek and Slav contenders for hegemonic rule in the northeastern Mediterranean after the collapse of the Byzantine Empire in the wake of the fourth crusade. It reevaluates the relationship between the concepts of empire and Christendom as played out in the process of political realignment, and closely examines the ways in which the key actors claiming to represent these concepts - emperors, popes, patriarchs - fought or cooperated with one another in order to assert regional preeminence. ii The first part of the dissertation focuses on the tension between the Roman/Byzantine ideal of universalism, which entailed a sole holder of imperial power, and the concrete reality of several empires coexisting within the same geographical area. Chapters one and two provide a survey of the main theoretical issues encountered in the study of medieval empires, and an assessment of the relationship between Byzantine basileis, patriarchs, popes and Western emperors prior to 1204. Chapters three and four investigate the competing but interconnected ruling systems which emerged in the Balkans, the Aegean and Asia Minor after 1204, tracing their policies of war and appeasement until the recovery of Constantinople by the Nicene Greeks in 1261. The analysis of ruling patterns, diplomatic encounters and military engagements indicates that, even if the state or Church leaders playing the game of empire used different means to reach their ends, they all acted within the same conceptual framework regarding universal rule, which eventually prevented the multipolar world produced by the fourth crusade from becoming a long-lasting phenomenon. The secular participants in the quest for hegemony established imperial centers as alternatives to Constantinople, but they made use of Byzantine regalia, titles, rhetoric of power and governing style to promote themselves as legitimate possessors of the imperium. Full control over the former Byzantine capital was still understood as a major prerequisite to universal leadership, and most wars and negotiations during this time period took place either to acquire or to protect the city. The second part of the dissertation, consisting of chapters five and six, investigates the ways in which the patriarchate of Constantinople, part of the Byzantine power structure for most of its history, redefined its role after 1261, as it responded to the challenges posed by the papacy and the rising Balkan empires which sought to redraw ecclesiastical boundaries in areas previously under Byzantine jurisdiction. While much of the confrontation between the iii patriarchate of Constantinople and its rivals took place via diplomatic contacts and negotiations at high level, emerging local rulers played a critical role in deciding the outcome of these encounters. The success of the patriarchal plans of ecclesiastical reintegration was to a very large extent contingent upon local priorities and interests; political maneuvering, patronage networks, and military hostilities often concurred to prevent the patriarchs from reestablishing their authority in the region. This study combines close readings of imperial registers, patriarchal acta, papal correspondence, and historical narratives with inquiries into local politics and social dynamics, in order to create the context for a better understanding of the dynamics of power in the late medieval northeastern Mediterranean. iv The dissertation of Natalie Sherwan is approved. Ronald Vroon John Langdon Teofilo F. Ruiz Claudia Rapp, Committee Co-chair Patrick Geary, Committee Co-chair University of California, Los Angeles 2016 v To Patris vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..………..1 Chapter One. Key Concepts and Historical Background…………………………………25 Chapter Two. Byzantium and the West: A Failed Brotherhood……………………….....70 . Chapter Three. Paradigm Shift in the Northeastern Mediterranean, 1204-1261……….151 Chapter Four. Mediterranean Greek Empires: Nicaea and Epirus.....................................207 Chapter Five. Byzantium Restored: Political Violence, Religious Disorder and the Quest for Consensus, 1260s-1390s…………………………….………………….………….293 Chapter Six. Balkan Empires: Political Ambitions, Ecclesiastical Diplomacy and War in the Age of Ottoman conquest…………………………………………………...………...375 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….………....454 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………….