DOCSLIB.ORG

Governments C-104 7.12 Summary C-109

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Governments C-104 7.12 Summary C-109 LIVING WITH THELAKES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ANNEX C INTERESTS, POLICIES AND DECISION MAKING: PROSPECTS FOR MANAGING THE WATER LEVELS ISSUE IN THE GREAT LAKES - ST. LAWRENCE RIVER BASIN PREPARED BY FUNCTIONAL GROUP 3 FOR THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TEAM International Joint Commission Water Levels Reference Study JUNE, 1989 PHASE 1 REPORT OUTLINE IJC FLUCTUATING WATER LEVELS STUDY ............................. MAIN REPORT ANNEX A - PAST AND FUTURE WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS ANNEX B - ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES, PROCESSES AND IMPACTS: AN ECOSYSTEM PERSPECTIVE ON THE GREAT LAKES - ST. LAWRENCE RIVER SYSTEM ANNEX C - INTERESTS, POLICIES AND DECISION MAKING: PROSPECTS FOR MANAGING THE WATER LEVELS ISSUE IN THE GREAT LAKES - ST. LAWRENCE RIVER BASIN ANNEX D - THE GREAT LAKES ECOSYSTEM PERSPECTIVE: IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER LEVELS MANAGEMENT ANNEX E - POTENTIAL ACTIONS TO DEAL WITH THE ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES OF FLUCTUATING WATER LEVELS ANNEX F - EVALUATION INSTRUMENT ANNEX G - PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM !Jhis docurtlent reflects contributionsfm a larye mrmber of people, incl~dirrg members of E3, individuals affiliated elsewherein the Reference Study and with cooperating agencies,and members of the pblic at larye. An inventory of FG3 participants is providedin Appm3ix 5, and the mrmercxls contacts and information souz1=es employed in this exercise are documented in Alrpendix 4. wegratefully acknadpdse these substantive materials, observations, criticisms and suggestions, many of which were -lied within tight time constraints and under other conditions which were far from ideal. Section 7 of this Report is laqelybased on the working documents prepared by joint U.S. - Canada teams, listed in Appedx 4. 'Ihe canpilation of these documents and the interpretations thisin Annex included extensive involvement with representatives of variaus interests. Sections5 and 9 draw heavily upon the work of Mike Donahue. Various sections of the Annex benefitted from critiques by individuals outside FG3, notably Reid Kruetzwiser, Roden, Fear1 McKeen, Doug Brown, Rabert sparso, Bruce Mitchell, and Ruth Elgett. 'Ihe canpilation of the manuscriptwas gretly assistedby Madeleine Ward. We sincerely thank all those who contributed to this Annex. Of course, the document, including its approach, interpretations, conclusions and errors, remains fully the responsibility of the authors. The authorsare: C-i ANWCC section A- A- c- i ExExxlTIvE su”ARy c- v c- 1 1. INI’ROIXJCTION c- 3 2. MANAGEMENTaXImT C- 6 2.1 Introduction C- 6 2.2 Physical Setting C- 6 2.3 Socio-Econcanic Setting C- 14 2.4 Governance Setting C- 15 2.5 Decision Making Setting C- 16 2.6 Implications ForThis Report C- 17 3. ’IHE- c- 19 4. MEASURFS c- 22 4.1 Classification and Types of Measures c- 22 4.2 who ~mplementsthe ”S? C- 24 4.3 who pays for the Meamres? C- 25 5. POLICY”ES0FGO~RELATEDTO~ LAI<ELEVELSIssuE C- 29 Introduction C- 5.1 Introduction 29 5.2 Locus of Authority for policy Making C- 31 5.3 General policy Themes c- 33 5.4 specific policyRelated to the Lake Lwels Issue C- 37 5.5 summary c- 47 6. ”POSITIONS c- 49 6.1 Intmduction c- 49 6.2 me Basis for Interests’ Decisionsto mte and Use the Lakes C- 50 6.3 The Formation of Expectations C- 52 6.4 Interests petition Gcrvenrments c- 53 c-ii section 7. p(x;ITIONS OF C- 56 7.1 Introduction C- 56 7.2 Riparian c- 57 7.3 t;snri.mnmental Interest Graup C- 67 7.4 Electric Fmer C- 72 7.5 Transportation C- 78 7.6 Cumnemial/Industrial C- 82 7.7 Rerreation C- 88 7.8 (Xmnnemial Fi- c- 94 7.9 Agriculture c- 97 7.10 Native Nations c-100 7.11 Governments C-104 7.12 Summary c-109 8. m UN” C-113 8.1 Introduc;.tion C-113 8.2 physical Environment C-113 8.3 Econcpnic Activity C-114 8.4 Government policy C-115 8.5 Planning in the Future C-115 9. “ZATIONANDTHE DECISION MAKING FRomss C-117 9.1 The Role of Govermnent organizations C-117 9.2 mentory of Government organizations C-118 9.3 The Issue of ccsnplexity C-124 9.4 ‘Ihe current DecisionMaking Process C-127 9.5 Enham=ed Decision Making capacity C-129 10. FINDINGS E4 -0Ns C-138 10.1 Summary of Fhdi~qs C-138 10.2 Recanaoenaations C-140 