Alliance Planning and Coalition Warfare: Historical and Contemporary Approaches

ALLIANCE PLANNING AND COALITION WARFARE: HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES Edited by DR. HAROLD E. RAUGH, JR. 1 2 ALLIANCE PLANNING AND COALITION WARFARE: HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES Edited with an Introduction by DR. HAROLD E. RAUGH, JR. Compiled by DR. M. CHRISTIAN ORTNER AND DR. DALIBOR DENDA Institute for Strategic Research Belgrade, 2019 3 Editorial Board: Editor in Chief: Lt Col (ret.) Dr. Harold E. Raugh, Jr. (USA) Brig. general Dr. Mario Christian Ortner (Austria) Col. Dr. Miljan Milkić (Serbia) Col. (ret.) Dr. Dimitre Minchev (Bulgaria) Lt . Col (ret) Dr. Tamas Nagy (Hungary) Secretary General: Lt Col Dr. Dalibor Denda (Serbia) Reviews: Dr. Robert S. Rush (USA) Dr. Todor Petrov (Bulgaria) Dr. Milan Terzić (Serbia) Layout and Graphics: EtnoStil - Belgrade ISBN 978 - 86 - 81121 - 24 - 5 © Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Wien, 2019 © Institut za strategijska istraživanja, Beograd, 2019 4 CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 7 Challenges in Coalition Warfare: The Case of the Netherlands, by Jan Hoffenaar ...................................................................................................... x Romania and the Entente: The Uncertainties of an Alliance, by Daniela Șișcanu .................................................................................................. x Scandinavian Military Coalition and Volunteers in the Baltic States, 1919, by Mikkel Kikkerbaek .......................................... x Defending the Åland Islands: Swedish-Finnish Joint Operational Planning in the Late 1930s, by Fredrik Eriksson ......................................... x Logistical Problems of Joint Operations from the Point of View of An Ally, in Historical Perspectives: Eastern Front, 1941, by Viktor Andahazi Szeghy .................................................................................... x Informal Yet Close Allies: Greek-British Cooperation and the Creation of the First Greek Motorized Division in the Second World War, by Dēmētrios N. Christodoulou ............................................................................. x The Organization of Multilateral Warsaw Pact Military Intelligence Coordination (1964-1990), by Jordan Baev .................................................. x The Role of Diplomacy in Alliance Making between Israel and Jordan during Two Decades of Eruptions, by Orit Miller Katav ........................... x Diplomatic and Military Aspects of Czechoslovakia in the Gulf War Coalition, 1990-1991, by Petr Janoušek .......................................................... x 5 The Balkan Pact as an Example of Coalition Planning, by Tatjana Milošević ............................................................................................... x NATO and the Second Conflict on Cyprus, 1964: The (Failed) Plan to Establish a NATO Peacekeeping Force, by Stefan Maximilian Brenner .............................................................................. x The Role of Slovakia in Alliance Warfare throughout the 20th Century, by Miloslav Čaplovič and Matej Medvecký ...................................................... x Georgian Armed Forces in Contemporary Coalition Warfare, by Lana Mamphoria ................................................................................................. x Polish Armed Forces in NATO Multinational Operations: Strategic Threats or Chances? by Dariusz Kozerawski .............................. x Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and Its Role in Russia’s Foreign Policy, by Vladlena. Tikhova .............................................. x Slovenia in NATO: A Defense Alliance between the Political Elite and the People, by Vladimir Prebilič and Damijan Guštin ................................. x The Impact of Neutrality on National Doctrine Development, by Veljko Blagojevic ...................................................................................................... x 6 Introduction Sir Winston Churchill, from the level of a British Army subaltern fighting dervishes in the Sudan, to service as an Infantry battalion commander in the trenches during the Great War, and finally as British Prime Minister during the world-wide conflagration of the Second World War (and later), had unparalleled experience as a practitioner of war. Near the end of World War II, after Great Britain had fought its adversaries veritably alone in 1940 and was then a partner in a massive coalition, exclaimed that, “There is at least one thing worse than fighting with allies, and that is to fight without them.”1 The papers in this anthology, all presented at the 18th annual conference of the Partnership for Peace Consortium Euro-Atlantic