Kematangan Beragama Dalam Perspektif Psikologi Tasawuf

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Kematangan Beragama Dalam Perspektif Psikologi Tasawuf ISSN (printed): 2252-3022 Jurnal Dakwah dan Pengembangan Sosial Kemanusiaan ISSN (Online): 2614-5820 Vol. 10, no. 2 (2019), pp. 305-325. Kematangan Beragama dalam Perspektif Psikologi Tasawuf Zulkarnain IAIN Syaikh Abdurrahman Siddik Bangka Belitung, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract The psychology of Sufism has a strong connection in all areas of human life in modern times. The modern human is not enough to be able to understand the material, scientific, technological and cultural needs. Certainly, modern humans demand answers on how to display spirituality in religious practices. Psychology and Sufism as a holistic approach oration that integrates psychic and spiritual can provide solutions to human problems. Through spirituality, a person will be able to purify the soul in religious behavior, improve morals, the reference lines in the noble values of the religion he believes. Religious maturity contains patterns of adjustment with religious awareness and religious beliefs adopted. Applying the noble values of religion that are embraced comprehensive in aspects of daily life. As a spiritual door (Sufism) is a container for the formation of a person's religious behavior carried out in religious activities. The purpose of this paper is to describe and certainly to know the maturity of religion from the perspective of Sufism psychology based on theorization. The psychology of Sufism is a typical paradigm to overcome the problem of human psychiatric illness through religious worship practices, healthy mental processes in life. Certainly able to find peace and happiness in living in diversity. Keywords; Religious Maturity, Psychology, Sufism. Abstrak Psikologi tasawuf mempunyai relasi yang tajam dalam apapun bidang kehidupan manusia pada zaman modern. Manusia modern tidak cukup untuk mampu memahami kebutuhan materil, saintis, teknologi dan kultural. Tentu manusia modern menuntut jawaban bagaimana menampilkan spiritualitas dalam praktek keagamaan. Psikologi dan tasawuf sebagai orentasi pendekatan holistik yang mengintegrasikan psikis dan spiritual dapat memberikan solusi problem-problem manusia. Dengan Melalui spiritualitas seseorang akan mampu mensucikan jiwa dalam bertingkah laku keagamaan, memperbaiki akhlak, pada acuan terletak pada nilai- nilai luhur agama yang diyakininya. Kematangan beragama mengandung pola penyesuaian diri, dengan kesadaran beragama dan keyakinan agama dianutnya. Mengaplikasikan nilai-nilai luhur agama yang dianutnya secara komprehensip pada aspek kehidupan sehari-hari. Sebagai pintu spiritual (tasawuf) merupakan wadah pembentukkan perilaku keagamaan seorang yang dilakukan pada kegiatan keagamaan. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai tulisan ini oleh penulis mendeskripsikan dan tentu untuk mengatahui kematangan beragama dalam perspektif psikologi tasawuf berdasarkan teorisasi. Psikologi tasawuf paradigma yang khas mengatasi problema penyakit kejiwaan manusia dengan melalui praktik-praktik peribadatan keagamaan, proses mental yang sehat pada kehidupan. Tentu mampu menemukan ketenangan dan kebahagiaan hidup dalam keberagamaan. Kata Kunci, Kematangan Beragama, Psikologi, Tasawuf. Accepted: 07-10-2019; published: 30-12-2019 Citation: Zulkarnain, ‘Kematangan Beragama dalam Perspektif Psikologi Tasawuf’, Mawa’izh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Pengembangan Sosial Kemanusiaan, vol. 10, no. 2 (2019), pp. 305-325. Mawa’izh 2019 305 ISSN (printed): 2252-3022 Jurnal Dakwah dan Pengembangan Sosial Kemanusiaan ISSN (Online): 2614-5820 Vol. 10, no. 2 (2019), pp. 305-325. A. Pendahuluan gama dalam kehidupan individu sebagai suatu sistem nilai yang mengarah kepada norma-norma tertentu yang perlu ditaati. Menurut Drajat, agama adalah A proses hubungan manusia yang dirasakan terhadap sesuatu yang diyakininya bahwa sesuatu yang lebih tinggi dari manusia. Kemudian diperkuat oleh Glock dan Stark menjelaskan agama sebagai sistem simbol, sistem keyakinan, sistem nilai yang pada semuanya terpusat pada persoalan-persoalan yang dihayati.1 Menjadi kerangka acuan dalam bersikap dan bertingkah laku agar sejalan dengan keyakinan yang dianut serta nilai-nilai luhur agama yang dianutnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Kematangan beragama diwujudkan dalam bentuk keimanan, karena hakikat beragama adalah keimanan. Iman sebagai motif dasar, ditandai adanya sikap berpegang teguh pada nilai-nilai keagamaan dan mengakui kebenarannya. Kepatuhan dalam menjalankan ajarannya, baik yang berbentuk perintah maupun larangannnya. Fenomena tersebut berkaitan dengan keriteria kematangan keagamaan. Yahya menjelaskan orang- orang yang beriman adalah orang yang menjadikan rhido sang pencipta sebagai tujuan tertinggi dalam kehidupan, dan mereka berusaha untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut.2 Allport menegaskan kematangan