APPENDICES 1. RIPARIAN SURVEY 2. GLI36sARY 5. UST OF PARTICIPAKI’S IN FG3 c-iii pase C-4-1 Levels of Guvenrmentto Implement Actions C- 24 IXST OF F'I- c-2-1 Great Lakes - St. Lawrem=e Navigation System c- 7 c-2-2 Iake Erie water Levelsand Precipitation c- 11 C-2-3 F'requency of Occnurence of Levels c- 13 C-4-1 who Pays? C- 27 C-7-1 Distribution of population C- 58 C-7-2 Electricdl Wer Lines and Generating Stations c- 73 c-7-3 Profile of GreatLak.5 - St. Lawrence Navigation system c- 79 c-7-4 Fsnployment and Industrial Structure C- 83 c-7-5 Recreation C- 89 C-7-6 Landuse C- 98 c-7-7 Distribution of Native Nations c-102 C-iv ?heb~purposeofthe~CWaterIlrwels~ferenoeStudtyistoexaminethe l3?clKTingprablenrs posed by fluctuating water levelsin the Great Lakes - st. Lawren=eRiverBasinandtoassistgov~in~idingwhatmi~tbedone to deal with the issue. lmis report rep- a distinct mntrihtion to the achievnent of thatprrpose, by rseking to better ur&r&md the social, econauic and political dimensions theof issue and the on-going challengeto govemnents. It focuses on interests' -, their views ofthe prablexns anl solutions, and hcw these relate to the msponsibilities of governments. ?he intent is to identify the key el- of the political challengeto govemnents; in particular, the reasons why interests petition governments for action, and what government msponse, if any, is &led for. n-reSe concerns andpositiansof~arecctrparedtothestatedhtesof gov-, together with the cxlrrerrt Imw1- about fluctuating water levels and associated ecological prooesses. The findings fmthis approach vide a basis for identifying actions governnmts of which can address the maMgemerrt issues associatea with flucbuating water levels. Within the Great Lakes - st. ~awrmoeRiver -in there are multiple interests who have made decisionsto use the lakes in anticipation of receivingcertain benefits. The interests have been categorized into the following classes: riparians (ssloreline pmperty awners), envirormwtal groups, electric power, transportation, camemidl and ixlustrial arnpanies, recreationists, oarnrercial fishing,and agricultural in-, native nations,and agencies of governumts. When interests' apectations abaut gains and axts associated with their use of the lakes are not met, they often petition governmmtsfor action. At ather times, interests may wivethat sare action by govemnents can inprwe orworn their situation, evm if they have not aqerienced c~11seqllc?11ces fran their decision to use the lakes. As a result, these interests may petitiongovernments to adopt or reject measures that will affect their welfare. Governments beuxe particularly sensitizedto the issue when interests petition for action. me analysis shows that the experiences,factual and values of theinterestsvarygreatlybuthanrongandwithinhterestclasses. 'Ihis situation makes it -y difficult to establish a basis for evaluating the merit ofinbmsts' petitions and the apprupriateness of governnmt actions. -y, -y, the appmach taken in this investigation has been to distill existing policy themes or guim principles of government,and use them to guidetheanalysisratherthantoestablishentirelynewj~on gaverrnaent responsibility. Investigations meal that disoernibleand c~rmon-ies in policy exist between the goverments of the two countries. The policy themes pertinent to the water levelsmamgamk issue have been identified as follaws: o Gwerrnnents seek to pmmmte @*informed@* decision making by interests. o Gcnrenmnents seek to praaote I@respansible@@ decisionmaking by c-v ~Gavenmrentsseektoassummsiliencyofintereststoadapttonaturalhazards. oGcnrerrnnentsseektopromnotethedevelopentoftheecc#lcmy,subjectto the mtives of laplgterm envimrrmental protection o seek to pmmate, and expect to have, an llopenlt pl- process, givh miltiple interests acoess to decision making processes. These policy thenres prwvi.de the famdation for interpretingthe positions of the irrterests, and for isolatirgthose h&ances where goverment action is warranted, based upon policy. aLe agpmach used to hteqret the positions of in light of the policies and I.esposlsibilities ofgov- has saqht to umk&and the decision pruoess interests go thmqh, either miously or subconsciously, when~ingtousethel~andrelatedland~,andhckJand~~ such use results in -1s for government action. This study has identified four areas where petitioning relatesmy to the established responsibiliQ of fed& governments. aLese are when the in-' position seems to be related to: o surprise due to hadequate information, o lack of resiliencyto mturdl hazards, o benefit -, The analysis of why the htexesb take their positions an3 haw their concans and motivations relateto the policies ofgovernments meals that marry of the htemsts were llsurprisedtl by some eldof the Great Lakes system, such as the levels, the degree of floodingor mion, or the failure ofgavermnents to do sarrething abart these things. 