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Artifacts of Exchange: a Multiscalar Approach to Maritime Archaeology at Elmina, Ghana

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Artifacts of Exchange: a Multiscalar Approach to Maritime Archaeology at Elmina, Ghana Syracuse University SURFACE Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Anthropology - Dissertations Affairs 2011 Artifacts of Exchange: A Multiscalar Approach to Maritime Archaeology at Elmina, Ghana Andrew T. Pietruszka Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/ant_etd Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Pietruszka, Andrew T., "Artifacts of Exchange: A Multiscalar Approach to Maritime Archaeology at Elmina, Ghana" (2011). Anthropology - Dissertations. 87. https://surface.syr.edu/ant_etd/87 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology - Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT This dissertation focuses on the excavation and interpretation of two European ships discovered at Elmina Ghana, the coastal site of the first and largest European fort in sub-Saharan Africa. Discovered in 2003, the first vessel, located 1.5 miles offshore of the castle, is largely comprised of remnants of cargo exposed on the seafloor. European trade wares recovered from the site suggest a mid-seventeenth century vessel, most likely of Dutch origin. AMS radiocarbon dates obtained from several fragments of wood recovered in cores taken at the site support this assumption. The second vessel was discovered by accident during the 2007 dredging of the Benya River, a small lagoonal system that empties into the sea at Elmina. Largely destroyed during the operation, identifiable remains included fifteen timbers and three cannon. Dendrochronology and ship construction techniques indicate the remains to be those of an early eighteenth century Dutch vessel. The two ships thus represent different time periods, historical settings, and archaeological contexts. Yet, the value of both to the reconstruction of the West African past lies with both their local and global contexts. On one hand, they represent unique insight into the construction of the European ships that traded on the coast and their cargoes. On the other, data on their cargoes and associated artifacts provide information on trade and exchange in a world area that has received little attention from underwater archaeologists. Often times the work of underwater archeologists has been criticized for producing particularistic interpretations lacking wider context and theoretical synthesis. Shipwrecks were investigated for their intrinsic value, an emphasis was given to spectacular objects, and the literature resulting from these excavations was primarily descriptive in nature. In my dissertation I argue that such deficiencies can be countered by incorporating a theoretical framework which engages both the nomothetic and particularistic. To a large extent, the questions that confront studies of shipwrecks are problems of scale: how do we move from the minutia of cargoes and the specificity of an event to wider social processes? Methodologically, how do we decide what data are to be collected and evaluated? Conceptually, what is it that we seek to understand from our studies? Grappling with these questions I draw upon the methodological and conceptual insights afforded by microhistory, the Annales school, and Braudel’s three scales of history. I propose a dialectical interpretation of shipwrecks attentive to the intersection of local patterns and global forces in the shaping of history. Utilizing macro-scale historical generalizations (i.e. trade patterns, cargoes, ship, and artifact characteristics) archaeologists can interpret, and identify the micro-scale event (nationality, date, vessel name, wrecking event). Once done, the particulars of the site in turn afford means of understanding large-scale social processes. ARTIFACTS OF EXCHANGE: A MULTISCALAR APPROACH TO MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY AT ELMINA, GHANA By Andrew T. Pietruszka B.A. University of Central Florida M.A. East Carolina University DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology in the Graduate School of Syracuse University May 2011 Copyright 2011 Andrew T. Pietruszka All rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables x List of Figures xi Acknowledgements xiv Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Scale and its Epistemological Affects 4 1.2 Scale in the Central Region 7 1.3 Organization of the Dissertation 14 Chapter 2. The Particulars of the Event and Cultural Processes: A Multiscalar Approach to Shipwreck Archaeology 17 2.1 Shipwreck Archaeology: A Theoretical Discipline or Atheoretical Discipline? 