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TESI DOCTORAL 2015 Programa De Doctorat De Geografia LES TESI DOCTORAL 2015 Programa de Doctorat de Geografia LES CAVITATS SUBAQUÀTIQUES DE LES ZONES COSTANERES DEL LLEVANT I MIGJORN DE MALLORCA Francesc Gràcia Lladó Director: Joan J. Fornós Astó Doctor per la Universitat de les Illes Balears TESI DOCTORAL 2015 LES CAVITATS SUBAQUÀTIQUES DE LES ZONES COSTANERES DEL LLEVANT I MIGJORN DE MALLORCA Francesc Gràcia Lladó TESI DOCTORAL 2015 Programa de Doctorat de Geografia LES CAVITATS SUBAQUÀTIQUES DE LES ZONES COSTANERES DEL LLEVANT I MIGJORN DE MALLORCA Francesc Gràcia Lladó Director: Joan J. Fornós Astó Doctor per la Universitat de les Illes Balears A la meva família, per les llargues absències Als companys i amics espeleobussejadors i espeleòlegs Als exploradors que il·luminen les tenebres eternes In Mateu Febrer Bauzà (1980-2012) Memoriam Amic, de ben segur que ens esperes a l’altre costat del sifó a on queden encara tantes coses per explorar... ÍNDEX AGRAÏMENTS.....................................................................................................................3 PART I. INTRODUCCIÓ I MARC METODOLÒGIC Capítol 1. INTRODUCCIÓ................................................................................................11 1.1. Estructura del treball i objectius......................................................................11 1.2. Definició de cavitat litoral i de cavitat subaquàtica.........................................13 1.3. La dissolució de la roca calcària a la zona de mescla litoral...........................14 1.4. Taules de situació i caracterització de les cavitats...........................................15 1.5. Cavitats d’abrasió marina versus coves càrstiques litorals.............................19 1.6. Material i mètode................................................................................................36 Capítol 2. L’ESPELEOGÈNESI I CONDICIONANTS LITOLÒGICS.......................47 2.1. L’espeleogènesi al carst litoral de Mallorca.......................................................47 2.2. Estratigrafia i condicionants litològics...............................................................53 2.3. Els dipòsits del Miocè superior del Migjorn i Llevant de Mallorca................55 2.4. Els dipòsits del Pliocè i Pleistocè de la depressió de Campos...........................62 PART II. ANTECEDENTS Capítol 3. HISTÒRIA DE LES EXPLORACIONS ESPELEOLÒGIQUES SUB- AQUÀTIQUES AL LLEVANT I MIGJORN DE MALLORCA ……………………69 3.1. Exploracions abans del 1994..............................................................................69 3.2. Exploracions d’ençà del 1994.............................................................................75 3.3. Accidents mortals documentats.........................................................................82 Capítol 4. CLASSIFICACIÓ DE LES CAVITATS DE MALLORCA.........................87 4.1. Els avencs de la zona vadosa...............................................................................88 4.2. Les coves de la zona vadosa.................................................................................92 4.3. Les coves freàtiques no litorals...........................................................................96 4.4. Les coves de la franja litoral................................................................................99 Capítol 5. ALTRES CAVITATS LITORALS DE L’ESTAT ESPANYOL................105 5.1. La cova de na Polida i la cova de s’Aigua (Menorca, Balears) .....................106 5.2. La Falconera (Catalunya)..................................................................................107 5.3. La cova del Moraig (València)..........................................................................110 5.4. Túnel de la Atlántida del Tubo de lava La Corona (Lanzarote, Canarias)..114 5.5. La cueva del Agua (Cartagena).........................................................................121 Capítol 6. PRINCIPALS ÀREES GEOGRÀFIQUES DE CARST EOGENÈTIC LITORAL DEL MÓN .............................................................................................127 6.1. Introducció..........................................................................................................127 6.2. Península del Yucatán (Mèxic i Belize).............................................................128 6.3. República Dominicana (La Hispaniola)............................................................139 6.4. Bahamas...............................................................................................................141 6.5. Bermudas (Gran Bretanya)................................................................................144 6.6. Plana de Nullarbor (Austràlia)..........................................................................146 