'Ibis llsuxpri.sett is mlevantto govemmnts because of their carnci.tment to llinfoxmedand responsibleI1 decision nraking. Also a cmcern to guv- is lack of zesiliencyby interests to the co6t6 of naM hazazds, when this lack of resiliency reflectsa failure in pronrating informed investment decisions orwhen it threatens an econcanic sector or creates widespread hardship: Sane petitions by interests seem to seek a shifting of wets associated mth an investmmt to others, in particular the envimnmnt or the general taxpayer. "t policies dismmge&shiftingandseektoprotecttheenvironment. otherirrterests suppart measures that wuld enhance their invesbmts. This is sane- gwerrnaents might appmve of, kut nut if it modification of the physical system at plblicexpense or at& to the envimment. Investigations fand that measulps to regulate- levels and flaws (Type 1) mive the met attention fmm interests, with support CQning strongly fropn riparian grmpe and with qqositionp- in envhmwntal interests. aKxse not seeking Type 1 petition for the status quo or more localized respmes. Genesally, there is limited -1- of, and little widespread arpport for measures which airecuy restrict(~ype 3) or idmctly influeme (Type 4) the uses of land and water.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effects of PCB Contamination on the Environment and the Cultural Integrity of the St
    University of Vermont UVM ScholarWorks Graduate College Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 2015 Effects of PCB Contamination on the Environment and the Cultural Integrity of the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe in the Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne Kim Ellen McRae University of Vermont Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis Part of the Environmental Studies Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, and the Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons Recommended Citation McRae, Kim Ellen, "Effects of PCB Contamination on the Environment and the Cultural Integrity of the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe in the Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne" (2015). Graduate College Dissertations and Theses. 522. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/522 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at UVM ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate College Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of UVM ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EFFECTS OF PCB CONTAMINATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE CULTURAL INTEGRITY OF THE ST. REGIS MOHAWK TRIBE IN THE MOHAWK NATION OF AKWESASNE A Dissertation Presented by Kim McRae to The Faculty of the Graduate College of The University of Vermont In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Specializing in Natural Resources May, 2015 Defense Date: May, 2015 Thesis Committee: Saleem Ali, Ph.D., Advisor Cecilia Danks, Ph.D., Co-Advisor Susan Comerford, Ph.D., Chair Glenn McRae, Ph.D. Cynthia J. Forehand, Ph.D., Dean of Graduate College ABSTRACT The following research project examines the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the environment and the cultural integrity of the St.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Environment Division Environmental Assessment Form Project Name: St. Regis River Water Main Crossing P
    Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Environment Division Environmental Assessment Form Project Name: St. Regis River Water Main Crossing Project Developer: Colleen Thomas, Director, Planning & Infrastructure Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Project Coordinator: Rob Henhawk, Field Superintendant Brent Herne, Construction Manager Address: 2817 State Route 95 Akwesasne NY 13655 Phone Number: 1-518-358-4205 FAX Number: 1-518-358-5919 Other Contacts: Shawn Martin Manager, Public Works Aaron Jarvis, Tisdel Associates, Project Engineer 1 © Copyright 2007 St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, or its Licensors. All rights reserved. Introduction It is the tradition of the Mohawk People to look seven generations ahead in making decisions that affect the community. It is in this spirit that the Environmental Review Process has been developed. The resources available on the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation are limited and dwindling with each year that passes. It is the intention of this process to increase awareness of available resources and ensure that all consideration of these resources is taken when initiating a project. Focus and vigilance are required to make sure the seventh generation will have all that is necessary to maintain and continue our way of life. This community is unique and consists of cultural resources that have survived countless efforts to eliminate them and they are deserving of our protection and care. Development can proceed and remain in harmony with the cultural values passed on to us by our ancestors, but it requires forethought and effort. The land and resources should be considered as a gift to pass down to future generations, and as such it should remain as whole, intact, and healthy as it was received so that it may sustain them.
    [Show full text]
  • Before Albany
    Before Albany THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University ROBERT M. BENNETT, Chancellor, B.A., M.S. ...................................................... Tonawanda MERRYL H. TISCH, Vice Chancellor, B.A., M.A. Ed.D. ........................................ New York SAUL B. COHEN, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. ................................................................... New Rochelle JAMES C. DAWSON, A.A., B.A., M.S., Ph.D. ....................................................... Peru ANTHONY S. BOTTAR, B.A., J.D. ......................................................................... Syracuse GERALDINE D. CHAPEY, B.A., M.A., Ed.D. ......................................................... Belle Harbor ARNOLD B. GARDNER, B.A., LL.B. ...................................................................... Buffalo HARRY PHILLIPS, 3rd, B.A., M.S.F.S. ................................................................... Hartsdale JOSEPH E. BOWMAN,JR., B.A., M.L.S., M.A., M.Ed., Ed.D. ................................ Albany JAMES R. TALLON,JR., B.A., M.A. ...................................................................... Binghamton MILTON L. COFIELD, B.S., M.B.A., Ph.D. ........................................................... Rochester ROGER B. TILLES, B.A., J.D. ............................................................................... Great Neck KAREN BROOKS HOPKINS, B.A., M.F.A. ............................................................... Brooklyn NATALIE M. GOMEZ-VELEZ, B.A., J.D. ...............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Butlers of the Mohawk Valley: Family Traditions and the Establishment of British Empire in Colonial New York
    Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE December 2015 Butlers of the Mohawk Valley: Family Traditions and the Establishment of British Empire in Colonial New York Judd David Olshan Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Olshan, Judd David, "Butlers of the Mohawk Valley: Family Traditions and the Establishment of British Empire in Colonial New York" (2015). Dissertations - ALL. 399. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/399 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract: Butlers of the Mohawk Valley: Family Traditions and the Establishment of British Empire in Colonial New York Historians follow those tributaries of early American history and trace their converging currents as best they may in an immeasurable river of human experience. The Butlers were part of those British imperial currents that washed over mid Atlantic America for the better part of the eighteenth century. In particular their experience reinforces those studies that recognize the impact that the Anglo-Irish experience had on the British Imperial ethos in America. Understanding this ethos is as crucial to understanding early America as is the Calvinist ethos of the Massachusetts Puritan or the Republican ethos of English Wiggery. We don't merely suppose the Butlers are part of this tradition because their story begins with Walter Butler, a British soldier of the Imperial Wars in America.