….....464 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks go to the many people who have assisted me in various ways towards the completion of this dissertation. I am deeply grateful to the members of my doctoral committee for their guidance and encouragement throughout the writing process. This dissertation would not have been possible without Professor Claudia Rapp’s enthusiastic and unwavering support, from the proposal stage of the project to its final version. Her expert advice, timely feedback and critique, and willingness to accommodate difficult schedules and shifting deadlines are immensely appreciated. I am indebted to Professor Patrick Geary for the pertinent questions he raised at the beginning of my research, to which I returned time and again as I was writing, and for his overall contribution to my academic education. I thank Professor Teo Ruiz for trusting that I can complete this project and for his valuable suggestions on how to think historically and write effectively. I also thank Professors Scott Bartchy and Ronald Vroon, who were always generous with their time and assistance. Our conversations on various aspects of ancient and medieval Christianity and on religious authority in traditional societies stimulated my thinking and enriched my understanding of the interplay between religion, politics and the quest for power in the middle ages. I express my gratitude to Professor John Langdon, to whom I owe my interest in the Latin conquest of Constantinople and the subsequent efforts to rebuild the Byzantine oikoumene. His guidance and support were instrumental throughout my doctoral career. I am very thankful to Professor Richard Rouse, who introduced me to Latin paleography, manuscript traditions and codicology, and to the history of the book as a rich and vibrant academic field. Special thanks to the American Research Center in Sofia, which enabled me to conduct research and take field trips to the northern Balkans. I would like to acknowledge in particular viii Denver Graninger and the staff at the Center, as well as Elka Bakalova, Ivan Biliarsky, Margareta Doncheva, Yavor Miltenov and Elisavetta Moussakova. Many thanks to the Institut für Byzantinistik und Neogräzistik, Universität Wien, which sponsored my forays into Viennese archives and academic libraries. The months spent there were extremely fruitful for research and writing. My gratitude also goes to Dan Ioan Muresan, Marius Telea, and Ionut Alexandru Tudorie, who generously shared their expertise and contributions to the field with me. Likewise, I am grateful to the readers of various parts of this manuscript for their time, patience and thoughtful comments, and to all my colleagues and friends for the intellectual exchanges and moral support over the years. I thank particularly: Haleh Emrani, Leanne Good, Simona Livescu, Mary Momdjian, Maria Ornelas, Whitney Snead, Emily Spratt, Kristine Tanton, and Devon van Dyne. The staff members of the History Department have been wonderful, and I would like to mention especially Hadley Porter and Eboni Show, who were tremendously helpful whenever help was needed. Finally, heartfelt thanks to my parents, whose unfailing support, love and encouragement kept me going through good and bad times. My husband’s belief in me and his taking care of all aspects of life that did not pertain to studying and writing allowed me to complete successfully this long academic journey. Its final product is dedicated to him. ix VITA 1994 Bachelor of Arts, Area Studies, Persian and Romanian Languages and Literatures University of Bucharest, Oriental Studies Department 1998 Master of Arts, Islamic Studies University of Bucharest, Oriental Studies Department 2009 Master of Arts, History University of California, Los Angeles 2011 CPhil, History University of California, Los Angeles Publications “From Villa to Cloister: The Religious Transformation of the Book in Late Antique Gaul.” Viator 44.1 (Spring 2013), 1-23. “Limits of Patriarchal Power in the Fourteenth-century Balkans: The Case of Vidin,” Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik, forthcoming. Conference Papers and Presentations “Christian and Muslim Identities in the Early Modern Balkans,” Guest Speaker, Olive Tree Initiative – UCLA Chapter, May 2014 “Inglorious Heir to a Glorious Past: Byzantium through the Humanist Lens of Cyriac of Ancona,” Annual Meeting of the Medieval Academy of America, Los Angeles CA, April 2014 “Limits of Patriarchal Power in the Fourteenth-century Balkans:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the D
