THE FINDING OF THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE.^

SHALL never forget two aphorisms oXoioq slvat 6 uasji-oi?," and " Eudijis BU)Q TO OTSpso," given me by an old grave-digger the first meaning," The best archaeologist is the in Greece. He was one of a class spade," and the second," Go down to the native that corresponds very much to the soil." old-fashioned poacher in Eng­ I believe it was chiefly owing to my remem­ land and on the Continent, in bering these two aphorisms, and a.cting upon whom the illegitimate pursuit is them, that I succeeded in discoveriag what we not only followed for gain, but has become an may now call the Tomb of Aristotle. Though exciting sport, a wild instinct with a touch of the a considerable amount of archaeolcigical study romance that hovered round the gentleman and reasoning, a careful working through of of the road and the bandit. He had followed all the ancient and modem authorities on topog­ his favorite pursuit in all parts of Attica, in Bceo- raphy, a collection of all the passages in an­ tia, and in Eubcea, and had sold many a beauti­ cient authors dealing with the works of art ful object of ancient art and craft to the Athenian which once existed in a certain district, and dealer, which objects, no doubt, are now orna­ innumerable other considerations of a more menting some museum of a great European theoretical nature, must precede th<; choice of metropolis. As such excavation is forbidden any site of excavation, and must continually be by law, and as the exportation of all objects of present in the mind of the excavator, it is, after antiquity found in Greece is also forbidden, he all, the act of digging itself, and the unbiased had twice suffered confinement in prison for a examination of what the spade and pick may considerable period; and this in spite of all his turn up, upon which the archseologist must shrewdness and caution, for he did nearly all his chiefly rely. And if the naturalist in examin­ digging at night. He had now turned his hand ing any object in nature, or any member of an to honest work, and had become a workman organic body, whether with the naked eye or in our corps of excavation, in both Bceotia and under the microscope, must guard against the Euboea. Though he was invaluable in cau­ "personal equation," the archsologist must be tiously clearing away the soil that had been equally careful not to allow his preconceptions massed in a tomb, and thus exti"acting without and his own desires to warp his vision and ex­ a breakage a delicate vase, or a piece of gold- amination of the objects which his excavations work, or a bronze mirror, it was just as well lay bare. The second advice is almosit still more always to keep a strict watch over his every important. He must never be satisfied with movement; for, having extracted securely from what he has found, nor cease from working its hiding-place in the earth some valuable ob­ when he has not found anything, until he has ject of antiquity, he might also return it to reached the virgin, the unworked, soil. It re­ some hiding-place of which wekneivnot, which quires considerable experience to distinguish would be even more secure than was the ac­ between worked and unworked soil, and it is cumulated soil, so far as any chance of our get­ important that every archaeologist should in­ ting it again was concerned. But I shall always form himself of this difference, and practise the be grateful to him for the two epigrams which art of distinguishing between them, with eye he gave me one day, and which are, in a way, and hand. When there are small fragments fundamental and most important lessons for of pottery or building-material to be found any archsologist who intends to excavate. mixed in the earth, it is plain sailing; but when I was maintaining to some colleagues that these indexes are wanting, it becomes much there was sure to be a wall under a certain more difficult, for the characteristics of virgin configuration of the soil, to which opinion I soil vary with the actual nature of thie earth in was led by a series of arguments arch^ologi- different parts, and the workmen are often more cal and practical, and to strengthen my own easily discouraged through unsuccess than is the position I appealed to old Barba Spiro for a morally and intellectually superior archseolo- confirmation of my view. He looked at the gist, and are prone to cry out, "STepeo!" ("Virgin spot for a long time; then gave a side glance soil!") long before they have really reached it. at me; then scratched his head, and, fixing his However full of moments of thrilhng ex­ eyes on one button of my waistcoat, he enun­ citement—momicnts that in their intensity have ciated two short phrases: " '0 uaX-qxEpoi; apxai- no equal in any other department of scientific 1 The pictures in this article are made from photo­ work or of sport — the practice of excavation graphs talcen by Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Oswald. may be, there are days and even weeks of 414