    [Show full text]
  • Ohero:Kon “Under the Husk” Konon:Kwe, Haudenosaunee Confederacy
    Ohero:kon “Under the Husk” Konon:kwe, Haudenosaunee Confederacy The teenage years are an exciting but challenging phase of life. For Native youth, racism and mixed messages about identity can make the transition to adulthood particularly fraught, and may even lead to risky or self-destructive behavior. Within the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, a groundbreaking initiative to restore rites of passage for youth has engaged the entire community. The Ohero:kon ceremonial rite guides youth through Mohawk practices and teachings in the modern context, strengthening their cultural knowledge, self-confidence, and leadership skills. A Loss of Connection Located along the Saint Lawrence River, Akwesasne is home to approximately 13,000 Mohawks. A complex mix of governments exercise jurisdiction over its territory. The international border between the United States and Canada bisects Akwesasne lands, and the community shares a geography with two Canadian provinces (Ontario and Quebec) and one US state (New York). Within the community, there are two externally recognized governments—the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe, recognized by the US government, and the Mohawk Council of Akwesasne, recognized by the Canadian government—and two longhouse (traditional) governments. Additionally, the Mohawk people are part of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, which has a rich presence throughout the region. Incompatibility between the robust governance institutions and the policies of the colonizing governments has led to intense and, at times, violent political polarization within the community. Because of these schisms, the Mohawk people have found it difficult to resolve or even address many pressing social and governmental issues. The proliferation of contradicting laws, moral codes, and standards of behavior is another result, which fuels further divisions.
    [Show full text]
  • Schenectady County Historical Society
    Schenectady County Historical Society Newsletter Vol. 65, No. 1, 2021 | 518.374.0263 | schenectadyhistorical.org Schenectady's Relationship to Native America by Mike Diana, Education & Programs Manager An Introduction For many people, “American” history begins with European exploration of the continent. From there, the narrative invariably centers on the colonial perspective and, after 1776, the perspective of the United States. Consequently, the general public is generally uninformed about the Native American history that both predates the Pilgrims and persists to the present. And this article is by no means capable of addressing this broad historical issue. So let’s turn from this historical macrocosm to the microcosm of our own city, Schenectady. For the first century and a half of its existence, Schenectady shared a unique relationship with its neighbors to the west, a people known colloquially as “the Iroquois.” In my interactions with the public, I find most people misunderstand that relationship. Some visitors tend to imagine the Iroquois as a nebulous threat to the European settlers of Schenectady. Other younger visitors might think of the Iroquois as victims of the inexorable colonial and American conquest of the continent. Both conceptions are too simplistic. And so, in this article I will try my hand at describing the connection between the Iroquois and Schenectady. I’ll begin with a very basic introduction to who the Iroquois are. I’ll proceed to show how our city started as a small trading town, the vital point of contact between the Iroquois and the British colonial world. We’ll see how Schenectadians of the time were intimately familiar with the Iroquois and vice-versa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Indian Law, Although a Part of the Scheme of General
    LEGALIZING, DECOLONIZING, AND MODERNIZING NEW YORK STATE'S INDIAN LAW Robert B. Porter* The Indian Law, although a part of the scheme of general laws, is but a collection of special statutes relating to the several tribes of Indians remaining in the state. Following this plan an examination has been· made of all statutes relating to Indians, and such as were found to be unrepealed but superceded or obsolete have been placed in the schedule for repeal, and those remaining have been added to the law under the article relating to the particular tribe to which they apply. I INTRODUCTION One of the most vexing problems in Federal Indian Control Law is how to regulate the relationship between the Indian nations and the states. In stark contrast to the federal government's role in Indian affairs, the Constitution makes no provision for the states to exercise authority inside the Indian territory located within their borders. As a result of having territory within a state that the state cannot control, there has long been conflict between the states and the Indian nations, usually revolving around state efforts to exert authority within the Indian territory.2 These state efforts have been * Associate Professor ofLaw and Director ofthe Tribal Law and Government Center at the University of Kansas. This article was first presented as a lecture at Albany Law School on April 20, 1999. I would like to acknowledge the support of the General Research Fund of the University ofKansas and the staffofAlbany Law Review which made this work possible. I Feb. 17, 1909, ch.