    The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marion Woodrow Kruse, III Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Anthony Kaldellis, Advisor; Benjamin Acosta-Hughes; Nathan Rosenstein Copyright by Marion Woodrow Kruse, III 2015 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the use of Roman historical memory from the late fifth century through the middle of the sixth century AD. The collapse of Roman government in the western Roman empire in the late fifth century inspired a crisis of identity and political messaging in the eastern Roman empire of the same period. I argue that the Romans of the eastern empire, in particular those who lived in Constantinople and worked in or around the imperial administration, responded to the challenge posed by the loss of Rome by rewriting the history of the Roman empire. The new historical narratives that arose during this period were initially concerned with Roman identity and fixated on urban space (in particular the cities of Rome and Constantinople) and Roman mythistory. By the sixth century, however, the debate over Roman history had begun to infuse all levels of Roman political discourse and became a major component of the emperor Justinian’s imperial messaging and propaganda, especially in his Novels. The imperial history proposed by the Novels was aggressivley challenged by other writers of the period, creating a clear historical and political conflict over the role and import of Roman history as a model or justification for Roman politics in the sixth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval French Alexander: Arthurian Orientalism, Cross-Cultural Contact, and Transcultural Assimilation in Chrétien De Troyes’S Cligés
    Otterbein University Digital Commons @ Otterbein Modern Languages & Cultures Faculty Scholarship Modern Languages & Cultures 2013 The »Other« Medieval French Alexander: Arthurian Orientalism, Cross-Cultural Contact, And Transcultural Assimilation in Chrétien de Troyes’s Cligés Levilson C. Reis Otterbein University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.otterbein.edu/mlanguages_fac Part of the French and Francophone Literature Commons, Medieval Studies Commons, and the Modern Languages Commons Repository Citation Reis, Levilson C., "The »Other« Medieval French Alexander: Arthurian Orientalism, Cross-Cultural Contact, And Transcultural Assimilation in Chrétien de Troyes’s Cligés" (2013). Modern Languages & Cultures Faculty Scholarship. 14. https://digitalcommons.otterbein.edu/mlanguages_fac/14 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Modern Languages & Cultures at Digital Commons @ Otterbein. It has been accepted for inclusion in Modern Languages & Cultures Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Otterbein. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Romanische Forschungen , 125 (3), 2013 The “Other” Medieval Alexander The »Other« Medieval French Alexander: Arthurian Orientalism, Cross- Cultural Contact, And Transcultural Assimilation in Chrétien de Troyes’s Cligés Résumé/Abstract En tenant compte du climat xénophobe des croisades cet article recense la réception de Cligés , roman de Chrétien de Troyes dont la plus grande partie de l’action se passe en Grèce, et explore les stratégies dont l’auteur se serait servi pour en déjouer un mauvais accueil. On examine d’abord les idées que les Francs se faisaient des Grecs par le biais de la réception contemporaine de l’ Énéide et du Roman d’Alexandre . On examine par la suite comment Cligés cadre avec ces perspectives.
    [Show full text]
  • TO the HISTORICAL RECEPTION of AUGUSTINE Volume 3
    THE OXFORD GUIDE TO THE HISTORICAL RECEPTION OF AUGUSTINE Volume 3 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: KARLA POLLMANN EDITOR: WILLEMIEN OTTEN CO-EDITORS: JAM ES A. ANDREWS, A I. F. X ANDER ARWE ILER, IRENA BACKUS, S l LKE-PETRA BERGJAN, JOHANN ES BRACHTENDORF, SUSAN N EL KHOLI, MARK W. ELLIOTT, SUSANNE GAT ZEME I ER, PAUL VAN GEEST, BRUCE GORDON, DAVID LAMBERT, PETERLlEB REGTS, HILDEGUND MULLER, HI LMAR PABEL,JEAN-LOUlS QUANTlN, ER IC L. SAAK, LYDIA SC H UMACHER, ARNOUD VISSER, KONRAD VOSS l NG, J ACK ZUPKO. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1478 I ORTHODOX CHURCH (SINCE 1453) --, Et~twickltmgsgesdLiclite des Erbsiit~dendogmas seit da Rejomw­ Augustiniana. Studien uber Augustin us Lmd .<eille Rezeption. Festgabefor tiall, Geschichtc des Erbsundendogmas. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte Willigis Eckermmm OSA Z llll l 6o. Geburtstag (Wiirzburg 1994) des Problems vom Ursprung des Obels 4 (Munich 1972 ). 25<,> - 90. P. Guilluy, 'Peche originel', Ca tl~al icis m e 10 (1985) 1036-61. R. Schwager, Erbsu11de und Heilsd,·ama im Kontcxt von Evolution, P. Henrici, '1l1e Philosophers and Original Sin', Conm1Unio 18 (•99•) Gcntechnology zmd Apokalyptik (Miinster 1997 ). 489-901. M. Stickelbroeck, U.-s tand, Fall 1md HrbsLinde. ln der nacilaugusti­ M. Huftier, 'Libre arbitrc, liberte et peche chez saint Augustin', nischen Ara bis zum Begimz der Sclwlastik. Die lateinische Theologie, Recherches de tlu!ologie a11 ciwne et medievale 33 (1966) 187-281. Handbuch der Dogmengeschichte 2/3a, pt 3 (Freiburg 2007 ) . M. F. johnson, 'Augustine and Aquinas on Original Sin; in B. D. Dau­ C. Straw, 'Gregory I; in A. D. Fitzgerald (ed.), Augusti11e through the phinais, B.