PRODUCED BY UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED THE FINDING OF THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE. 415 discouraging ill success, which sorely try the one time had been Greek vice-consul at some patience of even the most sanguine and perse­ Italian port. He spoke Italian fairly well. He vering. Thus perseverance is one of the quali­ had proved hospitable to Mr. Fossum, and was ties most needed by him who would dig for very affable and effusive in his greeting to us. I antiquities. But often there may be a call upon at once asked for the demarck, or mayor, of the more active qualities, physical and intellectual, town, and was told that I should presently be than perseverance, in order to withstand the taken to his house. I knew it was an important serious hardships to which excavation in some matter at once to gain the friendly cooperation parts of Greece must necessarily expose the dig­ and assistance of this the chief functionary in ger. The excavations of the American School the district. Mr. Fossum, aided by his host, had of Archseology of Athens at Eretria in Euboea already explored all the resources of the town, during the months of February and March of and had found them worse than scanty. Unlike last year, one of the results of which was the all other villages, even in the remotest parts of discovery of this interesting tomb, certainly Greece, it appeared impossible to find any peas­ were accompanied with severe hardships to ant or inhabitant who for good pay would mi­ all who took part in them. My colleague, Pro­ grate to some kinsman's house, or allow him­ fessor Richardson, who joined me in the second self to be relegated to the ground-floor of his visit, during which we suffered most,—owing hut, leaving to us the upper room, which is to the unusual iiiclemency of the weather,— approached by wooden steps firom without, to assured us that during his winter campaign clean and to furnish with our camp-beds. The in our own civil war he had not encountered reason for this was that there were but few such discomfort. thrifty and working inhabitants, and most of My first trip tO Eretria, leaving Athens on the houses had been deserted. We looked at February i, was comparatively an easy one. It two of these deserted houses, but with the rain consisted of a two-days' ride across Attica, till that had fallen, with no window-panes, with a we reached the harbor of the ancient Oropos, broken-down fireplace and a rotting floor, they on the narrow strait, called Euripus, which sep­ presented so miserable an aspect, and looked arates Euboea from the mainland, and imme­ so unwholesome, that we could not think of diately opposite Eretria. Our sail across the making either of them our headquarters. We Euripus, which ought to have occupied but an were not much comforted when we learned an hour and a quarter, took six hours, during that the cause of this desertion was the un- which we had to rely upon the clumsy rowing wholesomeness of this fever district. of the fishermen who owned the heavy boat It was one of the great, but equally unprac- which carried us across. Dusk was just begin­ ticable ideas of the late King Otho of Greece ning to set in, and with it came rain, as we to transplant to this site of the ancient Eretria landed in the picturesque harbor of the small the brave inhabitants of the island of Psara deserted village which now occupies the site of (when, after the war of independence, this the proud city of Eretria, at one time the rival Greek island was not added to the Hellenic of Athens in prosperity and power. Situated on kingdom), granting to each a large piece of this narrow strip of sea, which looks like an in­ land, and laying out a city by the ancient har­ land lake, this plain, once so fertile, is bounded bor. In keeping with his generous though vi­ on the west by a range of mountains, beautiful sionary character, the king undertook the work in outline, while across the strait rise the clas­ on a large scale. Engineers were called in, and sical hills and mountains of Attica and Bceotia, laid out the city with broad streets and open with Parnassos looming dimly in the far dis­ squares, which, even at present, though there tance. This spot is at all times one of the most are only ruined houses and but few inhabitants, strikingly beautiful in Europe. Yet even the bear the names of University street. Marine surpassing beauty of the site could not dis­ Square, etc. He even proceeded to build there pel the disappointment and annoyance which a large nautical school, which was meant to rear gained on us as we proceeded to make ar­ future mariners and admirals, and which now, rangements for a prolonged stay. without a roof, and with crumbling walls, stares Mr. Fossum of Johns Hopkins University, with tragic irony at the deserted houses, a mon­ Baltimore, a student of the School, who labored ument of noble quixotism. The energetic and with enthusiasm and skill during the whole pe­ vigorous members of this new Psara soon left, riod of the excavation, had preceded us by a day, and are scattered over Greece and in distant and was at the harbor to meet us. He was accom­ parts of the globe, and have, many of them,' panied by a black-bearded man of western Eu­ amassed great wealth, retaining considerable ropean appearance, who wore a gray ulster and pride in the patriotic traditions of their Psar- a shooting-cap. At first sight he looked more iot ancestors. The few hundred that have re­ like an Italian than like a Greek. I soon found mained, chiefly women and children and old that he was thoroughly Europeanized, and at men, are unthrifty in character, with health

