FAILURE Engine Analysis Booklet
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Wo 2009/086051 A2
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (43) International Publication Date (10) International Publication Number 9 July 2009 (09.07.2009) PCT WO 2009/086051 A2 (51) International Patent Classification: (74) Agent: MCGUIRE, Katherine, H.; Woods Oviatt F25B 1/04 (2006.01) Gilman LLP, 700 Crossroads Building, 2 State Street, Rochester, NY 14614 (US). (21) International Application Number: PCT/US2008/087591 (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, (22) International Filing Date: AO, AT,AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, 19 December 2008 (19.12.2008) CH, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, (25) Filing Language: English IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, (26) Publication Language: English LR, LS, LT, LU, LY,MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY,MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, (30) Priority Data: RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY,TJ, 61/016,131 21 December 2007 (21.12.2007) US TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): CAR- LETON LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS INC. [US/US]; (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every 2734 Hickory Grove Road, Davenport, IA 52808 (US). kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, (72) Inventors; and ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM), (75) Inventors/Applicants (for US only): RALEIGH, Tim¬ European (AT,BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, othy [US/US]; 26810 172nd Ave, Long Grove, IA FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT,LU, LV,MC, MT, NL, 52756 (US). -
Los Motores Aeroespaciales, A-Z
Sponsored by L’Aeroteca - BARCELONA ISBN 978-84-608-7523-9 < aeroteca.com > Depósito Legal B 9066-2016 Título: Los Motores Aeroespaciales A-Z. © Parte/Vers: 1/12 Página: 1 Autor: Ricardo Miguel Vidal Edición 2018-V12 = Rev. 01 Los Motores Aeroespaciales, A-Z (The Aerospace En- gines, A-Z) Versión 12 2018 por Ricardo Miguel Vidal * * * -MOTOR: Máquina que transforma en movimiento la energía que recibe. (sea química, eléctrica, vapor...) Sponsored by L’Aeroteca - BARCELONA ISBN 978-84-608-7523-9 Este facsímil es < aeroteca.com > Depósito Legal B 9066-2016 ORIGINAL si la Título: Los Motores Aeroespaciales A-Z. © página anterior tiene Parte/Vers: 1/12 Página: 2 el sello con tinta Autor: Ricardo Miguel Vidal VERDE Edición: 2018-V12 = Rev. 01 Presentación de la edición 2018-V12 (Incluye todas las anteriores versiones y sus Apéndices) La edición 2003 era una publicación en partes que se archiva en Binders por el propio lector (2,3,4 anillas, etc), anchos o estrechos y del color que desease durante el acopio parcial de la edición. Se entregaba por grupos de hojas impresas a una cara (edición 2003), a incluir en los Binders (archivadores). Cada hoja era sustituíble en el futuro si aparecía una nueva misma hoja ampliada o corregida. Este sistema de anillas admitia nuevas páginas con información adicional. Una hoja con adhesivos para portada y lomo identifi caba cada volumen provisional. Las tapas defi nitivas fueron metálicas, y se entregaraban con el 4 º volumen. O con la publicación completa desde el año 2005 en adelante. -Las Publicaciones -parcial y completa- están protegidas legalmente y mediante un sello de tinta especial color VERDE se identifi can los originales. -
Needle Roller Bearings Needle Roller Bearings 4703 E Cover 01-12-03 09.16 Sida 4
4703_E_Cover 01-12-03 09.16 Sida 2 R Needle roller bearings roller Needle Needle roller bearings 4703_E_Cover 01-12-03 09.16 Sida 4 © Copyright SKF 2001 The contents of this catalogue are the copyright of the publisher and may not be reproduced (even extracts) unless permis-sion is granted. Every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information con- tained in this catalogue but no liability can be accepted for any loss or damage whet- her direct, indirect or consequential arising out of the use of the information contained here in. Catalogue 4703/I E Printed in Sweden on environmentally friendly paper by Elanders Graphic Systems AB. General ……………………………………………………………………………… 3 Foreword ……………………………………………………………………………………… 5 1 The SKF Group – a worldwide corporation ……………………………………………… 6 Bearing data …………………………………………………………………… 9 Bearing types ………………………………………………………………………………… 10 2 Bearing data – general ……………………………………………………………………… 14 Speeds ……………………………………………………………………………………… 14 Tolerances ………………………………………………………………………………… 14 Internal clearance ………………………………………………………………………… 21 Materials …………………………………………………………………………………… 22 Supplementary designations …………………………………………………………… 24 Design of associated components ……………………………………………………… 26 Product data …………………………………………………………………… 31 Needle roller and cage assemblies ……………………………………………………… 33 3 Drawn cup needle roller bearings ………………………………………………………… 49 Needle roller bearings ……………………………………………………………………… 67 Alignment needle roller bearings ………………………………………………………… 107 Needle roller thrust bearings ……………………………………………………………… -
