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A History of the Reformation. by Principal T T. and T. Clark's Publications. THE LA TEST HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION. 'Of Dr. Lindsay's "History of the Reformation" Dr. DENNEY predicts that it will become a classic on the subject. Few safer pre­ dictions have been hazarded.'-British Weekly. In Two Volumes, post 8vo, price 10s. 6d. each. A History of the Reformation. BY Principal T. M. LINDSAY, D.D., LL.D. VoL. I.-THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY, FROM ITS BEGINNING TO THE RELIGIOUS PEACE OF AUGSBURG. 'The best English History of the Reformation in Germany. A decidedly successful book.'-Professor POLLARD, in the Tribune. 'There can be 'no doubt this will be the classical work in English on the Reformation .... It is a noble crown of a life's study of the most stupendous spiritual movement since the death of St. Paul. Dr. Lindsay writes with an ease and charm that fascinates the reader arid carries him on from page to page until the end, leaving us full of impatience for the second volume.'-Christiaii World. VoL. II. -THE REFORMATION IN LANDS BEYOND GERMANY (Switzerland, France, The Netherlands, Scotland, and England; the Anabaptist and Socinian Movements; The Counter-Reformation). With MAP of the Reformation and Counter­ Reformation (1520-1580). EDINBURGH: T. & T. CLARK, 38 GEORGE STREET. 1banbbooks for :fSible <tlasses an~ ~rt"ate Stubents EDITED BY PRINCIPAL MARCUS DODS, D.D. AND REV. ALEXANDER WHYTE, D.D. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES CHAPTERS XIII-XXVIII BY THOMAS M. LINDSAY, D,D. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. · WITH INTRODUCTION, MAPS, AND NOTES. BY THOMAS M. LINDSAY, D.D., PRINCIPAL, AND PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY AND CHURCH HISTORY1 UNITED FREE CHURCH COLLEGE, GLASGOW. VOL. 11. (CHAPTERS XIII.-XXVIII.) EDINBURGH: T. & T CLARK, 38 GEORGE STREET. PRINTED BY ~10RRISON AND GIBB LIMITED, FOR T. & T. CL A R K, E D I NB UR G H. toNDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO. LIMITED. NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS. PREFACE.- THIS little Commentary makes no pretension to be anything else than an aid to teachers of Bible classes and to private students of the Bible. In my Commentary on the first twelve chapters I have called attention to the various introductory matters which help to the understanding of the Book-its aim; its author; when, where, and for whom written ; the earlier missionary journeys ; the world, social and religious, lying round the Book ; and the condition of the Jews in Palestine and of the Dispersion-and have not thought it necessary to go over the same ground again. Two very important critical questions are suggested more particularly by the second part of the Book of Acts :-(1) The solution of the problem of the early Christian Church, how to reconcile the commandments of Moses with the new law of liberty taught by Jesus ; ( 2) and the result of the discussion of this problem in the two parties within the Christian Church. The Introduction to this Commentary on chapters xiii.-xxviii. is mainly occupied with these questions. THOMAS M. LINDSAY, FREE CHURCH COLLEGE, GLASGOW, September 1S8~. CONTENTS. --- PAGB lNTRODUCTION, II The Problem of the Apostolic Church, II The Problem had to be solved by Jewish Christians, 14 Our Lord pointed out the Solution of the Problem, 16 (a) The Law of the Sabbath, 16 (b) The Law of Ceremonial Purification, 17 (c) The Law of Divorce, 17 (d) What was of Permanent Obligation, 18 The Original Disciples and their Solution of the Problem, 18 James, the Brother of the Lord, 19 Peter, 1g John in the Apocalypse, 2Q Paul on the Conflict between Judaism and Christianity, 21 Paul's Solution of the Problem, • 23 Paul and the Three, , 26 The Acts on the Conflict between Judaism and Christianity, 29 The Conference at Jerusalem, 30 Further Conflicts, 31 Analysis of Chapters xiii.-xxviii., 34 Chronological Summary, 37 Genealogical Table of the Herod Family, · 38, 39 THE COMMENTARY, 41 INDEX, 159 Map to show the First and Second Missionary Journeys of St. Paul, 40 Map to show the Third Missionary J oumey, and the Voyage to Rome, 93 THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLE& XIU,-XXVIII. INTRODUCTION.1 THE PROBLEM OF THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH. No attentive reader of the Acts of the Apostles can have failed to note that one of the great difficulties which forced itself on the early Apostolic Church, was how to reconcile the commandments of Moses with the new law of liberty which was an essential element in the Catholic Church of Jesus Christ, nor to see that the solution of this problem was not accomplished without divisions among the brethren and many painful conflicts. Modern criticism hat expended much investigation on the matter, and has in particular raised the question whether the book of the Acts gives a trustworthy account of the way in which the Church acted, or whether the conflict provoked was not much deeper and deadlier than the writer persuades his readers to believe. Ever since Ferdinand Christian Baur published, in 1831, his celebrated article on The Chn"st Party i'n the Con'ntlzt'an Church, the theory that there was a deep-seated opposition between Jewish and Gentile Christianity has been used to discredit the authenticity of many of the New Testament writings, and among them of the Acts of the Apostles. In the Introduction to chapters 1.