PRODUCED BY UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED 4i6 THE FINDING OF THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE. impaired by continuous fevers, and with faces jam had been offered us, I at once noticed that have malaria written upon them. Winter, the exceptional coldness of the demarch, who in spite of the inclemency, was thus the safest looked like a venerable and kindly man, and I season for the work of excavation. realized that some mistake had been made. It The cause of all this unwholesomeness, from was not long before I fathomed it, and further which, it must be known, Greece is compara­ acquaintance with circumstances and personal­ tively free, are the swamps, close to the village, ities made it all clear. running down to the sea. Up to the present, I do not think there is any otlier country whether from want of actual means or of ener­ where pohucal feeling, both local and central, gy, the proper steps for draining these swamps runs so high as in Greece. This wai'mth of po­ have not been taken. It is interesting to know litical passion is still more intensified by the that more than two thousand years ago, dur­ fact that, in the choice of all candidates in this ing the flourishing period of ancient Eretria, representative government, the family and its there appeared to be similar difficulties, with relations of kinship form the essential guide. which the ancients coped successfully. Some And when it is borne in mind that nearly all twenty years ago an inscription was found the offices, local and central, down to the post­ at Chalcis which recites that a certain Chai- men and the attendants at museums, depend rephanes proposes to the Eretrians to drain upon the success of each party, and that the the marsh. He himself will bear all the ex­ family will at once run to their ovra member pense, on condition that he is allowed to cul­ of parliament to help them in releasing one of tivate the reclaimed land for ten years at a their kinsmen who has been comdcted of a rental of thirty talents, to be paid to the city. crime, it will be understood how, in a small The work is to be completed in four years. The community where there are ho industries but citizens are to swear in the Temple of Apdlo precarious agriculture and fishing, the politi­ Daphnephoros that they will observe these cal differences permeate every nook and cranny terms, which terms and undertakings are to be of daily life. This fact the foreigner who would inscribed and set up in the same temple. In excavate in Greece must always bear in mind. case of war the ten years are to be lengthened In dealing with it he must, from the very by a period equivalent to its duration. Provi­ outset, manifest kindness, fairness, and firm­ sions follow for compensation to private persons ness ; and he must succeed in impressing these whose land is taken, and for the making of a three qualities upon the people vnth whom reservoir and sluices for irrigation. The con­ he is dealing, so that they at once feel and cession is to be continued to his heirs in case are drawn out by the kindness, gain absolute of his death. Penalties are iixed for persons faith in the fairness, and learn to jrealize and interfering with the execution of the work. depend upon the firmness. The excavations Chairephanes, on his part, is also to furnish of a sister institution in Greece have on sev­ sureties for the execution of what he under­ eral occasions been retarded, and almost com­ takes. The recital of the terms is followed by pletely suspended, owing to the charge (of the decrees and oaths necessary to give effect course, unjustified) brought by th€; local au­ to them, and then follows a long list of names, thorities against the excavators that in the perhaps of persons who took the oaths. The choice of their workmen they had been par­ date of this inscription has been settled as be­ tial to that one of the two poHtical parties tween the years 340 and 278 B. c. which was not then in power. To imend mat­ But the knowledge of the difficulties with ters, they raade a further mistake in agreeing which the ancients had to contend did not to see that half the workmen were chosen by lessen those which stood before us. I felt that a representative of one party and half by a the demarch—who has more or less absolute delegate from the other, which of course led authority, acting as judge, and often as tyrant, to further quarrels. in this district—was the only person who could Now it soon became clear that Mr. Eos- help us, and I was astonished that he had not sum's host, who had proved so affable and kind come down to the harbor to meet me. As a to him, was the brother-in-law of the previous rule, the arrival of a stranger, especially one mayor, and was himself aspiring to the mayor­ engaged in official work, is a matter of con­ alty, and that there was an intense feud be­ siderable excitement, and there is a formal re­ tween the mayor in power and the jsarty of his ception by the local authorities, who act with predecessor. When the mayor had iDeen partly most unbounded hospitaUty, and, if treated in roused out of his mistrust and sulkiness he con­ the proper way, are of great service. I felt that fessed that if we desired help and workmen we our guide was not too eager to take us to the should go to the others, who, he informed us, demarch, and it was only upon my emphatic were using us to gain popularity among the in­ demand that I was brought to his house. After habitants. The difficulty was increased by the the customary cup of coffee and spoonful of fact that, so far as practical help was concerned,

