DOCSLIB.ORG

The Holy Roman Empire [1873]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Holy Roman Empire [1873] The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Viscount James Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire [1873] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. LIBERTY FUND, INC. 8335 Allison Pointe Trail, Suite 300 Indianapolis, Indiana 46250-1684 Online Library of Liberty: The Holy Roman Empire Edition Used: The Holy Roman Empire. A New Edition, enlarged and revised throughout, with a Chronological Table of Events and Three Maps (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1911). Author: Viscount James Bryce About This Title: A history of the empire from the second century to the fall of the empire after Napoleon. Supplemental chapters deal with the new German Empire after 1870. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 2 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/2337 Online Library of Liberty: The Holy Roman Empire About Liberty Fund: Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. Copyright Information: The text is in the public domain. Fair Use Statement: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 3 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/2337 Online Library of Liberty: The Holy Roman Empire Table Of Contents Preface to the Edition of 1904 Preface to the Fourth Edition Chronological Table of Emperors and Popes Chronological Table of Important Events In the History of the Empire The Holy Roman Empire Chapter I: Introductory Chapter II: The Roman Empire Before the Entrance of the Barbarians Chapter III: The Barbarian Invasions Chapter IV: Restoration of the Empire In the West Chapter V: Empire and Policy of Charles Chapter VI: Carolingian and Italian Emperors Chapter VII: Theory of the Mediaeval Empire Chapter VIII: The Roman Empire and the German Kingdom Chapter IX: Saxon and Franconian Emperors Chapter X: Struggle of the Empire and the Papacy Chapter XI: The Emperors In Italy: Frederick Barbarossa Chapter XII: Imperial Titles and Pretensions Chapter XIII: Fall of the Hohenstaufen: Renewed Strife of Papacy and Empire Chapter XIV: The Germanic Constitution: the Seven Electors Chapter XV: The Empire As an International Power Chapter XVI: The City of Rome In the Middle Ages Chapter XVII: The East Roman Empire Chapter XVIII: The Renaissance: Change In the Character of the Empire Chapter XIX: The Reformation and Its Effects Upon the Empire Chapter XX: The Peace of Westphalia: Last Stage In the Decline of the Empire Chapter XXI: Fall of the Empire Chapter XXII: Summary and Reflections Chapter XXIII: The Progress of Germany Towards National Unity Chapter XXIV: The New German Empire Epilogue Appendix Note A: On the Burgundies Note B: On the Relations to the Empire of the Kingdom of Denmark, and the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein Note C: On Certain Imperial Titles and Ceremonies Note D: Lines Contrasting the Past and Present of Rome Note E: List of Books On the History of the Empire Which May Be Consulted By the Student PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1904 Forty years have passed since this book was first published, and since then our knowledge of mediaeval history has been much increased and events have happened which render some of the remarks then made no longer applicable. I have not PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 4 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/2337 Online Library of Liberty: The Holy Roman Empire however attempted to rewrite the whole book, for this reason, among others, that were I to do so it would almost inevitably grow out of a small volume devoted to a single Idea and Institution into a systematic history of the Empire and the Popedom in the Middle Ages. That would double or treble its size, and make it unsuitable to one class of the students who have used it in its present form. I have therefore confined myself to such changes and enlargements as seemed to be most needed. Where events of significance had been omitted or too briefly noticed, additions have been made. For instance, the struggle of the Emperor Lewis IV against Pope John XXII and the careers of Arnold of Brescia and Cola di Rienzo have been somewhat more fully described. An entirely new chapter has been inserted dealing with the East Roman or Byzantine Empire, a topic inadequately handled in previous editions. A concluding chapter, sketching the constitution of the new German Empire and the forces which have given it strength and cohesion, has been appended. This chapter, and that which (first published in 1873) traces the process whereby after 1813 national sentiment grew in Germany, and national unity was achieved in 1871, are not indeed necessary for the explanation of an institution whose best days were over four centuries ago. But they help to explain it, if only by contrast; and the convenience to a reader of finding a succinct account of the foundation and the character of this modern representative—if one may call it so—of the mediaeval Empire will, I hope, be deemed to compensate for whatever loss of symmetry is involved in an extension of the treatise beyond its original limits. With a similar practical aim, I have prefixed a pretty full Chronological Table of important events, presenting such an outline of the narrative history of the Empire as may serve to elucidate the text, and have added three maps. The book has been revised throughout: statements which seemed to have been too broadly expressed, or which political changes have made no longer true, have been corrected: more exact references have been given and new illustrations inserted in the notes. I have to acknowledge with cordial thanks the help which in the verification of statements and references I have received from my friend Mr. Ernest Barker, lecturer on history at Wadham College, Oxford. Did custom permit the dedication to any one of a new edition of a book long before the public, I should have dedicated the pages that follow to Mr. Goldwin Smith, now the honoured patriarch of English historians, from whom forty-three years ago, when he was professor at Oxford, I received my first lessons in modern history, and whose friendship I have ever since been privileged to enjoy. JAMES BRYCE. September 13, 1904. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION The object of this treatise is not so much to give a narrative history of the countries included in the Romano-Germanic Empire—Italy during the Middle Ages, Germany from the ninth century to the nineteenth—as to describe the Holy Empire itself as an institution or system, the wonderful offspring of a body of beliefs and traditions which have almost wholly passed away from the world. Such a description, however, would PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 5 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/2337 Online Library of Liberty: The Holy Roman Empire not be intelligible without some account of the great events which accompanied the growth and decay of Imperial power; and it has therefore appeared best to give the book the form rather of a narrative than of a dissertation; and to combine with an exposition of what may be called the theory of the Empire an outline of the political history of Germany, as well as some notices of the affairs of mediaeval Italy. To make the succession of events clearer, a Chronological List of Emperors and Popes has been prefixed. The great events of 1866 and 1870 reflect back so much light upon the previous history of Germany, and so much need, in order to be properly understood, to be viewed in their relation to the character and influence of the old Empire, that although they do not fall within the original limits of this treatise, some remarks upon them, and the causes which led to them, will not be out of place in it, and will perhaps add to whatever interest or value it may possess. As the Author found that to introduce these remarks into the body of the work, would oblige him to take to pieces and rewrite the last three chapters, a task he had no time for, he has preferred to throw them into a new supplementary chapter, which accordingly contains a brief sketch of the rise of Prussia, of the state of Germany under the Confederation which expired in 1866, and of the steps whereby the German nation has regained its political unity in the new Empire.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The German North Sea Ports' Absorption Into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914
    From Unification to Integration: The German North Sea Ports' absorption into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914 Henning Kuhlmann Submitted for the award of Master of Philosophy in History Cardiff University 2016 Summary This thesis concentrates on the economic integration of three principal German North Sea ports – Emden, Bremen and Hamburg – into the Bismarckian nation- state. Prior to the outbreak of the First World War, Emden, Hamburg and Bremen handled a major share of the German Empire’s total overseas trade. However, at the time of the foundation of the Kaiserreich, the cities’ roles within the Empire and the new German nation-state were not yet fully defined. Initially, Hamburg and Bremen insisted upon their traditional role as independent city-states and remained outside the Empire’s customs union. Emden, meanwhile, had welcomed outright annexation by Prussia in 1866. After centuries of economic stagnation, the city had great difficulties competing with Hamburg and Bremen and was hoping for Prussian support. This thesis examines how it was possible to integrate these port cities on an economic and on an underlying level of civic mentalities and local identities. Existing studies have often overlooked the importance that Bismarck attributed to the cultural or indeed the ideological re-alignment of Hamburg and Bremen. Therefore, this study will look at the way the people of Hamburg and Bremen traditionally defined their (liberal) identity and the way this changed during the 1870s and 1880s. It will also investigate the role of the acquisition of colonies during the process of Hamburg and Bremen’s accession. In Hamburg in particular, the agreement to join the customs union had a significant impact on the merchants’ stance on colonialism.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconciling Universal Salvation and Freedom of Choice in Origen of Alexandria
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Dissertations (1934 -) Projects Reconciling Universal Salvation and Freedom of Choice in Origen of Alexandria Lee W. Sytsma Marquette University Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu Part of the Christianity Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Sytsma, Lee W., "Reconciling Universal Salvation and Freedom of Choice in Origen of Alexandria" (2018). Dissertations (1934 -). 769. https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/769 RECONCILING UNIVERSAL SALVATION AND FREEDOM OF CHOICE IN ORIGEN OF ALEXANDRIA by Lee W. Sytsma, B.A., M.T.S. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin May 2018 ABSTRACT RECONCILING UNIVERSAL SALVATION AND FREEDOM OF CHOICE IN ORIGEN OF ALEXANDRIA Lee W. Sytsma, B.A., M.T.S. Marquette University, 2018 Origen has traditionally been famous for his universalism, but many scholars now express doubt that Origen believed in a universal and permanent apocatastasis. This is because many scholars are convinced that Origen’s teaching on moral autonomy (or freedom of choice) is logically incompatible with the notion that God foreordains every soul’s future destiny. Those few scholars who do argue that Origen believed in both moral autonomy and universal salvation either do not know how to reconcile these two views in Origen’s theology, or their proposed “solutions” are not convincing. In this dissertation I make two preliminary arguments which allow the question of logical compatibility to come into focus.
