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The 1629 Mass Grave for Batavia Victims, Beacon Island, Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia

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The 1629 Mass Grave for Batavia Victims, Beacon Island, Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia AUSTRALASIAN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 22, 2004 The 1629 mass grave for Batavia victims, Beacon Island, Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia ALISTAIR PATERSON AND DANIEL FRANKLIN The excavation of a multiple burial on Beacon Island recovered victims of the Batavia mutiny of 1629. Skeletal analysis indicates the grave contained three adult males, two youths, and an infant. Some of the individuals were buried with clothing and personal items. A dense soil feature at the centre of the grave was unusual, being a completely different soil to the local crushed shell and coral. Based on chemical analysis, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry dates and excavation, we believe the feature was formed in the recent past after cray-fishers began using the island and did not derive from the seventeenth century. This paper describes the excavation of a multiple burial on Beacon Island that recovered victims of the Batavia mutiny of 1629. Many of the 125 victims were murdered, and several multiple killings and burials are described in historical sources. The excavation of this grave was completed in 2001 after earlier excavations had removed skeletal material (Gibbs 1994; Hunneybun 1995; Pasveer et al. 1998). This paper focuses on the results of the 2001 excavation which completed the removal of human remains and excavated a dense soil feature located at the centre of the grave. The soil feature was removed from the grave intact and transported to the Western Australian Maritime Museum (WAMM) for further excava- tion. This excavation recovered human skeletal material and metal artefacts (buttons, wire, a thimble) which could be added to artefacts recovered in 1999 (metal buttons, wire, a buckle, a pewter spoon). These finds, combined with a bioarchaeological analysis of the skeletons by Daniel Franklin (Franklin 2001; Franklin & Freedman 2003), indicates that the grave was comprised of three adult males, two children (one possibly male) and an infant. By comparing these results with the historical records it is possible to postulate on who the individuals may have been, and also to rule out other known multiple burials that occurred during the mutiny. The analysis of the dense soil feature indicates that it did not form in 1629, but much more recently following the arrival of cray-fishers in a. the twentieth century. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The shipwreck of and subsequent mutiny on the Dutch East India Company’s ship Retourschip Batavia in 1629 in the Houtman Abrolhos Islands is famous and will be briefly outlined here. The Batavia was wrecked on Morning Reef in the Wallabi Group of the Abrolhos islands, off the coast of Western Australia, on the morning of 4th June 1629 with over 300 men, women and children on board. The islands were already known to mariners: Abrohlos is Portuguese for ‘Open your eyes’ (Broeze 1995:xx). More than 40 people drowned attempting to swim to shore. The survivors made it to nearby small islands along the reef (Fig. 1a). In the aftermath, Francisco Pelsaert, the Batavia’s Commander, led a mission for water to the arid Australia coastline. Finding none he sailed the small boat and crew to the Dutch East India Company’s headquarters of Batavia (modern Jakarta, Indonesia) to raise help. When Pelsaert returned three months later to the Houtman b. Abrolhos Islands he discovered that a far greater tragedy had unfolded in his absence, as Undermerchant Jeronimus Fig. 1: a. Location of Beacon Island (Batavia’s Graveyard) (adapted Cornelisz had led a murderous campaign on the small islands. from Stanbury 2000:iii). b. Plan of vicinity of excavated area on Cornelisz and his men robbed, raped and murdered many Beacon Island (adapted from Pasveer 2000:6, figure 2). 71 survivors. Their sole resistance was a group of soldiers based on West Wallabi Island who, led by Wiebbe Hayes, fended off attacks by the mutineers. More than 100 victims were killed and their gruesome deaths were documented in Jan Jansz’s Ongeluckige Voyagie van’t Schip Batavia, Nae Oost-Indien (1647) (Fig. 2). Cornelisz and his cohorts were captured and tried in the islands; seven mutineers (including Cornelisz) were executed. Following a partial salvage of the Batavia the survivors sailed to Batavia and into history—today the dramatic 1m story is popularly known, having been the subject of several books (Dash 2003; Drake-Brockman 1995; Edwards 1989; Godard 1993), a little-known film directed by Bruce Beresford titled ‘The Wreck of the Batavia’ (1972), and more recently the opera ‘Batavia’ by Richard Mills. The Batavia disappeared into the Indian Ocean, and c. many of the victims of the mutineers remained on the islands, some in shallow graves. These remains were to be rediscovered three and half centuries later. The discovery of the shipwreck