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Caves and Karst in New Mexico

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Caves and Karst in New Mexico Volume 3, Number 1, Winter 2003 CAVES AND KARST IN NEW MEXICO The caves of New Mexico are among rejoining) passage patterns are charac- the most outstanding, beautiful, and teristic of carbonic acid karst, branch- geologically significant in the world. In work caves being by far the most the south-central part of the state near common type. Well-known carbonic the town of Capitan are Fort Stanton acid caves include Mammoth Cave in Cave and Torgac Cave. In the south- Kentucky, Jewel and Wind Caves in eastern part of the state, southwest of South Dakota, Kartchner Caverns in the town of Carlsbad, are Carlsbad Arizona, and Fort Stanton Cave in Cavern, visitor attraction for millions, New Mexico. and Lechuguilla Cave, the deepest cave Thirty years ago cave researchers in the United States and fifth longest noted with interest the fact that many cave in the world. Also in the Carlsbad of the spectacular caves of New Mexico area is Parks Ranch Cave, the longest and Texas bore little resemblance to the gypsum cave in the United States. better-known caves of Kentucky and These caves and the landscapes in Virginia. Other similar caves had been which they occur are important geolog- noted since the 1930s. The patterns ic resources of New Mexico. In the past created by the cave passages themselves twenty years or so, they have played an were remarkably different and bore lit- important part in geologists’ growing tle relation to the known hydrologic understanding of how caves form. features of the area. Thus began the unraveling of one of the more interest- What is Karst? ing stories in the growth of our knowl- Karst is the term geologists use to edge of speleogenesis and the origin of describe a topography characterized by sulfuric acid caves. caves, sinkholes, and underground Gypsum chandeliers in the Chandelier These caves–and similar caves in drainage. What distinguishes a karst Ballroom, Lechuguilla Cave. Photo by Peter and other parts of the world–came to be landscape from other landscapes is the Ann Bosted. known as sulfuric acid karst. In caves dominance of solution features in solu- associated with sulfuric acid karst, there ble sedimentary rocks such as limestone Types of Karst is no apparent relationship to recharge and gypsum. Traditionally, karst has Worldwide, geologists recognize three through the overlying surface. Instead, been thought of as a near-surface phe- main types of karst. Carbonic acid cave passages form where there is a nomenon, where weak carbonic acid, karst is the most common type of karst deep-seated source of hydrogen sulfide, formed from the solution of carbon and accounts for over 90 percent of all usually derived from oil and gas reser- dioxide in surface and ground waters, is karst terrain on Earth. Typical of car- voirs. When hydrogen sulfide in solu- responsible for the solution features. bonic acid karst is the recharge of water tion mixes with oxygenated water at or Recently the concept of karst has at the surface through sinkholes and near the water table, it forms sulfuric expanded to encompass solution fea- caves, and the discharge of that water acid, and it is this acid that dissolves tures (including caves) that result from to springs in nearby river valleys. away the limestone to form cave pas- the deep-seated dissolution of reservoir Carbonic acid is responsible for the dis- sages. This sulfuric acid is far more or ore porosity, with sulfuric acid the solution of these near-surface caves, aggressive than weak carbonic acid and primary mechanism of dissolution. derived from carbon dioxide in the is therefore a potent mechanism for This mechanism, it turns out, is atmosphere and soil zone above the dissolving large cave passages such as responsible for some of the most cave. Branchwork, network, and anas- Carlsbad Cavern’s Big Room, more spectacular caves of New Mexico. tomosing (a network of branching and than six football fields long. Published by the New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources • A Division of New Mexico Tech of petroleum under the Carlsbad is characterized by little or no surface region, producing hydrogen sulfide expression of karst. In this instance with negative sulfur isotope values. solution processes in evaporite rock Ultimately this isotopically negative usually take place beneath a layer or sulfur ended up in the cave gypsum, layers of non-karstic rock. Dissolution native sulfur, and alunite. at depth can occur either in the vadose Finally, there is a third type of karst, zone (the unsaturated zone above the evaporite karst, which is also represent- water table) or the phreatic zone (the ed in the caves of New Mexico. The saturated zone beneath the water table), dissolution of highly soluble sedimen- and karst valleys form when the over- tary rocks (like gypsum, anhydrite, and burden collapses into these deep-seated halite) is involved in the genesis of caves. Nash Draw, in