    [Show full text]
  • Diadumenian from Seleuceia Ad Calycadnum
    Coins bearing the image of Diadumenian from Seleuceia ad Calycadnum This ancient city called Seleuceia (by which the modern town of Silifke now stands) was founded in the 3 rd Century BC by Seleucus I (Nicator), known commonly as Seleuceia ad Calycadnum as it is sited close to the river Calycadnus (now the Göksu ). After successfully campaigning as one of Alexander’s generals, Seleucus Nicator named cities after himself and his wife, Apama (e.g. Apameia in Phygria). This particular city produced Roman provincial coinage from the reigns of Hadrian through to that of Gallenius, with the pronounced exception of Elagabalus. Excavations at the city have revealed that the only surviving, identifiable temple from the time seems to have been dedicated to Zeus – dating from 2 nd -3rd century AD, locally known as the temple of the storks due to the colony established there. Figure 1 Figure 2 (Images courtesy of http://www.anatolia.luwo.be ) Figures 1 and 2 show the remains of the Temple of Zeus that can be found today. While examples showing Macrinus also exist there appears to have been two denominations issued specifically for Diadumenian at this mint – during the year or so that Macrinus was in power. One, at 20-21mm and 4-6g and a larger type 28mm and around 11.5g, each with two distinct reverse types associated with them. Example 1 Οb, M O Π ∆ΙΑ∆Ο V ANT ΩN K Rev . CΕΛΕ VKE ΩN Ref. Lindgren 1583 (illustrated with permission); 21mm, 6.1g, Example 1 shows a reverse of Athena and Dionysus.
    [Show full text]
  • Journeys to Byzantium? Roman Senators Between Rome and Constantinople
    Journeys to Byzantium? Roman Senators Between Rome and Constantinople Master’s Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Michael Anthony Carrozzo, B.A Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2010 Thesis Committee: Kristina Sessa, Advisor Timothy Gregory Anthony Kaldellis Copyright by Michael Anthony Carrozzo 2010 Abstract For over a thousand years, the members of the Roman senatorial aristocracy played a pivotal role in the political and social life of the Roman state. Despite being eclipsed by the power of the emperors in the first century BC, the men who made up this order continued to act as the keepers of Roman civilization for the next four hundred years, maintaining their traditions even beyond the disappearance of an emperor in the West. Despite their longevity, the members of the senatorial aristocracy faced an existential crisis following the Ostrogothic conquest of the Italian peninsula, when the forces of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I invaded their homeland to contest its ownership. Considering the role they played in the later Roman Empire, the disappearance of the Roman senatorial aristocracy following this conflict is a seminal event in the history of Italy and Western Europe, as well as Late Antiquity. Two explanations have been offered to explain the subsequent disappearance of the Roman senatorial aristocracy. The first involves a series of migrations, beginning before the Gothic War, from Italy to Constantinople, in which members of this body abandoned their homes and settled in the eastern capital.
    [Show full text]
  • Byzantine Missionaries, Foreign Rulers, and Christian Narratives (Ca
    Conversion and Empire: Byzantine Missionaries, Foreign Rulers, and Christian Narratives (ca. 300-900) by Alexander Borislavov Angelov A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor John V.A. Fine, Jr., Chair Professor Emeritus H. Don Cameron Professor Paul Christopher Johnson Professor Raymond H. Van Dam Associate Professor Diane Owen Hughes © Alexander Borislavov Angelov 2011 To my mother Irina with all my love and gratitude ii Acknowledgements To put in words deepest feelings of gratitude to so many people and for so many things is to reflect on various encounters and influences. In a sense, it is to sketch out a singular narrative but of many personal “conversions.” So now, being here, I am looking back, and it all seems so clear and obvious. But, it is the historian in me that realizes best the numerous situations, emotions, and dilemmas that brought me where I am. I feel so profoundly thankful for a journey that even I, obsessed with planning, could not have fully anticipated. In a final analysis, as my dissertation grew so did I, but neither could have become better without the presence of the people or the institutions that I feel so fortunate to be able to acknowledge here. At the University of Michigan, I first thank my mentor John Fine for his tremendous academic support over the years, for his friendship always present when most needed, and for best illustrating to me how true knowledge does in fact produce better humanity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legacy of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages in the West The
    The Legacy of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages in the West The Roman Empire reigned from 27 BCE to 476 CE throughout the Mediterranean world, including parts of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The fall of the Roman Empire in the West in 476 CE marked the end of the period of classical antiquity and ushered in a new era in world history. Three civilizations emerged as successors to the Romans in the Mediterranean world: the Byzantine Empire (in many ways a continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire), and the civilizations of Islam and Western Europe. These three civilizations would become rivals and adversaries over the course of the succeeding centuries. They developed distinct religious, cultural, social, political, and linguistic characteristics that shaped the path each civilization would take throughout the course of the Middle Ages and beyond. The Middle Ages in European history refers to the period spanning the fifth through the fifteenth century. The fall of the Western Roman Empire typically represents the beginning of the Middle Ages. Scholars divide the Middle Ages into three eras: the Early Middle Ages (400–1000), the High Middle Ages (1000–1300), and the Late Middle Ages (1300–1500). The Renaissance and the Age of Discovery traditionally mark the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in European history. The legacy of the Roman Empire, and the division of its territory into three separate civilizations, impacted the course of world history and continues to influence the development of each region to this day.