    [Show full text]
  • Terre Hill, Woodard, New York State Surrounding History & Exploration
    Terre Hill, Woodard, New York State Surrounding History & Exploration Patrick R. F. Blakley October, 2020 PatrickRFBlakley.com/TerreHill Terre Hill: Woodard, NY; Surrounding History and Exploration 2 Terre Hill, Woodard, New York State: Surrounding History & Exploration Written by Patrick R. F. Blakley Published by Lulu Press Inc. Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. First Printing October 2020 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Copyright © 2020 by Patrick R. F. Blakley All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, scanned, or distributed in any printed or electronic form without permission. Please do not participate in or encourage piracy of copyrighted books in violation of the author’s rights. Purchase only authorized editions. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA has been applied for. ISBN 978-1-716-47506-1 Terre Hill: Woodard, NY; Surrounding History and Exploration 3 Terre Hill: Woodard, NY; Surrounding History and Exploration 4 Terre Hill: Woodard, NY; Surrounding History and Exploration 5 This paper and family research is dedicated to Lena Presently the youngest Blakley in the family. Terre Hill: Woodard, NY; Surrounding History and Exploration 6 Terre Hill: Woodard, NY; Surrounding History and Exploration 7 Contents Abstract pg. 4 World War I pg. 33 ​ ​ Terre Hill Landscape pg. 5 Hancock International Airport pg. 34 ​ ​ First Haudenosaunee Settlers pg. 7 Niagara Mohawk & National Grid pg. 35 ​ ​ Beaver Wars pg. 9 The Great Depression pg. 36 ​ ​ Simon Le Moyne pg. 9 Terre Hill Survey Markers pg. 36 ​ ​ French & Indian Wars pg. 10 Three Rivers WMA pg. 37 ​ ​ American Revolutionary War pg. 11 World War II pg.
    [Show full text]
  • THREE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY MOHAWK IROQUOIS VILLAGE SITES the UNIVERSITY of the STATE of NEW YORK Regents of the University
    THREE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY MOHAWK IROQUOIS VILLAGE SITES THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of The University ROBERT M. BENNETT, Chancellor, B.A., M.S. ................................................. Tonawanda ADELAIDE L. SANFORD, Vice Chancellor, B.A., M.A., P.D. ............................ Hollis DIANE O’NEILL MCGIVERN, B.S.N., M.A., Ph.D. ......................................... Staten Island SAUL B. COHEN, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. ............................................................... New Rochelle JAMES C. DAWSON, A.A., B.A., M.S., Ph.D. .................................................. Peru ROBERT M. JOHNSON, B.S., J.D. ...................................................................... Huntington ANTHONY S. BOTTAR, B.A., J.D. ..................................................................... North Syracuse MERRYL H. TISCH, B.A., M.A. ........................................................................ New York GERALDINE D. CHAPEY, B.A., M.A., Ed.D. ................................................... Belle Harbor ARNOLD B. GARDNER, B.A., LL.B. ................................................................. Buffalo HARRY PHILLIPS, 3rd, B.A., M.S.F.S. .............................................................. Hartsdale JOSEPH E. BOWMAN,JR., B.A., M.L.S., M.A., M.Ed., Ed.D. ........................ Albany LORRAINE A. CORTÉS-VÁZQUEZ, B.A., M.P.A. .............................................. Bronx JUDITH O. RUBIN, A.B. ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Oronhyatekha, Baptized Peter Martin, Was a Mohawk, Born and Raised at Six Nations
    Oronhyatekha, baptized Peter Martin, was a Mohawk, born and raised at Six Nations. Among many accomplishments, awards, and citations, Oronhyatekha was one of the first of Native ancestry to receive a medical degree. He was also a Justice of the Peace, Consulting Physician at Tyendinaga (appointed by Sir John A. MacDonald), an Ambassador, Chief Ranger of the Independent Order of Foresters, and Chairman of the Grand Indian Council of Ontario and Quebec. But what was perhaps most remarkable about the man was not that he achieved success in the Victorian world, but that he did so with his Mohawk heritage intact. This slide show follows the remarkable life of Oronhyatekha, demonstrating how he successfully negotiated through two worlds, balancing Victorian Values to maintain his Mohawk Ideals. Born at Six Nations on August 10th, 1841, Oronhyatekha was baptized Peter Martin. From the time of