diartikan sebagai pertumbuhan kepribadian dan intelegensi secara bebas dan wajar, seiring dengan perkembangan yang relevan, maka kematangan dicapai seseorang melalui perkembangan hidup yang berkumulasi dengan berbagai pengalaman. Individu dalam menjalankan fase kehidupannya, memperoleh dan mengolah berbagai pengalaman hidupnya, baik secara fisik, psikologis, sosial, dan spiritual. Akumulasi dari pengalaman hidup tersebut kemudian terefleksikan dalam pandangan hidup, sikap, dan perilaku sehari-hari.3 Kematangan dalam beragama, yaitu kemampuan seseorang untuk memahami, menghayati serta mengaplikasikan nilai-nilai luhur agama yang dianutnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Ia menganut suatu agama karena menurut keyakinannya. Keyakinan tersebut ditampilkan dalam sikap dan tingkah laku keagamaan yang mencerminkan ketaatan terhadap agama.4 Kemudian William James menjelaskan adanya 1 Zakiyah Daradjat, Ilmu Jiwa Agama (Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 2005), p. 10. 2 Harun Yahya, Semangat dan Ghairah Orang-orang Beriman (Surabaya: Risalah Gusti, 2003), p. 152. 3 Gordon Willard Allport, The Individual and His Religion: A. Psychological Interpretation (New York: The Macmillan Co, 1950), p. 232. 4 Gordon Willard Allport, The Individual and His Religion: A. Psychological Interpretation, p 242. Mawa’izh 2019 306 ISSN (printed): 2252-3022 Jurnal Dakwah dan Pengembangan Sosial Kemanusiaan ISSN (Online): 2614-5820 Vol. 10, no. 2 (2019), pp. 305-325. hubungan antara tingkah laku keagamaan seseorang dengan pengalaman keagamaan yang dimilikinya.5 Adapun mengenai indikator penulis capaikan dalam kematangan beragama pada umumnya. Sebagaimana disebutkan oleh Allport, enam kriteria sebagai indikasi kehidupan kematangan beragama yaitu: pertama, memiliki kemampuan untuk melakukan diferensasi dengan baik dan konsisten. Kedua, dorongan untuk mendekatkan diri kepada Tuhan yang dinamis. Ketiga, konsisten dalam hal beragama mengarah pandangan hidup yang komprehensip. Keempat, kehidupan dunia harus diarahkan kepada keteraturan. Kelima, berusaha mencari nilai-nilai dalam ajaran agama, Keenam, semangat pencarian dan pengabdian kepada Tuhan.6 Tasawuf hadir di tengah-tengah masyarakat sebagai solusi untuk mengatasi dan mengatisipasi problema psikologis manusia. Dalam merenungkan kembali nilai-nilai Islam, kaca mata tasawuf merupakan salah satu pisau yang dapat digunakan membedah berbagai problema yang ada pada manusia.7 Tasawuf sebagai inti ajaran Islam muncul dengan memberi solusi dan terapi bagi problema manusia dengan cara mendekatkan diri kepada sang pecipta. Selain itu berkembang pula kegiatan konseling dan psikoterapi yang memang bertujuan membantu seseorang menyelesaikan masalah. Oleh karena itu tasawuf dalam hal ini sebagai jalan spiritualitas Islam dalam ranah membentuk pola-pola kematangan beragama serta menangani problem penyakit psikologis atas segala problema manusia. Hakikat tasawuf sebagai eksistensi kondisi-kondisi spiritual sebagai peran suatu perubahan sikap mental, keadaan perilaku seorang dari suatu keadaan kurang baik kepada keadaan yang lebih baik dan lebih sempurna.8 Senada dengan itu Mahmud Aqil menghimpun hakikat tasawuf sebagai berikut: pertama, tasawuf sebuah kehidupan spiritual. Kedua, kajian tentang hakikat. Ketiga, tasawuf bentuk dari ihsan, aspek ketiga setelah Islam dan Iman. Keempat, tasawuf merupakan jiwa Islam. Dari beberapa 5 Jalaluddin, Psikologi Agama Memahami Prilaku dengan Mengaplikasikan Prinsip-Prinsip Psikologi (Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2012), p. 125. 6 Gordon Willard Allport, The Individual and His Religion: A. Psychological Interpretation, p. 246. 7 Abdul Muhaya, Tasawuf dan Krisis (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2001), p. 23. 8 Abdul Mujib & Jusuf Mudzakir, Nuansa-Nuasa Psikologi Islam (Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2001), p 9. Mawa’izh 2019 307 ISSN (printed): 2252-3022 Jurnal Dakwah dan Pengembangan Sosial Kemanusiaan ISSN (Online): 2614-5820 Vol. 10, no. 2 (2019), pp. 305-325. himpunan tasawuf secara keseluruhan menekankan pada kejiwaan, spiritualitas, dan kehidupan mental.9 Dengan demikian dapat dipahami bahwa tasawuf dalam implementasi tidak hanya terbatas pada pemenuhan spiritual individual, melainkan juga mampu memberikan nilai pragmatis bagi kriteria seseorang dalam konsep diri kematangan beragama. Sebagai upaya untuk membangun tingkah laku positif, kepribadian, psikologis dan mental yang sehat. Dalam hal ini tasawuf berperan untuk membangun kondisi kejiwaan (mental) seseorang melalui jalan spiritual menuju terciptanya kematangan beragama. Mengingat esensi ajaran tasawuf, sebagaimana yang diharapkan adalah mengembangkan tingkah laku ke arah kesadaran batin menuju kesempurnaan moral. Sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh K. J Wassil, tasawuf merupakan usaha bagaimana manusia membersihkan jiwanya dengan jalan menghilangkan sifat-sifat buruk yang melekat
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