    [Show full text]
  • German Historical Institute London Bulletin
    German Historical Institute London Bulletin Bd. 25 2003 Nr. 2 Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publikationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Herunterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hinausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weitergabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. BOOK REVIEWS FRIEDRICH EDELMAYER, Söldner und Pensionäre: Das Netzwerk Philipps II. im Heiligen Römischen Reich, Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur der Iberischen und Iberoamerikanischen Länder, 7 (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2002) ISBN 3 486 56672 5; (Vienna: Verlag für Ge- schichte und Politik, 2002) ISBN 3 7028 0394 7. 318 pp. EURO 44.80 Not many monographs have been written about the relations be- tween Philip II or the Spanish monarchy and the Holy Roman Empire between about 1560 and 1580. The cleverly stage-managed abdication of Philip’s father, Charles V, as Holy Roman Emperor, and the accession to this throne of his Austrian brother, King of the Romans Ferdinand I, seemingly put an end to the chapter of German–Spanish union in the sixteenth century. Ferdinand now had to concentrate even more on the political consequences of the Re- formation in central Europe, while Philip turned to the daring exploits of the Spanish crown in Europe and abroad—in the increas- ingly confident Netherlands; in Hispanic America; in the Philippines, named after him in 1543, where he reformed the government around 1570; and in Portugal, which he was also able to unify politically with Spain in 1581 as a result of his first marriage, to Maria of Portugal.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglo-Norman Views on Frederick Barbarossa and The
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Edinburgh Research Explorer Edinburgh Research Explorer English views on Lombard city communes and their conflicts with Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa Citation for published version: Raccagni, G 2014, 'English views on Lombard city communes and their conflicts with Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa' Quaderni Storici, vol. 145, pp. 183-218. DOI: 10.1408/76676 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1408/76676 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: Quaderni Storici Publisher Rights Statement: © Raccagni, G. (2014). English views on Lombard city communes and their conflicts with Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. Quaderni Storici, 145, 183-218. 10.1408/76676 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05. Apr. 2019 English views on Lombard city communes and their conflicts with Emperor Frederick Barbarossa* [A head]Introduction In the preface to his edition of the chronicle of Roger of Howden, William Stubbs briefly noted how well English chronicles covered the conflicts between Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and the Lombard cities.1 Unfortunately, neither Stubbs nor his * I wish to thank Bill Aird, Anne Duggan, Judith Green, Elisabeth Van Houts and the referees of Quaderni Storici for their suggestions and comments on earlier drafts of this work.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Crusades. Episode 70 the Fourth Crusade I. As Part of The
    History of the Crusades. Episode 70 The Fourth Crusade I. As part of the HistoryPodcasters.com network, this episode is sponsored by Leatherman Data Services. Leatherman Data Services are providers of mapping and geographic data services for historians, archaeologists, and cultural resource management firms. So if you're looking for an experienced cartographer to create a map for your website, you can email them at [email protected], or go to their website LeathermanDataServices.com. Hello again. Last week we saw the demise of Henri of Champagne, and the crowning of a new King and Queen of Jerusalem, Amalric and Isabella. We also saw the German Crusade recapture the cities of Beirut and Sidon, before it collapsed after hearing about the death of the German Emperor. Now, to say that the Fourth Crusade was a controversial and notorious event is an understatement. It has been described by various historians and commentators as "infamous", "misguided", and "a fiasco". Stephen Runciman, in his trilogy on the history of the Crusades, trumped all these comments when he stated, and I quote, "there was never a greater crime against humanity than the Fourth Crusade" end of quote. This, from an historian writing in the 1950s in Europe, was a pretty big call. More recently, in the year 2001 in fact, Pope John Paul II issued a formal apology for the Fourth Crusade on behalf of the Catholic Church. So why was the Fourth Crusade so infamous? Well, you just have to keep listening to find out. The starting point for any examination of the Fourth Crusade is the election of Pope Innocent III in January 1198.