US5507253.Pdf
|||||||||| USO05507253A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,507,253 Lowi, Jr. (45) Date of Patent: Apr. 16, 1996 54 ADABATIC, TWO-STROKECYCLE ENGINE ing,” SAE Paper 650007. HAVING PSTON-PHASING AND John C. Basiletti and Edward F. Blackburne, Dec. 1966, COMPRESSION RATO CONTROL SYSTEM "Recent Developments in Variable Compression Ratio Engines.” SAE Paper 660344. 76 Inventor: Alvin Lowi, Jr., 2146 Toscanini Dr., L. J. K. Setright, "Some Unusual Engines,” Dec. 1975, pp. Rancho Palos Verde, Calif. 90732 99-105, 109-111. R. Kamo, W. Bryzik and P. Glance Dec. 1987, "Adiabatic (21) Appl. No.: 311,348 Engine Trends-Worldwide,” SAE Paper 870018. (22 Filed: Sep. 23, 1994 S. G. Timony, M. H. Farmer and D. A. Parker, Dec. 1987, "Preliminary Experiences with a Ceramics Evaluation Related U.S. Application Data Engine Rig.” SAE Paper 870021. Paul and Humphrheys, Dec. 1952, SAE Transactions No. 6, 63 Continuation of Ser. No. 112,887, Aug. 27, 1993, Pat. No. 5,375,567. p. 259. (51) Int. Cl." ......................................... FO2B 75/26 Primary Examiner-Marguerite Macy I52 U.S. Cl. .................................... 123/S6.9 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Bruce M. Canter 58) Field of Search .................................. 123/55.7, 56.1, 123/56.2, 56.8, 56.9, 51 B, 193.6 57) ABSTRACT An engine structure and mechanism that operates on various 56) References Cited combustion processes in a two-stroke-cycle without supple U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS mental cooling or lubrication comprises an axial assembly of cylindrical modules and twin, double-harmonic cams that 1,127,267 2/1915 McElwain .............................. 123/56.8 operate with opposed pistons in each cylinder through fully 1,339,276 5/1920 Murphy ................................. -
Principles of an Internal Combustion Engine
Principles of an Internal Combustion Engine Course No: M03-046 Credit: 3 PDH Elie Tawil, P.E., LEED AP Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 22 Stonewall Court Woodcliff Lake, NJ 076 77 P: (877) 322-5800 [email protected] Chapter 2 Principles of an Internal Combustion Engine Topics 1.0.0 Internal Combustion Engine 2.0.0 Engines Classification 3.0.0 Engine Measurements and Performance Overview As a Construction Mechanic (CM), you are concerned with conducting various adjustments to vehicles and equipment, repairing and replacing their worn out broken parts, and ensuring that they are serviced properly and inspected regularly. To perform these duties competently, you must fully understand the operation and function of the various components of an internal combustion engine. This makes your job of diagnosing and correcting troubles much easier, which in turn saves time, effort, and money. This chapter discusses the theory and operation of an internal combustion engine and the various terms associated with them. Objectives When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to do the following: 1. Understand the principles of operation, the different classifications, and the measurements and performance standards of an internal combustion engine. 2. Identify the series of events, as they occur, in a gasoline engine. 3. Identify the series of events, as they occur in a diesel engine. 4. Understand the differences between a four-stroke cycle engine and a two-stroke cycle engine. 5. Recognize the differences in the types, cylinder arrangements, and valve arrangements of internal combustion engines. 6. Identify the terms, engine measurements, and performance standards of an internal combustion engine. -
Aug. 13, 1968 A. S. Baxter ETAL 3,396,819 LUBRICATION of CONNECTING ROD BIG-END BEARINGS Filed Nov