PRODUCED BY UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED THE FINDING OF THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE. 417 the mayor's enemy, with his influence over the greater number of the work- ingmen, and the greater practical readiness which he had acquired abroad, could not be dispensed with. It was, then, our aim, while acquiring the friendship of both parties, to turn their animosity into rivalry as to who could help us the more. We brought both parties together, and made them a simple speech, in which we told them that we had not come from America to practise Greek politics, and could assure them that we had enough of that kind of thing in our own home; that we were friends of both parties, and came to confer a boon upon the place, as many years ago our fathers had actively helped ^m^^.^'-^ir^^' the Greeks in their struggle for inde­ pendence. I may say that an appeal to these memories always strikes on DRAWN By EMIL CARSEN. ENGRAVED BY R. C. COLLINS. fertile soil among the Greek people. THE SITE OF THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE BEFORE EXCAVATION. They can never forget the ship-loads of provi­ Dartmouth College, and by Mr. Brownson of sions and clothing that were sent from America Yale University, one of the students of the during their war for independence. We further School. We sailed out of the Peirsus on the assured them that they would always find us evening of Wednesday, February 18. The fair, and that what we wanted were good work­ weather had been somewhat stormy during the men of whatever party. If they worked well they day, but seemed fairly settled when we set sail. would be retained; if they worked badly they Now the voyage from the Peirseus to Chalcis would be rejected. If they suspected our fore­ usually occupies from nine to ten hours. Al­ men of unfairness they could always appeal to though, during the night, we had every reason us, where they would meet with justice; but that to be aware of the inclemency of the weather, dig we would, and that without delay, and we uponawaking earlyin the morningwe expected counted upon their help, and felt sure they to be very near Chalcis. But we were much as­ would not belie the hospitality for which they tonished to find the vessel rolHng and pitching were noted. That evening Mr. Fossum dined in a very violent manner, which we knew was and slept with the anti-mayor party, and I quite impossible in the sheltered Euripus. It dined and slept with the mayor, who, after a was by no means pleasant to be informed that frugal dinner, with an ample provision of res- we had not got further than Cape Sunium,— a inated wine, waxed more and more cordial, few miles from the Peirasus,— and that, in fact, and gave us reminiscences of his former life we were then engaged in an apparently futile as captain of a brig. All his ancestors had effort to round that point. It was blowing a been seamen, and his father's brig was the hurricane, and we were trying to sail right first Greek sailing vessel to enter an Ameri­ in the teeth of the wind. Our captain seemed can harbor. somewhat uneasy, and for the present was con­ The next day we found our workmen, and fining his ambition to an attempt at reaching even two horses with carts, and at once began the harbor of Laurium, which is only a few our excavations at the theater, which have since miles by rail from Athens, there to await bet­ proved so strikingly successful in disclosing ter weather, as it was impossible for the ship remains that have a most important bearing to cope with such a storm. With full steam upon the much-debated question of the ar­ on, and with much puffing and staggering rangement of the Greek stage. The work having of the vessel, which was fairly seaworthy, we fairly started, I soon returned to the School succeeded, at ten o'clock in the morning, in business at Athens, leaving Mr. Fossum in reaching the harbor of Laurium. But even in charge. Nearly a fortnight elapsed before I this harbor we were not completely sheltered was able to return to Eretria, and it was then from the storm. It was impossible to send a that our hardships really reached their extreme boat ashore, or in fact to have any communi­ point. cation with the mainland, and we lay there On this occasion I was joined by my col­ tossing about, with some English and other league at the School, Professor Richardson of coaling vessels close to us, in constant danger VOL. XLIV.—5S.