    [Show full text]
  • The Naming of Moscows in the USA
    Names, Vol. 37, No.1 (March 1989) The Naming of Moscows in the USA Irina Vasiliev Abstract Since 1800, at least forty-seven populated places in the United States have borne the name Moscow. The reasons for having been so named fall into four classes of placename type: commemorative, anticipatory, transfer, and mistake. The stories of these communities and their namings tell much about the growth of this country, the flow of in- formation within it, and each community's perception of itself. ***** The names Berlin, London; Moscow, and Paris evoke images of European sophistication and Old World charm. Here in the United States, these and other European and classical names have been applied as place names to communities that bear no resemblance to the original cities. We have all seen. them on our road maps: the Romes and the Petersburgs, the Viennas and Madrids. They have become commonplace to us. And there are many of each of them: not just one Rome, but thir- ty-five; not just one Cairo, but twenty-one. So the questions come up: Why were these communities named what they were? Who·were the people behind the naming? What were the reasons for the names they chose? It would be too large a task to examine all of the Old W orldnames that have been used across the United States in the last two hundred years. However, I have been able look at one name and determine the reasons for its widespread use. The name that I have chosen to look at is Moscow.
    [Show full text]
  • 780S Series Spray Valves VALVEMATE™ 7040 Controller Operating Manual
    780S Series Spray Valves VALVEMATE™ 7040 Controller Operating Manual ® A NORDSON COMPANY US: 888-333-0311 UK: 0800 585733 Mexico: 001-800-556-3484 If you require any assistance or have spe- cific questions, please contact us. US: 888-333-0311 Telephone: 401-434-1680 Fax: 401-431-0237 E-mail: [email protected] Mexico: 001-800-556-3484 UK: 0800 585733 EFD Inc. 977 Waterman Avenue, East Providence, RI 02914-1342 USA Sales and service of EFD Dispense Valve Systems is available through EFD authorized distributors in over 30 countries. Please contact EFD U.S.A. for specific names and addresses. Contents Introduction ..................................................................2 Specifications ..............................................................3 How The Valve and Controller Operate ......................4 Controller Operating Features ....................................5 Typical Setup ..............................................................6 Setup ........................................................................7-8 Adjusting the Spray......................................................9 Programming Nozzle Air Delay ..................................10 Spray Patterns ..........................................................11 Troubleshooting Guide ........................................12-13 Valve Maintenance................................................14-16 780S Exploded View..................................................17 Input / Output Connections..................................18-19 Connecting
    [Show full text]
  • Journeys to Byzantium? Roman Senators Between Rome and Constantinople
    Journeys to Byzantium? Roman Senators Between Rome and Constantinople Master’s Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Michael Anthony Carrozzo, B.A Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2010 Thesis Committee: Kristina Sessa, Advisor Timothy Gregory Anthony Kaldellis Copyright by Michael Anthony Carrozzo 2010 Abstract For over a thousand years, the members of the Roman senatorial aristocracy played a pivotal role in the political and social life of the Roman state. Despite being eclipsed by the power of the emperors in the first century BC, the men who made up this order continued to act as the keepers of Roman civilization for the next four hundred years, maintaining their traditions even beyond the disappearance of an emperor in the West. Despite their longevity, the members of the senatorial aristocracy faced an existential crisis following the Ostrogothic conquest of the Italian peninsula, when the forces of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I invaded their homeland to contest its ownership. Considering the role they played in the later Roman Empire, the disappearance of the Roman senatorial aristocracy following this conflict is a seminal event in the history of Italy and Western Europe, as well as Late Antiquity. Two explanations have been offered to explain the subsequent disappearance of the Roman senatorial aristocracy. The first involves a series of migrations, beginning before the Gothic War, from Italy to Constantinople, in which members of this body abandoned their homes and settled in the eastern capital.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Analysis of the Process of Initial State Genesis in Rus' and Bulgaria
    Comparative Analysis of the Process of Initial State Genesis in Rus' and Bulgaria Evgeniy A. Shinakov Svetlana G. Polyakova Bryansk State University ABSTRACT There has not been completed yet the typological research of Euro- pean polities' forms (of the complexity level of ‘barbarous’ state- hood, ‘complex chiefdoms’, and rarely – ‘early states’ – in terms of political anthropology), and of the pathways of their emergence. This research can be amplified with the study of the First Bulgar- ian kingdom before Omurtag's and Krum's reforms (the end of the 7th – the early 9th century) and synchronous to it complex chief- dom of ‘Rosia’ (in terms of Porphyrpgenitus) of the end of the 9th – mid-10th century. They have typological similarity in military and contractual character of pathways of state genesis (in ‘Rosia’ it is supplemented by foreign trade) as well as in the form of ‘barba- rous’ (pre-Christian) statehood. It has a multilevel – ‘federal’ – character. At the head there were the Turks-Bulgarians and the ‘Rhos’ (‘Ruses’), whose settlements had limited territory, the ‘slavini- yas’ with their own power structure were subordinated to them and supervised by the ‘federal’ power strong points. The ‘supreme’ power domination is supported not only by the fear of weapon, but also by the treaties based on reciprocity. The common interest was, for exam- ple, the participation in robbery of the Byzantine Empire and interna- tional trade. At first in a peaceful way, later with conflicts, Bulgaria was transformed into a unitarian territorial state by the reforms of the pagans Оmurtag and Krum, and then of the Christian Boris (the latter had led to the conflict within the top level of power – among the Turkic-Bulgarians aristocracy).