site on the Morning Reef in the 1960s led to systematic archaeological research and recovery of parts of the ship and its cargo (Green 1989; Green et al. 1998). Further research related to the Batavia has involved the analysis of artefacts and human remains discovered on Beacon Island (Franklin 2001; Franklin & Freedman 2003; Gibbs 1992, 1994; Godfrey 2000; Hunneybun 1995; Pasveer et al. 1998; Pasveer 2000; Stanbury 2000). Beacon Island burials This section describes aspects of the excavation of a mass grave on Beacon Island. Human skull fragments were discovered in the 1980s by fishers digging a leach drain from their privy behind two of the shacks. The drain (Fig. 1b) is a shallow perforated plastic pipe from which sewage once drained into the soil. These finds remained d. unreported until the Commonwealth Historic Shipwrecks Fig. 1: c. Photograph of mass grave (Photo: Patrick Baker, Western Amnesty in 1993–1994 indemnified them from Australian Maritime Museum). d. Reconstruction of bodies in grave prosecution under the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 (based on Pasveer 2000). (Gibbs 1992). A team from the WAMM partially excavated the grave site in 1994 finding skeletal material from two adults and a child (Gibbs 1994; Hunneybun 1995). These individuals were excavated completely in 1999 and 2001. In 1999 the excavation area (Fig. 1b) was enlarged to 5 m sq and the remains of five individuals (SK7, SK8, SK9, SK10 and SK11) were removed from the mass grave (Pasveer 2000; Stanbury 2000). Many of the bones of these individuals were found in anatomical-correct position, as evident in Figures 1c and d. A comprehensive analysis of the human remains from this mass grave (Franklin 2001; Franklin & Freedman 2003) updates earlier work by Hunneybun (1995) and Pasveer et al. (1998) and incorporated the findings of the Fig. 2: Image of massacres on Beacon Island from Jan Jansz’s Ongeluckige Voyagie van’t Schip Batavia 2001 excavations described here. published soon after the event in 1647 (Jansz 1647). Following the 1999 excavation 72 there were aspects of the grave requiring further research, as EXCAVATION METHODS AND ANALYSIS described by Pasveer: The bodies were found to lie over, under, or in, a large Field methods deposit of black, dense soil penetrated by numerous The excavation of the grave reopened the six squares from the fine roots…Embedded in this black deposits were 1999 excavation which was backfilled to the top of the dense metal buttons, some fibrous material and impressions soil feature. The aim was to remove intact the dense soil of woven, fibrous material, which may indicate the feature (affectionately termed “The Blob”) at the centre of the presence of fabric. Since this black deposit obviously grave. Accordingly, the sands surrounding the dense soil needed special care and investigation it was left in situ feature were excavated in 5 cm layers (Fig. 3). This material for future investigation. (Pasveer 2000:6) was sieved using 5 mm and 3 mm nested screens. The residues In 2001 the excavation of the mass grave resumed. The collected from the sieves were searched both on site, and due aims of this fieldwork were to complete excavation of the to the slow detailed sorting required, later in the Western multiple burial initiated in 1994 and continued in 1999 and Australian Maritime Museum. This process led to the then to remove, if possible, the solid soil feature within the recovery of the teeth of the infant (SK12) which were almost grave as a complete unit for analysis at the WAMM. It was indistinguishable from the crushed coral and shell matrix that hoped this analysis would allow us to determine the origin, constitutes the local geology of Beacon Island and underlay significance and condition of embedded human remains and the dense soil feature. artefacts.1 This research was intended to help determine who The dense soil feature required careful treatment during had been buried in the mass grave. Pelsaert’s account of the excavation and removal, and was constantly kept damp to mutiny focuses on the crimes committed on the island through prevent the black matrix and the protruding human bones from confessions extracted from the mutineers and has been the drying out. Photographic techniques, following those primary historical source for understanding what occurred on developed earlier (Green 2000), were used to create a three- the islands as it details how and where some of the 125 victims dimensional photo model of the soil feature. A wooden box were killed. Additionally, the archaeology has the potential to was then built around the soil feature, which was further provide an account of the events surrounding the mutiny from packed with sandbags and hardened foam allowing safe a different perspective to that of the journal. transport to the WAMM laboratories in Fremantle. Fig. 3: Photograph of soil feature 2001 prior to removal with the leach drain in the background. (Photo: Patrick Baker, Western Australian Maritime Museum) 73 Analysis of dense soil feature detailed analysis of human remains from the mass grave conducted by Pasveer (Pasveer et al.
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