PRODUCED BY UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED 4i8 THE FINDING OF THE TOMB OF ARISTOTIE. of drifting into one another by the dragging had fulfilled his part of the contract, and had of anchors. The whole of that day and night taken us to the river of Vasihco; that now and the next day we remained in the harbor, he wished to be paid, and that we must clear and I really believe that we would have re­ out. lliis, after much wrangling and exciting mained there for another day and night if our talk on his part, ended in our meeting him with provisions had not given out, and we had not MacMahon's words, '•^J'y suis et fy reste" all joined in urging the captain to make a bold (" Here I am and here I remain "). We refused attempt at weathering the point, which would to leave the carriage until he had pj-ovided the bring us into the Euripus. At one o'clock in horses. The other alternative was that he should the morning of the third day we steamed out take us back to Chalcis and miake proper ar­ of the harbor, and in six or seven hours suc- rangements the next day. He angrily gave in, but assured us that we should have to pay the same large sum for each journey. W^e told him that this would be decided by the magistrate of Chalcis, and so we all drove back in the rain and at once proceeded to the police station. With some diificulty the judge, who was smok­ ing his narghile intheadjoiningcafe,was found, and, coming into the dingy court-room, pro­ ceeded to make and to oifer us some coffee. We then sent for the irate coachman, who appeared on the scene, ancj seated about a small brazier, with several lounging and in­ DRAWN BY W. H. DRAK;. terfering Greeks standing about us, the legal GOLD EAR-RINGS. proceedings began. We mustered up our best ceeded in reaching the Euripus, landing at Greek, throwing in here and there a touch Chalcis in the rain and wind at about eleven of Demosthenes and .^schines, which, I fear, o'clock in the forenoon. was lost upon the unclassical Greeks; and, after With a number of boys and men carrying allowing the coachman to lay his chjirge before our baggage, we walked through the rain and the court with much gesture and vehemence, mud to a small cook-shop, where we proceeded we opened our case, turning the defense into to take what we then considered a very sump­ an accusation. We claimed that, o-wing to the tuous meal. We were eager to push on, and breach of contract in not providing, as had been at once began to seek for horses in order to promised, means for the continuance of our jour­ continue our journey to Eretria, but we were ney at Vasilico, we had lost our day, and had informed that the roads were thick with mud, suffered much discomfort; had to defray the and that the stream at Vasilico, half-way be­ expenses of a night's lodging at Chalcis, and tween Chalcis and Eretria, was so swollen by had caused our friends at Eretria considerable the rain and snow that to ford it would be im­ anxiety. We were therefore justified in claim­ possible— in short, we met with flat refusals ing heavy damages from the false c;oachman, wherever we asked for horse, mule, or donkey. who had dealt with us not as a Greek but as a At last the owner of a carriage told us that he Turkish brigand. But, considering his youth, would take us as far as the river of Vasilico, and recollecting the friendly relati(3ns which and assured us that there he would find for us subsisted between the American republic and horses or a cart which could carry us across, the kingdom of Greece, and swayed by the and thence to Eretria. affection which we felt for the whole Greek people, especially the inhabitants of Euboea, Having made our bargain, and acceded to we should not press our suit, and shiould only his unusually high demand, we started on our demand that on the next day we be put in drive about two o'clock in the afternoon. All a position to continue our journey. We were went well until, after an hour and a half, the prepared not only to waive our claira that any coachman pulled up in the middle of a mud­ money should be paid to us, but we might dy field, and blandly informed us that we had even give the handsome remuneration which arrived at our destination. I had noticed that we had promised to allow for one journey as as we were-nearing this point he had asked a covering the two. When we had firdshed, the rapid question of a stray shepherd, or of a peas­ judge gave a long pull at his pipe, blew the ant lounging in front of his hut, and when I smoke through his nostrils, and declared that asked him where the horses were which would there was much justice in what we had said, take us across the river, and where the river but that he knew the lad (who was over thirty was, he told us that the river was some five years of age) well; that he knew his father and hundred yards further on, and that we must see mother, and that he was a good lad; that we whether we could get horses or not; that he

PRODUCED BY UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED THE FINDING OF THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE. 419 were good and distinguished foreigners; and mails for Eretria had not been forwarded that he felt sure we would not deal hardly by for more than a week, and so we insisted the poor man. We answered that we had felt upon carrying the mails with us, among which sure, from the first moment of gazing into the we afterward found several letters written countenance of the youth, that he was a good by us more than a week before, and which man, but that his goodness had for once for­ our friends were anxiously awaiting. The saken him; that as he was young there was judge, joined by the chief officers of the city, time for him to make amends for his faults; came to our aid, and that evening insisted that we should not press him hard; and that, upon showing us great attention in the chief if he would fulfil his contract on the next day, cafe. we would, if satisfied with him, give him The next morning our coachman arrived in a handsome present in addition to the pay good time and good spirits, and, having loaded we had agreed upon for the first journey. the mails, our packages, instruments, and a By this time the whole party were in good large demijohn of good Chalcis wine upon humor, the coachman himself humbly begged our vehicle, we again drove through the fertile our pardon for his too emphatic insistence Lelanthian plain to the scene of the wrangle upon what he had erroneously conceived to on the previous day. We walked to the bank

DRAWN BV W. H. DRAKE, WHITE LEKVTHOI, GREEK FUNERAL VASES, OF FIFTH CENTURY C., FOUND IN GREEK GRAVE AT ERETRIA.

