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WALLEYE Stizostedion V FIR/S119 FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 119 Stizostedion v. vitreum 1,70(14)015,01 SYNOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL DATA ON THE WALLEYE Stizostedion v. vitreum (Mitchill 1818) A, F - O FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OFTHE UNID NP.TION3 FISHERIES SYNOR.9ES This series of documents, issued by FAO, CSI RO, I NP and NMFS, contains comprehensive reviews of present knowledge on species and stocks of aquatic organisms of present or potential economic interest. The Fishery Resources and Environment Division of FAO is responsible for the overall coordination of the series. The primary purpose of this series is to make existing information readily available to fishery scientists according to a standard pattern, and by so doing also to draw attention to gaps in knowledge. It is hoped 41E11 synopses in this series will be useful to other scientists initiating investigations of the species concerned or or rMaIeci onPs, as a means of exchange of knowledge among those already working on the species, and as the basis íoi study of fisheries resources. They will be brought up to date from time to time as further inform.'t:i available. The documents of this Series are issued under the following titles: Symbol FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 9R/S CS1RO Fisheries Synopsis No. INP Sinopsis sobre la Pesca No. NMFS Fisheries Synopsis No. filMFR/S Synopses in these series are compiled according to a standard outline described in Fib/S1 Rev. 1 (1965). FAO, CSI RO, INP and NMFS are working to secure the cooperation of other organizations and of individual scientists in drafting synopses on species about which they have knowledge, and welcome offers of help in this task. Additions and corrections to synopses already issued will also be most welcome. Comments on individual synopses and requests for information should be addressed to the coordinators and editors of the issuing organizations, and suggestions regarding the expansion or modification of the outline, to FAO: FAO: CSIRO: Fishery Resources and Environment Division CSI RO Division of Fisheries and Oceanography Aquatic Resources Survey and Evaluation Service Box 21 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Cronulla, N.S.W. 2230 Via delle Terme di Caracalla Australia 00100 Rome, ltaly INP: NMFS: Instituto Nacional de Pesca Scientific Publications Office Subsecretaría de Pesca NationalMarineFisheriesService, NOAA Secretaría de Pesca 1107 N.E. 45th Street Secretaría de Industria y Comercio Seattle, Wa. 981-05, U.S.A. Carmona y Valle 101-403 México 7, D.F. Consolidated lists of species or groups covered by synopses issued to date or in preparation will be issued from time to time. Requests for copies of synopses should be addressed to the issuing organization. The following synopses in this series have been issued since December 1977: F I R/S113 Synopsis of biological data on the perch, Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 December 1977 and Perca flavescens Mitchill, 1814 J. THORPE NMFS/S116Synopsis of biological data on the red porgy, Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus) May 1978 C.L. MANOOCH III and W.W. HASSLER NMFS/S117Synopsis of biological data for the winter flounder Pseu 11,1opleuronectes November 1978 americanus (Walbaum) G. KLEIN-MACPHEE F I R/S119 Synopsis of biological data on the walleye, Stizostedion v. vitreurn íìr:h 1979 P. COLBY, R.E. MCNICOL and R.A. RYDER FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 119 FIR/S119 (Distribution restricted) SAST - Stizostedion V. vitreum - 1,70(14)015,01 SYNOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL DATA ON THE WALLEYE Stizostedion v. vitreum (Mitchill 1818)1/ Prepared by Peter J. Colby, Richard E. McNicol and Richard A. Ryder Fisheries Research Station Ministry of Natural Resources Thunder Bay, Ontario Canada 1/ Contribution No. 77-13 of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Fisheries Research Section, Maple, Ontario. LOJ 1E0 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, March 1979 Les appellations employées dans cette publica- tion et la présentation des données qui y figurent n'impliquent de la part de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires,.villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières ou limites. M-42 I3BN 92-5-100757-8 PREPARATION OF THIS SYNOPSIS The authors are grateful to T.E. Mosindy and P.D. Waring who finalized the provisional version which was edited under the direction of Dr. W. Fischer, Fishery Resources Officer, Food and Agriculture Organization. A number of workers were instrumental in the provision of constructive reviews on various sec- tions of the synopsis: G.C. Armstrong, K.D. Carlander, E.J. Crossman, A.J. Derksen, P.H. Eschmeyer, J.R.M. Kelso, K.H. Loftus, N.V. Martin, R. Poff, J.C. Schneider, W.J. Scidmore, W.B. Scott