Fundamentos Conceptuales Y Didácticos Iguzquiza2 1 Unidad Del IGME En Las Islas Baleares

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Fundamentos Conceptuales Y Didácticos Iguzquiza2 1 Unidad Del IGME En Las Islas Baleares y El karst en cifras ¿cuáles son las mayores cavidades del mundo y por qué? Karst in figure: which are the major cavities of the world and why? Pedro Agustín Robledo Ardila1, Juan José Durán Valsero2 Y Eulogio Pardo Fundamentos Conceptuales Didácticos Iguzquiza2 1 Unidad del IGME en las Islas Baleares. C/Felicià Fuster 7, 07006, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares. E-mail: [email protected] 2 IGME. C/Ríos Rosas nº 23, 28003, Madrid. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Resumen Entre los terrenos kársticos superficiales y subterráneos, las cuevas son, actualmente para determinados colectivos, el producto más interesante del karst y, que de forma creciente, ha atraído la curiosidad humana desde que los seres humanos habitan el Planeta. Prueba de ello son los restos de arte rupestre y yacimientos paleontológicos descritos en muchas cuevas o el creciente número de visitantes anuales que tienen. Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas los equipos de científicos y espeleólogos se han ocupado especialmente del karst en términos de cifras, con especial énfasis en grandes cavidades. Bien, atendiendo al tamaño de las mismas en su desarrollo horizontal o vertical, o de forma parcial, midiendo volúmenes de galerías y conductos, cámaras o espeleotemas, entre otros elementos. Existen exhaustivos rankings de los sistemas de cavidades de mayor longitud total de galerías exploradas, de las salas más grandes, de las cuevas más profundadas o de los espeleotemas más grandes en su tipo. Esto ha condicionando que, por un lado, exista un auge en la investigación de los sistemas endokársticos más grandes del mundo, y por otro, que paisajes superficiales kársticos espectaculares del Planeta hayan pasado a un segundo orden en cuanto a el interés científico o turístico. En el presente trabajo se muestran un conjunto de datos y resultados de la magnitud de las cuevas más destacadas del Planeta tras analizar esta particular forma de enfocar el estudio del endokarst en general o de alguno de sus elementos más destacados en particular. Palabras clave: Cueva, espeleotema kárstico, ranking, tamaño. Abstract Situated between surface and underground karst terrains, caves are at present, for certain groups, the most interesting karst product. They have increasingly attracted human curiosity since man inhabits the planet. Proof of this is the remains of rock art and paleontological sites described in many caves or the growing number of visitors they receive every year. However, in recent decades teams of scientists and cavers have dealt with the karst in terms of numbers, with special emphasis on large cavities. They have either paid attention to their global size, horizontally or vertically, or partially, measuring volumes of galleries and conducts, chambers or speleothems, among other elements. There are exhaustive rankings of the cave systems of greater total length of explored galleries, the larger rooms, the deepest caves or the biggest speleothems. This has lead to the fact that, on the one hand, there is a boom in research about major endokarstic system in the world, and on the other hand, spectacular karst surface landscapes on the planet have been left aside in terms of scientific and tourist interest. This work provides a set of data and results about the size of the most important caves of the planet, after analyzing this particular approach to the study of the endokarst in general or of some of its most outstanding elements in particular. Keyword: Cave, karstic speleothem, ranking, size. INTRODUCCIÓN y que son visitadas a lo largo y ancho del Planeta por cientos de millones de personas al año (Ford y En general el karst da lugar a formas del paisa- Williams, 1989; Robledo y Durán, 2011). Sin embar- je muy particulares que son sugerentes y atractivas go, entre los terrenos kársticos, superficiales y los 28 – Enseñanza de las Ciencias de la Tierra, 2016 (24.1) ISSN (edición impresa): 1132-9157 - (edición electrónica): 2385-3484 – Pags. 28-34 subterráneos, las cuevas son, tal vez, el fenómeno desde la superficie del terreno hasta la galería más kárstico más espectacular y que más ha atraído la profunda. Un ejemplo muy significativo es la mina de curiosidad humana por diversas razones a lo largo oro de Mponeng, en el suroeste de Johannesburgo de los tiempos. Nuestros antepasados homínidos, (Sudáfrica), que actualmente es considerada la más utilizaban las cavidades como morada y refugio; en profunda del mundo. La profundidad de operación muchas de ellas, el vestigio de su presencia hace fue ampliada de 2,4 km a más de 3,9 km por debajo cientos de miles de años es hoy parte del patrimonio del nivel de la superficie del terreno a finales de 2012. cultural, natural, científico e histórico más impor- Las exploraciones en curso han permitido profundizar tante y que más visitas turísticas recibe a lo largo aún más, habiendo conseguido superar la marca de del año (Durán y Robledo, 2002; Robledo y Durán, los 4 kilómetros en la actualidad. 