    [Show full text]
  • Byzantine Missionaries, Foreign Rulers, and Christian Narratives (Ca
    Conversion and Empire: Byzantine Missionaries, Foreign Rulers, and Christian Narratives (ca. 300-900) by Alexander Borislavov Angelov A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor John V.A. Fine, Jr., Chair Professor Emeritus H. Don Cameron Professor Paul Christopher Johnson Professor Raymond H. Van Dam Associate Professor Diane Owen Hughes © Alexander Borislavov Angelov 2011 To my mother Irina with all my love and gratitude ii Acknowledgements To put in words deepest feelings of gratitude to so many people and for so many things is to reflect on various encounters and influences. In a sense, it is to sketch out a singular narrative but of many personal “conversions.” So now, being here, I am looking back, and it all seems so clear and obvious. But, it is the historian in me that realizes best the numerous situations, emotions, and dilemmas that brought me where I am. I feel so profoundly thankful for a journey that even I, obsessed with planning, could not have fully anticipated. In a final analysis, as my dissertation grew so did I, but neither could have become better without the presence of the people or the institutions that I feel so fortunate to be able to acknowledge here. At the University of Michigan, I first thank my mentor John Fine for his tremendous academic support over the years, for his friendship always present when most needed, and for best illustrating to me how true knowledge does in fact produce better humanity.
    [Show full text]
  • Ukrainian Orthodox Calendar
    АВОСЛАВ ПР НИ Й THODO Й R X И O К К N C А Ь A A I L Л С N E Е I Н Н N Ї A D Д А R A Р А K 2021 R К Р U У Personal Information - Особиста Iнформацiя Name - Iм’я Address - Адреса Phone - Телефон Parish - Парафiя Published by THE UKRAINIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH OF THE USA PO Box 495 South Bound Brook, NJ 08880 USA 1 From 1950 our Church has published the Ukrainian Orthodox Calendar. It has become not only a source of spiritual nourishment, but also the official directory UOC of the USA of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the USA. Metropolitan In order to better serve the faithful of the Orthodox Eastern Eparch Church our Calendar features: His Eminence Antony • directories of parishes and clergy • necrology of the clergy of UOC of the USA Consistory President • highlights of the past year Western Eparch • information about business services who His Eminence Archbishop Daniel contribute to the mission of our Church • Calendar Minea in English and Ukrainian languages Office of Public Relations Rev. Ivan Synevskyy The editorial board of the Ukrainian Orthodox Calendar 2021 prays that the readers of our almanac Calendar-Minea Preparation will find in it a true witness to the mission of our V. Rev. Pavlo Bodnarchuk Church in (modern) society. We look forward to receiving spiritual, historical and cultural articles for publication in future calendars. The Ukrainian Orthodox Calendar 2021 is an official publication of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Submissions should be sent to the USA and is distributed only by the Consistory.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to 800 and Table 3
    Introduction to 800 and Table 3 Version 1.3 December 2013 Learning Objectives The learner will: • Be familiar with the overall structure of the 800s • Be familiar with aids for building numbers in the 800s • Be familiar with circumstances in which Tables 3A, 3B, and 3C are used • Be able to build correct 800 numbers that use Tables 3A, 3B, and/or 3C • Be familiar with provisions for folk literature at 398.2 800 Literature: Scope In 800: • Literary texts • Works about literature • Anonymous classics Elsewhere: • Folk literature classed in 398.2 • Literature combined with other arts classed in 700, e.g., opera 782.1 800 Literature: Structure (1) 801-807 Standard subdivisions 808 Rhetoric (808.02-808.06 General topics in rhetoric; 808.1-808.7 Rhetoric in specific