and the late L.L. Smith. the preparation of this synopsis was facilitate by the use of a bibliography on North American Stizostedion species compiled by W.D. Addison and R.A. Ryder, in 1970.. The efforts of Mrs. B. Pike, Mrs. R. Hamilton and Mrs. L. Bird in typing the manuscript are gratefully acknowledged. Bibliographic entry: FAO Fisheries Department Colby, P.J., R.E. McNicol and R.A. Ryder FAO Regional Fisheries Officers (1979) Regional Fisheries Councils and FAO Fish.Synop., (119):139 p. Commissions Synopsis of biological data on the Selector SI walleye, Stizostedionv.vitreum Authors (Mitchill 1818) Synopsis. Biological data. Freshwater fish. Taxonomy. Identification keys. Vernacular names. Morphology (organisms). Geographical distribution. Hybridization. Sexual reproduction. Life cycle. Development (biological). Autecology. Population characteristics. Inland fisheries. Fishing gear. Fishing grounds. Fishery regulations. Habitat improvement. Stocking (organisms). Fish culture. Freshwater aquaculture. Stizostedion V. vitreum. North America. FIR/s119Stizostedion v. vitreum CONTENTS Page IDENTITY 1 1.1 Nomenclature 1 1.1.1 Valid names 1 1.1.2Objective synonymy (= primary synonymy) 1 1.2 Taxonomy 1.2.1 Affinities 1 1.2.2 Taxonomic status 2 1.2.3 Subspecies 2 1.2.4 Standard common names 2 1.3 Morphology 2 1.3.1 External morphology 2 1.3.2 Cytomorphology 2 1.3.3 Protein specificity 2 2 DISTRIBUTION 2 2.1 Total area 2 2.2 Differential distribution 5 2.2.1 Spawn, larvae and juveniles 5 2.2.2 Adults 5 2.3 Determinants of distribution changes 5 2.4 Hybridazation 6 2.4.1 Hybrids; frequency of hybridization; species with which hybridization occurs; methods of hybridization 6 2.4.2 Influence of natural hybridization in ecology and morphology 7 3 BIONOMICS AND LIFE HISTORY 7 3.1 Reproduction 7 3.1.1 Sexuality 7 3.1.2Maturity 7 3.1.3 Mating 8 3.1.4 Fertilization 9 3.1.5 Gonads 9 3.1.6 Spawning 11 3.1.6.1 Season, 11 3.1.6.2 Temperatures 12 3.1.6.3 Behaviour 12 3.1.6.4 Spawning grounds 14 3.1.7 Spawn 15 3.2 Pre-adult phase 15 3.2.1 Embryonic phase 15 3.2.2 Larval phase 20 3.2.1 Adolescent phase 23 vi FIR/S119Stizostedion v. vitreum Page 3.3 Adult phase 24 1.3.1 Longevity 24 3.3.2 Hard1no3s 24 3.3.3 Competition 25 3.3.4 Predators 25 3.3.5 Parasites. diseases, injuries and abnormalities 26 3.4 Nutrition and growth 30 3.4.1 Feeding 30 3.4.2 Food 31 3.4.3 Growth 33 3.4.4 Metabolism 43 3.5 Behaviour 45 3.5.1 Migrations and local movements 45 3.5.2 Schooling 49 3.5.3 Responses to stimuli 49 4 POPULATION (stock) 51 4.1 Structure 51 4.1.1 Sex ratio 51 4.1.2 Age composition 51 4.1.3 Size composition 53 4.2 Abundance and density of population 53 4.2.1 Average alpundance 53 4.2.2 Changes in abundance 53 4.2.3Average density 53 4.2.4Changes in density 54 4.3 Natality and recruitment 56 4.3.1 Reproduction rates 56 4.3.2Factors affecting reproduction 56 4.3.3Recruitment 57 4.4Mortality and morbidity 58 4_4.1 Mortality rates 58 4.4_2Factors causing or affecting mortality 58 4.4.3Factors affecting morbidity 62 4.4.4 Relation of morbidity to mortality rates 62 4.5 Dynamics of population (as a whole) 62 4-6The population in the community and the ecosystem 62 EXPLOITATION 63 5.1 Fishing equipment 63 5.1.1 Gears 63 5.1.2 Boats 63 FIR/s119Stizos edionro vi:treum 5.2 Fishing areas 63 5.2.1 General geographic distribution 63 5.2.2 Geographic ranges 63 5.2.3Depth ranges 63 5.2.4 Condition of the grounds 63 5.3 Fishing seasons 63 5.3.1 General pattern of season 63 5.3.2 Dates of beginning, peak and end of season 64 5.3.3 Variations in date or duration of season 64 5.4 Fishing operations and results 64 5.4.1 Effort and intensity 64 5.4.2 Selectivity 64 5.4.3 Catches 65 PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT 65 6.1 Regulatory (legislative) measures 65 6.1.1 Limitation or reduction of total catch 65 6.1.2 Protection of portions of the population 81 6.2 Control or alteration of physical features of the environment 82 6.2.1 Regulations of flow 82 6.2.2Control of water levels 82 6.2.3Control of erosion and silting 82 6.2.4Fishways at artificial and natural obstacles 82 6.2.5Fish screens 82 6.2.6 Improvement of spawning grounds 82 6.2.7Habitat improvement 83 6.3 Control or alteration of chemical features of the environment 83 6.3.1 Water pollution control 83 6.3.2Salinity control 83 6.3.3Artificial fertilization of waters 83 6.4 Control or alteration of the biological features of the environment 83 6.4.1 Control of aquatic vegetation 83 6.4.2 Introducton of fish foods 83 6.4.3 Control of parasites and disease 83 6.4.4 Control of predation and competition 83 6.4.5 Population manipulation 83 6.5 Artificial stocking 83 6.5.1 Maintenance stOcking 83 6.5.2 Transplantation, introduction 84 7 POND FISH CULTURE 85 7.1 Procurement of stocks 85 7.2 Genetic selection of stocks 83 7.3 Spawning (artificial; induced; natural) 85 viii FIR/S119 Stizostedion v.
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