Conflict Studies Working Group, held 16-20 April 2018 in Belgrade, Serbia, highlight national and international challenges and concerns in building and operating with allies in a coalition environment. They were written in response to the conference theme, “Alliance Planning and Coalition Warfare: Historical and Contemporary Approaches.” The first essay, “Challenges in Coalition Warfare: The Case of the Netherlands,” was written by Dr. Jan Hoffenaar, the Head of the Research Division at the Netherlands Institute of Military History, The Hague, and Professor of Military History at Utrecht University. In this essay, the author distinguishes historical “alliances according to the level of agreement among the alliance members and the degree of distribution of capabilities within the alliance,” and provides a diagram illustrating these relationships. He then analyzes the Netherlands’ historical experience with coalitions, suggesting that more recently, 1 Winston Churchill, The Irrepressible Churchill: Stories, Sayings and Impressions of Sir Winston Churchill (London: Robson Books, 1987), n.p. 7 these alliances have been more in the nature of “capability-aggregating” alliances. Indeed, the Netherlands continues to be “highly dependent on the explicit and implicit support of allies for its defense and existence as an independent state.” Dr. Daniela Siscanu of Romania has contributed the interesting essay “Romania and the Entente: The Uncertainties of an Alliance,” to this collection of scholarly papers. She examines Romania’s partici- pation in World War I, attributing the country’s motivation to accom- plishing the historical goal of national reunification. In doing so, she further analyzes why Romania joined the Entente and addresses the challenging negotiation process between Bucharest and the Entente powers, focusing on Romania’s efforts to manage complicated diplomatic arrangements, to find ways of compensating for its weakness, and to fulfill its own national goals. An additional factor was Romania’s need to counterbalance Russia’s ambitions in Southeast Europe and force Russia to respect the Alliance’s commitments towards Romania. “Ultimately,” the author concludes, “Bucharest’s decision to fight along- side the Entente Allies resulted in the achievement of its national unity in 1918.” The Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania gained their independence from Russia after World War I. The specter of Russian domination lingered, as the Russian Revolution and the subsequent Bolshevist assumption of power had thrown the nation into chaos and civil war between Red and White Russian forces. German troops occupied a significant portion of the Baltics at the end of the war, but with their withdrawal, a power vacuum followed. The victorious Allies wanted to contain the spread of Bolshevism by filling the power void, and a proposal to have an allied Scandinavian military force occupy the region arose. This paper, written by Dr. Mikkel Kikkerbaek of Denmark, examines the various plans, mainly advocated by the British, to deploy a 8 volunteer Scandinavian military force in the Baltic states in 1919. Numerous disagreements ensured, particularly over force funding, with the result that the “Scandinavian effort in the Baltic States was subsequently small and fragmented.” The Åland Islands, located between Sweden and Finland, dominate the Baltic Sea and control entry into the northern port of the Baltic, the Bottenhavet. Dr. Fredrik Eriksson, Department of Military Studies, Swedish Defence University, discusses in his paper “Defending the Åland Islands: Swedish-Finnish Joint Operational Planning in the Late 1930s,” the defense of Åland from a historical perspective, focusing on the joint operational planning prior to the outbreak of World War II. He also examines the defense plans, highlighting anticipated operational problems and strategic/ operational limitations of the plan. The plans of the 1930s should be seen in the light not only of rearmament, but also as part of the general revision of the defense plans in Sweden and Finland leading up to Second World War. Hungarian Maj. Dr. Viktor Andahazi Szeghy identifies examples of the supply problems that the Royal Hungarian Army, as a subordinate military ally, faced during the 1941 Eastern Campaign in his study “Logistical Problems of Joint Operations from the Point of View of An Ally,in Historical Perspectives: Eastern Front, 1941.” The Axis powers on the Eastern Front were Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, and Slovakia, all fighting under German command. The Germans and the Hungarians were responsible for various aspects of their respective military sustainment. Cash, food, horse fodder, fuel, and German-made ammunition were the responsibility of

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