literary forms; comprehensive works in 808) 808.8 Collections of literary texts from more than two literatures 809 History, description, critical appraisal of more than two literatures 800 Literature: Structure (2) 810-890 Literatures of specific languages and language families 810 American literature in English 820-890 Follows pattern of Table 6 Languages (approximately) Aids to Number Building in 800 Literature Read the instructions in 800 schedule and at the beginning of Tables 3A and 3B Review extensive Manual notes for Table 3A-C and 800 Consult flow charts for Table 3A and 3B Consult Table of Mappings: DDC 000-990 to Table 3C—3 Arts and literature dealing with specific themes and subjects Table 3A Table 3A. Subdivisions for Works by or about Individual Authors Table 3A —1
    [Show full text]
  • 2. the Sacrament of Marriage and Its Impediments
    THE SACRAMENT OF MARRIAGE AND ITS IMPEDIMENTS I. On Orthodox Marriage 1. The institution of the family is threatened today by such phenomena as secularization and moral relativism. The Orthodox Church maintains, as her fundamental and indisputable teaching, that marriage is sacred. The freely entered union of man and woman is an indispensable precondition for marriage. 2. In the Orthodox Church, marriage is considered to be the oldest institution of divine law because it was instituted simultaneously with the creation of Adam and Eve, the first human beings (Gen 2:23). Since its origin, this union not only implies the spiritual communion of a married couple—a man and a woman—but also assured the continuation of the human race. As such, the marriage of man and woman, which was blessed in Paradise, became a holy mystery, as mentioned in the New Testament where Christ performs His first sign, turning water into wine at the wedding in Cana of Galilee, and thus reveals His glory (Jn 2:11). The mystery of the indissoluble union between man and woman is an icon of the unity of Christ and the Church (Eph 5:32). 3. Thus, the Christocentric typology of the sacrament of marriage explains why a bishop or a presbyter blesses this sacred union with a special prayer. In his letter to Polycarp of Smyrna, Ignatius the God-Bearer stressed that those who enter into the communion of marriage must also have the bishop’s approval, so that their marriage may be according to God, and not after their own desire.
    [Show full text]
  • August 21, 2012 at 3:30 PM Land Use Department SCHOOL FOR
    " , **SECOND AMENDED** BOARD OF ADJUSTMENT Tuesday, August 21,2012 at 6:00 P.M. (Note New Time) 200 Lincoln Ave. Santa Fe NM City Council Chambers Field Trip - August 21, 2012 at 3:30 P.M. Land Use Department SCHOOL FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH 660 GARCIA STREET Meet at Reception (main building on left) A. ROLL CALL B. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE C. APPROVAL OF AGENDA D. APPROVAL OF MINUTES: July 17, 2012 minutes E. FINDINGS/CONCLUSIONS: Case #2012-41. 614 Acequia Madre Special Use Permit F. OLD BUSINESS G. NEW BUSINESS Case #2012-77. 341 Magdalena Street Variance Jennifer and Brent Cline, owners, request a variance to allow garage doors to be set back 8 feet from the front property lines where 20 feet is required. The property is 0.2± acres and is zoned R-21 (Residential, 21 dwelling units per acre). (Dan Esquibel, Case Manager) Case #2012-69. Holy Trinity Orthodox Church Special Use Permit. Holy Trinity Orthodox Church requests a Special Use Permit for dormitory boarding and monastery use. The property is zoned R-1 (Residential, one dwelling unit per acre) and is located at 207 East Cordova Road. (William Lamboy, Case Manager) Case #2012-71. School for Advanced Research Special Use Permit. JenkinsGavin Design and Development, agents for School for Advanced Research, request a Special Use Permit to aI/ow a museum use at 660 Garcia Street. The property is zoned R-2 (Residential, two dwelling units per acre) and R-3 (Residential, three dwelling units per acre). (William Lamboy, Case Manager) H. BUSINESS FROM THE FLOOR I.
    [Show full text]