2011). Entre los ejemplos más destacados de estas Así, los paisajes kársticos espectaculares y cono- cavidades están Altamira y Atapuerca, en España, cidos de nuestro Planeta que se corresponden con Lascaux, en Francia o las cuevas de las montañas de regiones kársticas superficiales como la bahía de Ha Tassili, en el sudeste de Argelia (Robledo y Durán, Long, en Vietnam, las Torres del Río Li, en China o los 2011). En otras cavidades el foco de atención se han megalapiaces de Madagascar (la mayoría protegidos puesto en sus valores puramente geológicos, ya sea bajo alguna figura legislativa nacional o internacio- por la presencia de espeleotemas muy particulares, nal), han pasado en términos cuantitativos a un se- por su forma, por su mineralogía o por sus caracte- gundo plano, ocupando las cuevas el protagonismo rísticas microclimáticas, como es el caso de la cueva principal en esta particular disciplina. En el presente de Martín Infierno, en Cuba, la cueva de Lechuguilla, trabajo se muestran los resultados tras analizar es- en EEUU, o la cueva-Mina de Naica, en México. tas singularidades que hacen de la cavidades uno de No obstante, una de las tendencias que más ha los elementos más destacados del karst. También se destacado en los últimos años ha sido la curiosidad exponen otras cifras que hablan por sí solas de las y el estudio de las cifras relativas a las cavidades, particularidades que pueden llegar a tener ciertos con especial énfasis en el tamaño de las mismas, en elementos del karst, siendo muchas veces la respues- su conjunto, o de forma parcial, en algunas de sus ta al proceso de evolución de la cueva. formas o productos. Por una parte se han realizado rankings de los sistemas de cavidades de mayor longitud total de galerías exploradas, tanto en lo CUEVAS Y RANKING: LOS EJEMPLOS MÁS que se refiere a su desarrollo horizontal como en lo IMPORTANTES relativo a su desnivel, diferenciando, en este último caso, la longitud del conducto o la profundidad de Los estudios en cuevas relacionados con cla- caída libre del mismo (Gulden, 2016). También, se sificaciones han sido en general realizados por ha hecho lo propio con cavidades submarinas o par- espeleólogos al auspicio de sus federaciones o cialmente sumergidas, agrupando el desarrollo total asociaciones respectivas. La National Speleologi- o separando las partes inundadas de las que no lo cal Society es la entidad que más ha avanzado en están. Otro aspecto referido a las dimensiones, y de esta materia, habiendo publicado en su página web gran interés, han sido los volúmenes, calculando la dos enlaces sobre las cuevas con más longitud en capacidad cúbica de algunas salas o su altura (Gul- el Mundo (World’s Longest Caves List) (http://www. den, 2015; Robledo, 2015), con ejemplos muy repre- caverbob.com/wlong.htm) y las cuevas más profun- sentativos en áreas asiáticas, como China, Malasia o das del Mundo (World’s Deepest Caves List) (http:// Vietnam. Pero también, se han realizado mediciones www.caverbob.com/wlong.htm) (Gulden, 2016). del volumen total de una cueva o de la longitud de No obstante, numerosas páginas web publicadas una galería en concreto, así como diámetros y pro- por diferentes organismos ofrecen datos en la ac- fundidad de dolinas, entre otros aspectos. Gulden tualidad sobres las diferentes cifras relativas a las (2015) presenta en su página web diversos rankings cuevas, referidas a su tamaño, desnivel, volumen o de grandes cifras referidas a tipos de cavidades y profundidad que, en su mayoría, se nutren de datos zonas en concreto. En esta amalgama de órdenes de proporcionados desde el mundo de la espeleología. magnitud referidas a cuevas también se diferencian Por el contrario, otros datos referidos a tamaños de los tamaños en relación a sus litologías, siendo muy espeleotemas, mineralizaciones o cuevas en litolo- destacadas por los investigadores cavidades que gías poco solubles proceden generalmente de expe- se han desarrollado en rocas poco solubles como la diciones científicas multidisciplinares cuyo objetivo cuarcita, o cuyos procesos no necesariamente están no suele ser el tamaño de la cavidad en concreto o ligados únicamente a la disolución de la roca, como alguno de sus elementos. A pesar de ello, en oca- tubos volcánicos o cuevas en masas de hielo siones esas cifras suponen un dato importante en la También se han arrojado cifras sobre el número evaluación de otros parámetros. de visitantes de una cueva (Ford y Williams, 1989; Ro- La World’s Longest Caves List presenta una re- bledo y Durán, 2011; Durán, 2006), dato éste, aunque lación en 2016 de 341 cuevas con más de 15 km de sin estar relacionado con la magnitud de la propia desarrollo longitudinal. Esta lista, en actualización cueva, pone de relieve el interés por estos espacios permanente (Tabla I), además del nombre y tamaño naturales ubicados en el subsuelo y su capacidad de las cuevas, facilita la información del país donde de atraer turistas.
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