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Untersuchungen Zur Bestäubungsbiologie Von UntersuchungenOrchideenJournal zur Heft 3 · 2008 Antheren berührt. Es gibt zwei unter- Bestäubungsbiologie von schiedliche Formen der Bestäubung durch Betrug innerhalb dieser Unter- gattung, Futtertäuschung und Brut- Paphiopedilum dianthum platztäuschung mit eingeschlossen. Die Bruttäuschungsarten (wie z. B. Pa- phiopedilum rothschildianum und Pa- in China phiopedilum callosum) haben viele kleine, schwarze, meistens haarige Hö- cker auf ihren seitlichen Petalen oder der Lippe, die eine Blattlauskolonie nachahmen. Diese Nachbildungen von Blattläusen können weibliche Schweb- fl iegen anlocken und dazu bringen ih- re Eier auf die Blütenorgane zu legen. Im Gegensatz dazu präsentieren die Blüten der Futterbetrugsarten (wie z. B. Paphiopedilum bellatulum, Pa- phiopedilum charlesworthii und Pa- phiopedilum villosum) durch das Feh- len der Täuschungslaushöcker ein gel- bes, nicht Sekret bildendes, meistens warzenartiges, glänzendes Staminodi- um, welches die Nachbildung von Pol- lenkörnern, aufspringenden Antheren, Nektartropfen oder Honigtau sekretie- render Läuse ist. Obwohl Paphiopedilum-Arten zu ih- rer Vermehrung fantastische Täu- schungsmechanismen für ihre Bestäu- bung entwickelt haben, konnten sie Längsschnitt der Blüte von Paphiopedilum dianthum A = Anthere, S = Stigma Longitudinal section of fl ower of Paphiopedilum dianthum Shi Jun, Cheng Jin, Shangguan Fazhi, Deng Zhenhai & Luo Yibo A = anther, S = stigma Paphiopedilum ist eine von vier Gat- pedilum-Arten für gewöhnlich in abge- tungen der Subfamilie Cypripedioi- legenen steilen, gebirgigen Gebieten, deae, welche als Frauenschuhorchi- die sich als gefährliche Studienorte deen bekannt sind. Ihre Blüten mit far- erweisen. Die einzigen Arbeiten wur- bigem Labellum sind so bezaubernd, den 1985 von Atwood in Malaysia und dass sie in vielen Gewächshäusern auf 1996 und 2002 von Bänzinger in Thai- der ganzen Welt gepfl egt werden. Or- land durchgeführt. chideenliebhaber haben hunderte von Soweit bekannt, gibt es in der Gattung künstlichen Hybriden unter den Pa- Paphiopedilum keine Blüten, die für phiopedilum-Arten erzeugt, die so- den Bestäubungsservice und die Ein- gar noch schöner als ihre Eltern sind. wegfalle der aufgeblasenen Lippen- Trotzdem wurde die Vermehrungsbi- funktion eine Belohnung anbieten. Die ologie von Paphiopedilum in der Na- meisten Insekten können nicht durch tur bisher wenig untersucht, weil ei- den Lippeneingang zurück. Sie sind nige Faktoren den Untersuchungser- gezwungen aus einem der beiden hin- folg behindern. Die Populationen von teren Ausgänge herauszukrabbeln. Paphiopedilum sind selten, einige Po- Dabei berührt der Bestäuber die auf- pulationen bestehen nur aus ein paar nahmebereite Stigmaoberfl äche be- Pfl anzen. Zusätzlich wachsen Paphio- vor er eine der beiden aufspringenden 100 Heft 3 · 2008 Study of pollinationOrchideenJournal biology Paphiopedilum is one of four genera of orchidaceous subfamily Cypripedio- of Paphiopedilum dianthum ideae, which are well known as slipper orchids. Their fl owers with colorful la- bellum are so charming that they have in China been transplanted into many green- houses around the world. The orchid enthusiasts have produced hundreds of manual hybrids between Paphio- pedilum species, which are even more beautiful than their parents. However, the reproductive biology of Paphiope- dilum was poorly studied in the wild, because some the factors were used to hamper the study efforts. The pop- ulations of Paphiopedilum are rare and some populations only contain a few individuals. Moreover, Paphiope- dilum species usually grow in remote precipitous mountainous areas, where is dangerous as study site. The only Shi Jun, Cheng Jin, Shangguan Fazhi, Deng Zhenhai & Luo Yibo works were done by Atwood (1985) in Malaysia and Bänziger (1996, 2002) in Thailand. ception. The brood-site imitation spe- Although Paphiopedilum species de- cies (such as Paphiopedilum rothschil- veloped fantastic deceptive pollina- Jun dianum and Paphiopedilum callosum) tion mechanism for reproduction, they have many small, black, often hairy, could not avoid the threat of human Chi © sculptures on their lateral petals or la- activity. In recent years, the over-col- bellum which may mimic an aphid col- lection and habitat loss have resul ted ony. These dummy aphids could at- in rapid decline in numbers of wild Pa- tract female hoverfl ies that laid their phiopedilum species. Moreover, the eggs on fl oral organs. In contrast, the fl owers of Paphiopedilum are decep- fl owers of a food deceptive species tive, they could not offer any food or (such as Paphiopedilum bellatulum, brood-site for their pollinators. The Paphiopedilum charlesworthi and Pa- pollinators could only get food and phiopedilum villosum) lacked “dum- brood-site from