-XII., reference was made to this theory and its effects 1 For the general introduction to the Acts of the Apostles, the reader is referred to my Acts of Ike Apostles, chapters 1.-XII., published in this series. n 12 THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. on the aim and date of composition of the book. " The special position of the Tiibingen school has been very generally abandoned, but its criticism of particular books, their authe;1ticity, his­ torical credibility, and date, are still not without influence.•.• According to Zeller and other critics, two parties existed in the Apostolic Church in irreconcilable opposition, the Jewish and the G~ntile Christians. Jewish Christians asserted that their faith was Judaism with a new Prophet, that the Law of Moses and Mosaic cere­ monial practices were binding on Christians as well as on unbelieving Jews, that Gentile believers must first become proselytes to Judaism before they could become Christians, that circumcision was the only gateway to baptism. Gentile Christianity, on the other hand, refused to admit this, was intolerant of Mosaic injunctions, and insisted on starting with the New Testament, or if it admitted the Old Testa­ ment at all, put value only on the prophetic element. These differences within the Church were also represented, it is said, within the College of the Apostles. At the head of intolerant Jewish Christianity stood Peter, John, and James ; at the head of intolerant Gentile Christianity stood Paul. As years went on, a middle party gradually grew up, which became the Catholic Church of Christ ; some members of this middle party, wishing to show that it had always been in the Church, wrote the Acts of the Apostles, making Peter on occasions speak words and utter sentiments which only one holding Paul's opinions could have made, and showing Paul accept­ ing compromises and submitting to conditions repugnant to his declared convictions. The question arises, What historical evidence is there for these sweeping assertions ? When examined, it is ludicrously small. Stript of the glamour of erudition and of historical imagination, the real basis of this Tiibingen theory is as follows. Thq-e were undoubtedly in the second century Jewish Christian sectaries bitterly opposed to all Gentile Christianity, who claimed St. Peter as their special Apostle ; and there were Gentile Christians such as Marcion, outside the Christian Church, who hated everything Jewish; and there was undoubtedly in the Apostolic Church an extreme Judaizing party, called 'the sect of the Pharisees who INTRODUCTION, 13 believed,' who were continually thwarting Paul. Baur and Zeller take the opinions of the Jewish Christian heretics of the second century, read them back into the Judaizers of the Apostolic times, make the Twelve sharers in these beliefs and usages, and thep. by dint of ingenious exegesis they try to fi_t1d these opinions and practices in those New Testament writings which bear the names of those whom they call the Judaizing Apostles. That is the basis of the theory; and on this theory Zeller declares that the narrative of the acquiescence of the Church in Jerusalem in the admission of Gentile Christians must have been unhistorical, and that Peter could not have baptized Cornelius and his household in the manner described." The fact of the difficulty of the problem remains, however, although we may refuse to accept the guidance of the Tiibingen school in describing it and its consequences, and requires serious attention. Criticism has made the historical investiga­ tion of the problem more difficult by the doubts it has cast on some of the documents naturally employed in its solution. Three of the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles cannot be used until it has been shown that the criticism which has refused to place them in the first century of the Christian era is erroneous. We have still St. Mark's Gospel, the Apocalypse, the principal Epistles of St. Paul, the General Epistle of James, and the First Epistle of Peter. These are documents which present criticism has almost unanimously admitted to be authentic, and to contain the earliest description of Christian life and thought. It is not of course admitted that the other canonical writings are as late as some critics make them ; but for our present inquiry they are left out of con­ sideration. The question then before us is, What light do the Apocalypse, the Epistles of James and of Peter, and the principal Epistles of St.
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