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Hydraulic Processes Controlling Recharge Through Glacial Drift

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Hydraulic Processes Controlling Recharge Through Glacial Drift HYDRAULIC PROCESSES CONTROLLING RECHARGE THROUGH GLACIAL DRIFT by MARK CUTHBERT A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Birmingham October 2005 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The research aims to further the understanding of hydraulic processes governing recharge through glacial drift (superficial deposits) at a range of scales by investigating the Potford Brook catchment, Shropshire, UK. At the local scale (10s m to km), an original application of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method and coring have enabled a better understanding of the drift architecture and conceptual hydraulic models of recharge to be derived. At the site scale (cm to 10s m) hydraulic and hydrochemical/tracer test data suggest that recharge occurs through preferential pathways in variably saturated till. Furthermore, near-vertical hydraulically active fractures, thought to result from desiccation/freeze thaw processes and infilled with material derived from clasts in the till, have been observed. This is some of the first evidence of hydraulically significant fracturing in British glacial till. The permeability of a 6 m thick till deposit is thus approximately one order of magnitude greater than the matrix permeability. Potential travel times of contaminants to the till water table (<2 mbgl) may be as high as 1 cm/d. In glaciofluvial deposits, preferential flow is also shown to be significant and lateral flow is caused by perching on underlying glaciolacustrine materials. The vertical flow to the sandstone aquifer through the glaciolacustrine deposits has been shown, for the first time, to be just a few mm/a. Aquifer recharge may be enhanced locally in areas of patchy till/glaciolacustrine deposits due to the delayed infiltration of lateral subsurface flows and runoff. Temperature effects on the resistivity of the shallow subsurface can be very significant complicating the interpretation of time series ERT images. The results have important implications for sustainable catchment management and aquifer vulnerability. “I have yet to see any problem, however complicated, which when looked at in the right way, did not become still more complicated.” Paul Anderson ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to the Natural Environment Research Council for funding this project. Sincere thanks to my supervisors Rae Mackay and John Tellam for their encouragement, thoughtful advice and commitment throughout the project. Thanks to Ron Barker and Andy Baker for helpful advice on geophysics and tracers respectively. Many thanks to Richard Greswell and Roger Livesey for support on a whole range of practical issues, time in the field and hours spent slaving in front of a hot soldering iron. Thanks to Jon Weller, Ian Morrisey and Tabitha Sudworth for graciously bearing with urgent data requests, to the MSc students and undergraduates who supported various aspects of laboratory and fieldwork, to my fellow PhD students for the general banter and advice. Thanks to staff at BGS, particularly Adrian Humpage for helping with core-logging and general wisdom regarding Quaternary geology, but also Adrian Lawrence, George Darling, John Bloomfield and Emma Tribe on a range of other issues. I also acknowledge support of Martin Shepley, Dave Johnson and Steve Fletcher from the Environment Agency and Mike Streetly from ESI in the opening stages of the project. Thank you to the landowners who kindly gave access to their land for fieldwork, in particular to Mr Udale and Mr Bromley, for allowing installation and access to the fieldsites. Without the support of my family and friends I may have lost the plot by now. Particular thanks to Mum and Dad for putting me up (or should I say putting up with me?) on frequent stop-overs in Birmingham; Andy for your inspiration in many ways, not least that there is indeed life after a PhD. Tam you’ve been a constant source of support and encouragement. Thank you for the sacrifices you’ve made in letting me do this degree – you’re the best. Gracie, what a wonderful gift you are too, thanks for bringing me back down to earth when hydrogeology seemed to be taking over my world. Finally, thanks to the one ‘in whom we live and move and have our being’. Without you there would be nothing to be curious about in the first place….. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Context...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Aims, Approach and Thesis Structure................................................................................... 3 1.3 Definitions................................................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Previous research ..................................................................................................................................... 6 1.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 6 1.4.2 Glacial Till............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.4.3 Glaciofluvial Sediments....................................................................................................................... 11 1.4.4 Glaciolacustrine Sediments.................................................................................................................. 13 1.4.5 Preferential Flow in the Vadose Zone ................................................................................................. 13 1.4.6 Drainage and Interflow........................................................................................................................ 14 1.4.7 UK Research........................................................................................................................................ 17 1.5 Looking Ahead ....................................................................................................................................... 21 2 THE HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE POTFORD BROOK CATCHMENT ............. 23 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 23 2.2 Location, Topography and Drainage ................................................................................................... 23 2.3 Soils and Landcover............................................................................................................................... 27 2.3.1 Landcover 2000 ................................................................................................................................... 27 2.3.2 Soils ..................................................................................................................................................... 28 2.4 Geology.................................................................................................................................................... 30 2.4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 30 2.4.2 Regional Geology ................................................................................................................................31 2.4.3 Brief Geological History: Solid Formations........................................................................................ 31 2.4.4 Brief Geological History: Drift Deposits............................................................................................. 35 2.4.5 Geology of the Potford Brook catchment ............................................................................................ 35 2.5 Meteorology............................................................................................................................................ 38 2.5.1 Rainfall ................................................................................................................................................ 38 2.5.2 Evapotranspiration............................................................................................................................... 41 2.5.3 Long Term Average Rainfall and PEt ................................................................................................. 44 2.6 Hydrogeology.......................................................................................................................................... 45 2.6.1 Hydrogeological Map .........................................................................................................................
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