other plants and co- my aphid” sculptures but presented a blooming fl owers. The destruction of yellow, non-secretory, often papillose any plants and co-blooming fl owers in and shiny staminode that may have habitat, which support the living and represented mimicry of pollen grains, reproduction of pollinators, may seri- Eier legende Episyrphus balteatus dehiscent anthers, nectar droplets or ously affect the pollination and repro- auf der Blüte von Paphiopedilum the honeydew secreted by aphids. duction of Paphiopedilum species. In dianthum. Eier der Schwebfl iege neben den schwarzen Episyrphus balteatus laying eggs on Warzen der Blüte von Paphiopedilum dianthum. the fl ower of Paphiopedilum dianthum. Hoverfl y eggs beside the black warts on the As far as known, no fl owers in the ge- fl ower of Paphiopedilum dianthum. nus Paphiopedilum offer rewards for pollinator service and their infl ated la- bellum functions as a one-way trap. Most insects can’t escape the infl ated trap by exiting back through the label- lum entrance. They are forced to crawl out of one of two rear apertures. This takes the pollinator under the recep- tive stigma surface before contacting one of the dehiscent anthers. There are two separate modes of pollination- by-deceit within this subgenus, includ- ing food deception and brood-site de- 101 OrchideenJournal Heft 3 · 2008 auch in Nordvietnam (Averyanow et al., 2003) gefunden. Dies ist aufgrund der gleichen Bedingungen in beiden Regionen nicht verwunderlich. Paphi- opedilum dianthum blüht in unserem Untersuchungsgebiet von August bis Oktober. Eine ausgewachsene Pfl anze bildet eine oder mehrere Blütenstän- de und jeder Blütenstand trägt zwei bis vier Blüten. Die meisten Blüten haben eine weiße Fahne. Die Petalen sind hellgrünlichgelb mit schwarzen Warzen im unteren Teil. Wie oben be- schrieben, wurde von den schwarzen Warzen der Paphiopedilum Blüten be- hauptet, sie ähnelten Blattläusen und Episyrphus balteatus verlässt die würden weibliche Schwebfl iegen anlo- Blüte von Paphiopedilum dianthum. Großteil des Reservates besteht aus cken. Wir haben festgestellt, dass die Episyrphus balteatus leaving fl ower Kalksteinbergen mit unterschiedlichen Warzen der Blüten von Paphiopedilum of Paphiopedilum dianthum. Erdtiefen. Es hat ein typisches subtro- dianthum die Bestäuber in gleicher pisches Monsunklima mit 1.058 mm Weise anlocken können. den Einfl uss der menschlichen Aktivi- Niederschlag pro Jahr und einer Tem- In unserem Untersuchungsgebiet täten nicht verhindern. In letzter Zeit peratur, die von – 3 ° C im Winter bis wächst Paphiopedilum dianthum auf hat die Zahl der Paphiopedilum-Ar- 38 ° C im Sommer reicht. Eine Gesamt- Felsen oder Hängen von Kalkbergen, ten in der Natur durch Übersammlung zahl von 103 Arten aus 37 Gattungen welche mit Wäldern aus Cyclobalanop- und Standortverluste stark abgenom- terrestrischer und lithophytischer Or- sis glauca und Platycarya longipes be- men. Außerdem können die Blüten von chideen können in diesem Gebiet ge- deckt sind. Weitere Orchideen, die Paphiopedilum-Arten, obwohl sie es funden werden. Es gibt drei Arten von dort zusammen mit Paphiopedilum di- vortäuschen, ihren Bestäubern keine Paphiopedilum in diesem Gebiet, näm- anthum beobachtet wurden, sind Bul- Nahrung oder Brutplätze anbieten. Die lich Paphiopedilum dianthum, Paphio- bophyllum odoratissimum, Cheirosty- Bestäuber können Futter und Brutplät- pedilum hirsutissimum var. esquirolei lis chinensis, Coelogyne fi mbriata, Cym- ze lediglich von anderen, dann auch und Paphiopedilum micranthum. Zu- bidium lancifolium, Cymbidium cyperi- blühenden Pfl anzen erhalten. Die Zer- dem befi ndet sich dort die größte Po- folium, Dendrobium fi mbriatum, Den- störung jeglicher Pfl anzen am Stand- pulation von Paphiopedilum hirsutis- drobium loddigesii, Eria coronaria, Eria ort, vor allem der blühenden, welche simum var. esquilorei in China (Shi et spicata, Kingidium braceanum, Liparis das Leben und die Vermehrung der Be- al., 2007a). chapaensis, Panisea cavaleriei, Paphi- stäuber gewährleisten, kann ernste Paphiopedilum dianthum ist eine ein- opedilum hirsutissimum var. esquirolei Auswirkungen auf die Bestäubung und heitliche, koloniebildende, lithophy- und Paphiopedilum micranthum. Coelo- Vermehrung der Paphiopedilum-Arten tische Art, die auf blanken Bergwän- gyne fi mbriata und Cymbidium lancifoli- haben. Um die natürlichen Paphiope- den und Hängen wächst. Von ihr wird um haben mit Paphiopedilum dianthum dilum-Arten zu schützen, ist es nötig behauptet (Cribb, 1998), dass sie für sich überschneidende Blütezeiten. die Vermehrungsbiologie dieser schö- Südwestchina endemisch sei. In den Wir untersuchten 46 Blüten im Jahr nen Orchideen umfassend zu untersu- letzten Jahren wurde sie allerdings 2005 und 137 Blüten in 2006. Ingesamt chen. Im Jahr 2003 begann
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