his early child hood, he prefered his Mohawk name, which means Burning Sky. “There are thousands of Peter Martins,” he declared, “but there is only one Oronhyatekha.” Oronhyatekha’s character owed much to the influence of his grandfather, George Martin. As a Confederacy chief, George Martin was obliged to uphold the three principles most central to his position: Peace, Power and Righteousness, and raised Oronhyatekha to exemplify those high ideas in his life. Confederacy Chiefs, 1871. Albumen print photograph. Collection of the Woodland Cultural Centre, Brantford, Ontario. Although firmly grounded in the language, traditions and ideals of the Mohawk people, Oronhyatekha entered into the missionary- run school system on the reserve. He first attended the new day school at Martin’s Corners, and later, the Mohawk Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of Red Power Activism Between Two Mohawk Communities
    Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of Summer 2011 One Nation, Separate Spheres: An Examination of Red Power Activism Between Two Mohawk Communities Carlyn N. Pinkins Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd Recommended Citation Pinkins, Carlyn N., "One Nation, Separate Spheres: An Examination of Red Power Activism Between Two Mohawk Communities" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 601. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/601 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ONE NATION, SEPARATE SPHERES: AN EXAMINATION OF RED POWER ACTIVISM BETWEEN TWO MOHAWK COMMUNITIES by CARLYN N. PINKINS (Under the Direction of Alan Downs) ABSTRACT Red Power activism in the United States and Canada during the 1940s and 1950s is primarily localized, consisting of several tribes or particular regions of tribes simultaneously, but separately protesting local, state, or federal legislation that threatened aspects of their tribal sovereignty. The occupation of Alcatraz Island in 1969 by a group called Indians of All Tribes marked the beginning of pan-Indian activism, inspiring diverse, indigenous efforts to bring about social change. The localism of native activism before the occupation of Alcatraz also extended to intratribal divisions which is illustrated by two separate activist events in the Mohawk communities of Kahnawake and Akwesasne.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Sites of Saratoga Lake, Fish Creek, and Vicinity
    Place of the Swift Waters: A History of the First People of the Saratoga Lake Watershed Jenna Gersie ’10 and Claire Malone Matson ’10 ES375: Case Studies in Environmental Sustainability Professors Karen Kellogg and Josh Ness May 7, 2010 1 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………2 Preface…..............................................................................................................................2 Methods…………………………………………………………………………………....7 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..9 Food Resources…………………………………………………………………………..21 Trade, Travel, and Warfare.……………………………………………………………...31 The Springs………………………………………………………………………………38 Spirituality and Culture…………………………………………………………………..46 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...……..53 Afterword………………………………………………………………………………...55 Works Cited……………………………………………………………………………...58 2 Abstract We examined a history of the native people of the Saratoga Lake Watershed, beginning with archaeological evidence from 12,000 years ago and focusing on the time surrounding early European contact. Though many New England tribes such as the Mahican used the lands in this area, we explored the ways that the Mohawk people in particular related to water in terms of food resources, including fishing, hunting, and agriculture; travel, trade, and warfare along the area's waterways; the medicinal springs of Saratoga; spirituality and culture; and current water-use issues. Preface Joseph Bruchac, a Native American local of the Saratoga region, introduces a book of Native American stories by describing the relationships native peoples of North America have with the Earth. “The Earth is not something to be bought and sold, something to be used and mistreated,” he writes. “It is, quite simply, the source of our lives—our Mother” (Caduto and Bruchac 1991). He continues to explain the role of native people on the Earth as entrusted with a mission to maintain the natural balance of the Earth. In Native American philosophy, life is seen as a great circle in which each person is related to everyone and everything.
    [Show full text]