    [Show full text]
  • When 'The State Made War', What Happened to Economic Inequality? Evidence from Preindustrial Germany (C.1400-1800)
    Economic History Working Papers No: 311 When ‘The State Made War’, what Happened to Economic Inequality? Evidence from Preindustrial Germany (c.1400-1800) Felix S.F. Schaff October 2020 Economic History Department, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, London, UK. T: +44 (0) 20 7955 7084. When `the State Made War', what Happened to Economic Inequality? Evidence from Preindustrial Germany (c. 1400-1800) Felix S.F. Schaff ∗ Abstract What was the impact of military conflict on economic inequality? This paper presents new evidence about the relationship between military conflicts and economic inequality in prein- dustrial Germany, between 1400 and 1800. I argue that ordinary military conflicts increased economic inequality. Warfare raised the financial needs of towns in preindustrial times, leading to more resource extraction from the population. This resource extraction happened via inegal- itarian channels, such as regressive taxation. The Thirty Years' War was an exception to that pattern but not the rule. To test this argument a novel panel dataset is constructed combining information about economic inequality in 72 localities and 687 conflicts over four centuries. The analysis suggests that there existed two countervailing effects of conflicts on inequality: destruc- tion and extraction. The Thirty Years' War was indeed a \Great Leveller" (Scheidel 2017), but the many ordinary conflicts { paradigmatic of life in the preindustrial world { were continuous reinforcers of economic inequality. Keywords: Wealth, Inequality, Warfare, Institutions, Political Economy, Germany. JEL Classification: N33, D31, I32, N43, H20. ∗London School of Economics and Political Science. Email: f.s.schaff@lse.ac.uk. This version: October 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Anachronism in Early French Futuristic Fiction
    DePauw University Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University Modern Languages Faculty publications Modern Languages 7-2016 Anachronism in Early French Futuristic Fiction Arthur B. Evans DePauw University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.depauw.edu/mlang_facpubs Part of the French and Francophone Literature Commons Recommended Citation Evans, Arthur B. "Anachronism in Early French Futuristic Fiction." Science Fiction Studies Vol. 43, no. 2, #129 (July 2016), pp. 194-206. Print. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Modern Languages at Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Modern Languages Faculty publications by an authorized administrator of Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 194 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 43 (2016) Arthur B. Evans Anachronism in Early French Futuristic Fiction Pawe³ Frelik, in his essay “The Future of the Past: Science Fiction, Retro, and Retrofuturism” (2013), defined the idea of retrofuturism as referring “to the text’s vision of the future, which comes across as anachronistic in relation to contemporary ways of imagining it” (208). Pawe³’s use of the word “anachronistic” in this definition set me to thinking. Aren’t all fictional portrayals of the future always and inevitably anachronistic in some way? Further, I saw in the phrase “contemporary ways of imagining” a delightful ambiguity between two different groups of readers: those of today who, viewing it in retrospect, see such a speculative text as an artifact, an inaccurate vision of the future from the past, but also the original readers, contemporary to the text when it was written, who no doubt saw it as a potentially real future that was chock-full of anachronisms in relation to their own time—but that one day might no longer be.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomination Form, You Can Find a CD with Examples Illustrating the Content of the Collections
    Memory of the World International Register Collections of the 19th century of the Polish Historical and Literary Society / Polish Library in Paris / Adam Mickiewicz Museum (Poland) 2012-26 1.0 Summary (max 200 words) The Polish Library in Paris (Bibliothèque Polonaise de Paris—BPP) was created in 1838 by Polish political émigrés who had found shelter in the French capital. This is where they could carry on various actions aiming at gaining back the independence of the State which had been lost at the end of the 18th century. Led by the wave of ideologies linked to independence and people’s freedom movements arisen in Europe in the early 19th century, it was established as a peaceful form aiming at fighting for freedom and independence. In the 19th century, Europe built places of memory such as libraries and archives in the independence States. At that time, the BPP acted as a means of substitution and continuity of the institutions destroyed by the foreign forces occupying the Polish territories. It came to birth thanks to the efforts carried out by the émigrés and the support of European intellectual elites as well as the authorities of the French State. The latter felt involved in the idea originating the creation of the BPP and they supported the action of a nation whose fight for independence, during the Uprising of 1831, had moved many European nations, aroused their admiration and strengthened their own aspirations for independence. The Polish Library gathered the scattered sources which enabled to document the history of Poland, along with the publications carried out by the emigration.
    [Show full text]