Aug. 13, 1968 A. S. Baxter ETAL 3,396,819 LUBRICATION OF CONNECTING ROD BIG-END BEARINGS Filed Nov. 1, 1965 3,396,819 United States Patent Office Patented Aug. 13, 1968 1. 2 Squeeze-film lubrication conditions. Since the squeeze-film 3,396,819 LUBRICATION OF CONNECTING ROD is relatively thick, minor imperfections in the mating BG-END BEARNGS surfaces can be tolerated because they do not rupture the Allan S. Baxter, Joseph F. Warriner, and Peter M. Jeffery, oil film and therefore the mating surfaces do not touch. Lincoln, England, assignors to Ruston & Hornsby The following description relates to the accompanying Limited, Lincoln, England, a company of Great Britain drawings, showing, by way of example only, one embodi Filed Nov. 1, 1965, Ser. No. 505,885 ment of the invention. In the drawings: Claims priority, application Great Britain, Nov. 7, 1964, FIGURE 1 is a partly sectioned elevation of a fork-and 45,484/64 blade connecting-rod arrangement for a V-form internal 6 Claims. (C. 184-6) combustion engine, showing means for lubrication for the O blade-rod big-end bearing according to the invention; and FIGURE 2 is a composite section on lines A-A and ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A-B of FIGURE 1. In the lubrication of undirectionally loaded bearings The invention is shown in the drawings as applied to between the crank pin of a reciprocating piston engine 5 an engine having pairs of cylinders, the two cylinders of and the large end of a connecting rod, a cam and follower each pair being arranged in V formation, so that the mechanism between relatively oscillating parts relieves the centre-line of what may be called the left-hand cylinder in bearing load to allow entry of lubricant. -
Introduction to Analytical Methods for Internal Combustion Engine Cam Mechanisms a Typical finger Follower Cam Mechanism for a High Performance Engine J
Introduction to Analytical Methods for Internal Combustion Engine Cam Mechanisms A typical finger follower cam mechanism for a high performance engine J. J. Williams Introduction to Analytical Methods for Internal Combustion Engine Cam Mechanisms 123 J. J. Williams Oxendon Software Market Harborough UK ISBN 978-1-4471-4563-9 ISBN 978-1-4471-4564-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-4564-6 Springer London Heidelberg New York Dordrecht Library of Congress Control Number: 2012946758 Ó Springer-Verlag London 2013 NASCAR is a trademark of NASCAR Mercedes Benz is a trademark of Daimler AG Penske is a trademark of Penske Racing, Inc. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. -
Timing/Synchronizing/ Adjusting
Timing/Synchronizing/ Mariner 75 Marathon/Merc 75XD Adjusting (3 Cylinder Models) Full Throttle RPM Range 4750 - 5250 Idle RPM (in “FORWARD” Gear) 650 - 700 Specifications Maximum Timing @ 5000 RPM 16 _ B.T.D.C. 70, 75 and 80 Models (@ Cranking Speed) (18 _ B.T.D.C.) _ _ Serial Number and Above Idle Timing 0 - 4 B.T.D.C. Spark Plug NGK BUHW-2 U.S. B239242 Firing Order 1-3-2 Belgium 9502135 Canada A730007 Special Tools Full Throttle RPM Range 4750 - 5250 Part No. Description Idle RPM (in “FORWARD” Gear) 650 - 700 *91-58222A1 Dial Indicator Gauge Kit Maximum Timing @ 5000 RPM 26 _ B.T.D.C. *91-59339 Service Tachometer (@ Cranking Speed) (28 _ B.T.D.C.) *91-99379 Timing Light _ _ Idle Timing 0 - 4 B.T.D.C. 91-63998A1 Spark Gap Tool Spark Plug NGK BUHW-2 Firing Order 1-3-2 * May be obtained locally. Timing Pointer Adjustment 70, 75 and 80 Models Serial Number and Below WARNING U.S. B239241 Engine could start when turning flywheel to chec k Belgium 9502134 timing pointer alignment. Remove spark plugs from engine to prevent engine from starting. Canada A730006 1. Install Dial Indicator P/N 91-58222A1 into no. 1 Full Throttle RPM Range 4750 - 5250 (top) cylinder. Idle RPM (in “FORWARD” Gear) 650 - 700 2. Turn flywheel clockwise until no. 1 (top) piston is at top dead center (TDC). Set Dial Indicator to “0” Maximum Timing @ 5000 RPM 22 _ B.T.D.C. (zero). (@ Cranking Speed) (24 _ B.T.D.C.) Idle Timing 0_ - 4 _ B.T.D.C. -
Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Gas Torque in Twinrotor Piston
J. Cent. South Univ. (2013) 20: 3536−3544 DOI: 10.1007/s117710131879y Mathematical modeling and analysis of gas torque in twinrotor piston engine DENG Hao(邓豪) 1, 2, PAN Cunyun(潘存云) 1, XU Xiaojun(徐小军) 1, ZHANG Xiang(张湘) 1 1. College of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; 2. Naval Aeronautical Engineering Institute, Qingdao Branch, Qingdao 266041, China © Central South University Press and SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract: The gas torque in a twinrotor piston engine (TRPE) was modeled using adiabatic approximation with instantaneous combustion. The first prototype of TRPE was manufactured. This prototype is intended for high power density engines and can produce 36 power strokes per shaft revolution. Compared with the conventional engines, the vector sum of combustion gas forces acting on each rotor piston in TRPE is a pure torque, and the combustion gas rotates the rotors while compresses the gas in the compression