18 2.2 Contextualizing Social Change Through Scale 30 2.3 European Shipwrecks and the Indigene 37 2.4 Conclusion 42 Chapter 3. European Maritime Trade on the Gold Coast (1471-1873): A Historical Context 44 3.1 Europeans in West Africa: Venturing Southward, Centra to Elmina 45 3.2 Challenges to the Portuguese Monopoly 48 3.3 Dutch Primacy: The Capture of Elmina and the Rise of the Slave Trade 53 3.4 Challenges to Dutch Supremacy 55 3.5 “And Then There Was Three,” 1700-1800 59 3.6 Abolition and the Nineteenth Century 63 3.6.1 Americans on the Coast 65 3.6.2 British Abolition and the Rise of the Legitimate Trade 68 vi 3.6.3 Destruction of Elmina 74 3.7 Conclusion 75 Chapter 4. Multiscalar Archaeology and Site Interpretation: The case of the Elmina Wreck Site 81 4.1 Discovery 82 4.2 The 2007 Project 86 4.2.1 Surface Collection 87 4.2.2 Excavation 88 4.3 Analysis and Interpretation 92 4.3.1 Cannon 95 4.3.2 Pewterware 97 4.3.3 Manillas 100 4.3.4 Brassware 105 4.3.5 Cowries 113 4.3.6 Beads 115 4.3.7 Lead Rolls 117 4.3.8 Historical Context of the Definitive Remains 118 4.4 Artifacts of Equivocation 127 4.4.1 Ceramics 127 4.4.2 Glass 139 4.4.3 Brick 149 4.4.4 Pewter Bottle Tops 153 4.4.5 Lead Seals 154 4.4.6 Pins 157 4.4.7 Wood 160 vii 4.4.8 Fish Hook 162 4.4.9 Tobacco Pipes 164 4.5 The Cargo as a Whole 165 4.6 Conclusion 167 Chapter 5. Multiscalar Archaeology and Site Interpretation: The Case of the Benya Lagoon Site 171 5.1 Discovery 173 5.1.1 Planking 176 5.1.2 Deadwood 176 5.1.3 Beams 176 5.1.4 Knees 176 5.1.5 Frames 177 5.2 Dendrochronology 191 5.3 Provenience and the Timber Trade 193 5.3.1 English 194 5.3.2 French 197 5.3.3 Dutch 200 5.4 Construction 207 5.4.1 Peculiarities of Late Seventeenth, Early Eighteenth Century Dutch Ship Construction 207 5.4.2 Timber Shape 211 5.4.3 Fastening Pattern 212 5.4.4 Variability of the Sided Dimension 215 5.4.5 Estimating the Vessel’s Size 216 5.5 Cannon 220 5.6 Conclusion 227 viii Chapter 6. From Micro to Macro: Shifting the Vantage 180 Degrees 232 6.1 Shipwreck Sites and the Historical Record: A Case for West Africa 236 6.2 Shipwreck Sites and the Archaeological Record: A Case for West Africa 241 6.3 Large-Scale Cultural Processes and the Event 244 6.3.1 Copper-Alloy Consumable, Use or Reuse? 245 6.3.2 African Agency in Consumption 251 6.3.3 The Structure of Trade 259 6.3.4 Space and Place of the Benya Lagoon 266 Epilogue 276 Appendix A 283 Appendix B 284 Appendix C 286 References Cited 287 Curriculum Vitae 332 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 5.1 Selected tree-ring series of timbers from Benya Lagoon ship and European Oak Chronologies 193 Table 5.2 Comparison of standard cannon ratios, measured ratios, and theoretical ratios 224 x LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 View of Elmina Castle 2 1.2 Central Region Project survey map 10 1.3 Map of sonar anomalies from 2003 survey: Elmina, Ghana 11 4.1 Sketch map of Elmina Shipwreck site, 2003 83 4.2 Site plan of Elmina Shipwreck site, 2005 85 4.3 Site plan of Elmina Shipwreck site, 2007 90 4.4 Recovery of matrix and screening, Elmina Shipwreck site, 2007 92 4.5 Pewter plate recovered from Elmina Shipwreck site, 2005 98 4.6 Close-up of pewter touchmark 99 4.7 Manilla recovered from Elmina Wreck site, 2007 102 4.8 Brass basins touchmarks recovered from Elmina Wreck site, 2005 107 4.9 The Pewterer and The Bellfounder, woodcuts by Jost Amman, 1568 109 4.10 Der Kandelgiesser (The Pewterer), a copper engraving by P.Abraham and S. Clara, 1699 110 4.11 Kitchen Scene, Floris Gerritsz van Schooten, and Still Life of Fish with a Cauldron, Jacob Gillig 111 4.12 Cowries recovered from the Elmina Wreck site, 2007 114 4.13 Glass trade beads recovered from the Elmina Wreck site, 2007 116 4.14 Bead assemblage from the Elmina Wreck site, 2005 117 4.15 Rolled lead sheet from the Elmina Wreck site 118 4.16 Earthenware crock recovered from Elmina Wreck site, 2007 128 4.17 Earthenware rim sherd recovered from Elmina Wreck site, 2007 130 4.18 Salt-glazed stoneware sherd recovered from Elmina Wreck site, 2007 131 4.19 Earthenware lid recovered from Elmina Wreck site, 2007 133 xi 4.20 Earthenware strainer fragment recovered from Elmina Wreck site, 2007 134 4.21 Breakfast of Mussels, Cheese, Bread, and Porridge, Floris Gerritsz van Schooten and A Fisherman’s Interior, Pieter de Putter 135 4.22 Martavan jar recovered from Elmina Wreck site, 2007 137 4.23 Onion bottle bases recovered from Elmina Wreck site, 2007 142 4.24 Onion bottle recovered from Elmina Wreck site, 2005 143 4.25 Onion bottle finish recovered from Elmina Wreck site, 2007 144 4.26 Yellow Dutch brick recovered from Elmina Wreck site, 2007 150 4.27 Pewter screw caps recovered from Elmina Wreck site, 2007 154 4.28 Lead cloth seals recovered from Elmina Wreck site, 2007 155 4.29 Wound wire head brass pin recovered from the Elmina Wreck site, 2007 158 4.30 Brass fish hook recovered from Elmina Wreck site, 2007 163 4.31 Seventeenth
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