the area of the evaporite karst, without the benefit of WIPP site, is an example of a karst val- any kind of acid. There are two types ley related to the dissolution of evapor- of evaporite karst: surface (or uncov- ite rock. Breccia pipes, which form at ered) karst, and interstratal (or cov- depth by dissolution processes but typi- ered) karst. Surface evaporite karst cally do not reach the surface, are Common patterns of solutional caves. From develops in the vadose zone (the unsat- examples of interstratal karst. The brec- Palmer (1991). urated zone above the water table) cia pipes encountered in the subsurface Sulfuric acid caves commonly consist within evaporite rock and is exposed at at the Culberson sulfur mine south of of interconnected solution cavities of the surface. Ground water recharge is Carlsbad are interstratal karst features. varied size in a seemingly random usually through sinkholes, and water Interstratal evaporite karst can be an three-dimensional pattern, like insidious type of karst pores in a sponge. These “sponge- because one does not usually work” caves commonly contain know if it is there, or how it large passages that end abruptly may be involved in the trans- away from the source of hydro- port of ground water. gen sulfide. Examples of this type Interstratal karst channels can of karst include Carlsbad Cavern completely bypass matrix and Lechuguilla Cave in New porosity (the small, intercon- Mexico, and the Cueva de Villa nected pores through which Luz in Tabasco, Mexico. The ground water generally Cueva de Villa Luz is an active moves) and can carry con- sulfuric acid cave: measured taminants at high velocities hydrogen sulfide values in the to sites of discharge, thus cave air reach 152 parts per mil- increasing the potential for lion (which means that researchers contamination of surface working underground must wear water resources at discharge gas masks), and the pH of drip The “ghosts” of Fort Stanton Cave, near Fort Stanton, New Mexico. sites. One of the remaining water can reach almost zero. (By Fort Stanton contains long, linear passageways typical of concerns for some at the comparison, drinking water typi- carbonic acid speleogenesis. Photo by Alan Hill. Waste Isolation Pilot Plant cally has a pH of 7–8; lemon juice has can move very rapidly to sites of dis- (WIPP) site has been our incomplete a pH of between 2 and 3. charge. Typical surface landforms are knowledge regarding the extent of Gypsum, native sulfur, and certain sinkholes, sinking streams, caves, blind interstratal karst processes at or near other diagnostic minerals associated valleys, and domes and breccia pipes the site. with sulfuric acid karst (including the (cylindrical collapse features associated clay minerals endellite and alunite, and with solution) exposed uranium minerals such as tyuyamunite) at the surface. Surface Caves Are Fragile and Protected Places form as by-products of this sulfuric evaporite karst typically acid reaction. Gypsum can be found in forms either network Many of New Mexico’s caves are on public land, Carlsbad and Lechuguilla Caves in mazes or sinuous single administered by the National Park Service, U.S. Forest massive blocks up to 30 feet high. conduits. Prime exam- Service, or Bureau of Land Management, and can be Detailed chemical analyses of these ples of this type of entered only with permission. The same invariably goes minerals offer some clue as to their ori- karst include for caves on private property. In either case, caving is gin. The gypsum, native sulfur, and Optimistcheskaya Cave best done in the company of experienced cavers who alunite characteristically have low (neg- in the Ukraine and, are familiar with the particular hazards and conserva- ative) sulfur isotope values (-10‰ to here in New Mexico, tion issues involved. Anyone entering a cave—in New -25‰), indicating that the ultimate Parks Ranch Cave. Mexico or elsewhere—would do well to remember the source of sulfur was microbial reactions A second kind of creed of the National Speleological Society: Take noth- related to oil and gas. Microorganisms evaporite karst, inter- ing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints, kill deep beneath the surface fed on pools stratal evaporite karst, nothing but time. NEW MEXICO EARTH MATTERS 2 WINTER 2003 the Lake of the Clouds. Lechuguilla Cave is over 109 miles long and 1,567 feet deep, making it the deepest cave in the continental United States. Lechuguilla Cave contains a variety of speleothems of astonishing beauty, including the incredible gypsum chan- deliers of the Chandelier Ballroom. The Importance of Karst Aside from their obvious value as areas of geologic interest and potential research, karst landscapes are important from a ground water perspective. Many cities and towns in the United States draw their water from karst aquifers; an understanding of the working of these underground aquifers is extremely important in terms of evaluating the potential for environmental impacts both on and below the surface.
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