chamber at the same time. Mathematical modeling of gas force transmission was built. Expression for gas torque on each rotor was derived. Different variation patterns of the volume change of working chamber were introduced. The analytical and numerical results is presented to demonstrate the main characteristics of gas torque. The results show that the value of gas torque in TRPE falls to be less than zero before the combustion phase is finished; the time for one stroke is 30° in terms of the rotating angle of the output shaft; gas torque in one complete revolution of the output shaft has a period which is equal to 60° and it is necessary to put off the moment when gas torque becomes zero in order to export the maximum energy. -
Making the Cam
SPECIAL INVESTIGATION Making the Cam 46 VALVETRAIN DESIGN PART TWO This is the second of a three- mandated by regulations, such as a pushrod system in NASCAR, instalment Special or to be similar to that of the production vehicle if a Le Mans GT car. In any event, the geometry of the cam follower mechanism Investigation into valvetrain must be created and numerically specified in the manner of design and it looks at the Fig.2 for a pushrod system, or similarly for finger followers, production of cams and their rocker followers, or the apparently simple bucket tappet [1]. Without knowing that geometry, the lift of the cam tappet followers. Our guides follower and the profile of the cam to produce the desired valve throughout this Special lift diagram cannot be calculated. Investigation are Prof. Gordon Blair, CBE, FREng of THE HERTZ STRESS AT THE CAM AND TAPPET INTERFACE Prof. Blair & Associates, As the cam lifts the tappet and the valve through the particular Charles D. McCartan, MEng, mechanism involved, the force between cam and tappet is a PhD of Queen’s University function of the opposing forces created by the valve springs and the inertia of the entire mechanism at the selected speed of Belfast and Hans Hermann of camshaft rotation. This is not to speak of further forces created Hans Hermann Engineering. by cylinder pressure opposing (or assisting) the valve motion. The force between cam and tappet produces deformation of the surfaces and the “flattened” contact patch produces the so- THE FUNDAMENTALS called Hertz stresses in the materials of each. -
ENRESO WORLD - Ilab
ENRESO WORLD - ILab Different Car Engine Types Istas René Graduated in Automotive Technologies 1-1-2019 1 4 - STROKE ENGINE A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed: 1. Intake: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion. The piston is moving down as air is being sucked in by the downward motion against the piston. 2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition during the power stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage. 3. Combustion: Also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the second revolution of the four stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree revolution. While the piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C. -
ZDDP and Cam Wear: Just Another Engine Oil Myth?
ZPlus, LLC Burlington, NC 27215 www.zddplus.com ZDDPlus™ Tech Brief #2 ZDDP and Cam Wear: Just Another Engine Oil Myth? In the Dec. 2007 GM Techlink publication for GM dealers and technicians, GM engineer and author Bob Olree speculated that the current spate of cam and lifter failures being caused by newer oil is a myth, similar to others which have persisted in automotive mythology. He opens with the statement: “Engine Oil Myths - Over the years there has been an overabundance of engine oil myths. Here are some facts you may want to pass along to customers to help debunk the fiction behind these myths.” This is, of course, absolutely true. In the absence of facts, rumors are generated and persist far beyond any applicability to the situation which gave them life. Olree then continues, giving individual cases to illustrate his point. We examined each of the cases in an effort to decide whether or not his point is valid. Case 1 – Pennsylvania Crude Myth “The Pennsylvania Crude Myth - This myth is based on a misapplication of truth. In 1859, the first commercially successful oil well was drilled in Titusville, Pennsylvania. A myth got started before World War II claiming that the only good oils were those made from pure Pennsylvania crude oil. At the time, only minimal refining was used to make engine oil from crude oil. Under these refining conditions, Pennsylvania crude oil made better engine oil than Texas crude or California crude. Today, with modern refining methods, almost any crude can be made into good engine oil.