PART III. CAVITATS LITORALS DEL LLEVANT I MIGJORN DE MALLORCA AMB CONTINUACIONS SUBAQUÀTIQUES Capítol 7. CAVITATS LITORALS DEL MIGJORN OCCIDENTAL.......................153 7.1. La cova des Pas de Vallgornera (Llucmajor).................................................155 Situació geogràfica Història resumida de les exploracions i de les feines de camp Descripció de la cavitat Superposició de la cavitat respecte de la superfície Espeleogènesi Els condicionals litològics Característiques hidrològiques de la cavitat Morfologies de corrosió Morfologies hipogèniques Els espeleotemes Sales d’esfondrament Els sediments Part faunística Part paleontològica Conservació de la cavitat 7.2. Es Dolç (Ses Salines)..........................................................................................223 Situació geogràfica Història resumida de les exploracions i de les feines de camp Descripció de la cavitat Superposició de la cavitat respecte de la superfície Espeleogènesi Els condicionants litològics Datació per luminiscència de les eolianites quaternàries Anàlisi morfomètrica de la cavitat Característiques hidrològiques de la cavitat Morfologies hipogèniques Morfologies de corrosió Els espeleotemes Sales d’esfondrament Els sediments Restes arqueològiques Part faunística Conservació de la cavitat Capítol 8. CAVITATS LITORALS DEL MIGJORN ORIENTAL ............................287 8.1. La cova dels Ases (Felanitx).............................................................................289 Situació geogràfica Història resumida de les exploracions i de les feines de camp Descripció de la cavitat Superposició de la cavitat respecte de la superfície Espeleogènesi Morfologies de corrosió Els espeleotemes Sales d’esfondrament Els sediments Restes arqueològiques Part faunística Part paleontològica Conservació de la cavitat 8.2. La cova de sa Sínia (Felanitx)..........................................................................303 Situació geogràfica Història de les exploracions Descripció de la cavitat Superposició de la cavitat respecte de la superfície Espeleogènesi Morfologies de corrosió Els espeleotemes Sales d’esfondrament Els sediments Part faunística Conservació de la cavitat 8.3. La cova des Coll (Felanitx)...............................................................................307 Situació geogràfica Història resumida de les exploracions i de les feines de camp Descripció de la cavitat Superposició de la cavitat respecte de la superfície Espeleogènesi Característiques hidrològiques de la cavitat Morfologies de corrosió Els espeleotemes Sales d’esfondrament Els sediments Restes arqueològiques Part faunística Part paleontològica Conservació de la cavitat 8.4. La cova d’en Bassol (Felanitx).........................................................................359 Situació geogràfica Història resumida de les exploracions i de les feines de camp Descripció de la cavitat Superposició de la cavitat respecte de la superfície Espeleogènesi Característiques hidrològiques de la cavitat Morfologies de corrosió Els espeleotemes Sales d’esfondrament Els sediments Part faunística Part paleontològica Conservació de la cavitat 8.5. La cova de ses Barraques (Felanitx)................................................................387 Situació geogràfica Història resumida de les exploracions i de les feines de camp Descripció de la cavitat Superposició de la cavitat respecte de la superfície Espeleogènesi Característiques hidrològiques de la cavitat Morfologies de corrosió Els espeleotemes Sales d’esfondrament Els sediments Restes arqueològiques Conservació de la cavitat 8.6. La cova Submarina de Cala sa Nau (Felanitx)...............................................391 Situació geogràfica Història resumida de les exploracions i de les feines de camp Descripció de la cavitat Superposició de la cavitat respecte de la superfície Espeleogènesi Característiques hidrològiques de la cavitat Morfologies de corrosió Els espeleotemes Sales d’esfondrament Els sediments Restes arqueològiques Conservació de la cavitat 8.7. La cova de Cala Mitjana (Felanitx).................................................................395 Situació geogràfica Història resumida de les exploracions i de les feines de camp Descripció de la cavitat Superposició de la cavitat respecte de la superfície Espeleogènesi Morfologies de corrosió Els espeleotemes Sales d’esfondrament Conservació de la cavitat 8.8. La cova des Drac de Cala Santanyí (Santanyí)..............................................399 Situació geogràfica Aproximació al topònim de la cova des Drac Història resumida de les exploracions i de les feines de camp Descripció de la cavitat Superposició de la cavitat respecte de la superfície Espeleogènesi Característiques hidrològiques de la cavitat Morfologies de corrosió Els
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