be his rights, and they all wanted to take us of the river (where the two large piers of a very to the nearest cafe and to stand us drinks. fine bridge which had been waiting for two This we refused, and, having sent a telegram years for the iron girders that are to span to the demarch of Eretria to meet us next the river, and to make the new road be­ noon by the river near Vasilico, we arranged tween Chalcis, Eretria, and Batheia practica­ to make an early start the next morning. ble, were still gaping in imposing solidity, but At the post-office we ascertained that the affording no help to us), and shouted and

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' F. UEO HUNTER. THE FAMILY INCLOSURE CONTAINING THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE. shouted for half an hour for the man with Proceeding up to the village, we there found, horses or carts whom we expected to be there staying with the doctor, the coachman of the from Eretria, but with no success. Our coach­ demarch of Eretria, who had insisted upon send­ man then hunted about for horses on the near ing his own horse and coachman a.nd a Euro­ bank, and assured us that he would procure pean-looking Y^agonette to meet us. We left them; but after wasting another half-hour our luggage to be brought by a c:art, and as he succeeded in finding only one little white the day was drawing to an end, and was grow­ horse that looked like an over-grown dog, ing more and more chilly, we all huddled and we were left with Hobson's choice. The together in the wagonette and drove along sturdy lad who owned the horse said he could the muddy road to Eretria, which we reached take us and our luggage over one by one on in two hours. Mr. Fossum and the anti-mayor this poor beast. Each one of the party ta,king had walked some way out of the town to as much as he could carry, we packed the re­ meet us, .and in the town itself the mayor mainder of our baggage on the horse, and pro­ and nearly all the inhabitants came to give us ceeded along the slippery and muddy fields a hearty greeting. Immediately ujDon return­ to that part of the river-bank where there ing from my first visit to Eretria, I had sent was a chance of fording. But even in this to Mr. Fossum our trusty cook and master of short distance we were not free from accident. all trades, Nikolaki, who had accompanied Every member of the party slipped and fell with us on two of our previous campaigns. He his load, and at last the poor little white horse was a carpenter by trade, but was, as most rolled over on its side (fortunately not upon Greeks are, an excellent cook, and in every the demijohn), and stuck fast in the mud. Un­ way a man of many resources. He had loading what he had on him, the lad caught brought with him wood and tools, a store of him by the tail, and two of us got him by the provisions, cam.p-beds, and all the necessaries head, and we literally lifted the poor beast out we could think of; had taken in hand one of the mud. But it was out of the question of the deserted houses; had cleaned it thor­ that, with the rapid stream, we could trust oughly, repairing the fireplace, so that wood either ourselves or our baggage to the preca­ could be burned therein, though it smoked rious legs of the poor animal; and we at last vigorously; had constructed a long table and had to accept the proposal of our sturdy guide benches with the boards he had brought, and that he should take each one of us in turn on now stood grinning at the door of the hut, his shoulders and carry us across the stream. telling us lie had prepared a vasilko geuma, a And this he did successfully, bold Christopher royal feast. We at once invited the mayor that he was. and his opponent, who stood scowling at each

PRODUCED BY UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED THE FINDING OF THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE. 421 other, and the Greek government inspector, join the party of workmen to be employed who was there to watch our excavations in there. I also persuaded the previous mayor the interest of the Government; and, packed to take the responsibility upon himself as re­ like herrings, we proceeded to a very jovial garded his brother, since he and his brother meal. It was the 22d of February, and we at would be the gainers, inasmuch as by law once informed our guests that it was Wash­ the Government would have to compensate ington's Birthday. We made a series of after- him to half the value of the objects which dinner speeches, in which we enumerated the we found, and which would be housed in their causes we had for being justly proud, end­ museums. At the theater we had thirty-two ing by recalling the motto of our republic, men at work, with wheelbarrows, baskets, and which we had lived up to in being the only two carts. Our friend the would-be mayor people who could ever boast of having united also urged me to begin work on some of his at their board those distinguished and noble property, where he had every reason to be­ gentlemen—the mayor and the anti-mayor. lieve there were a number of ancient graves. It looked as if fortune were really smiling I readily came to a private agreement with upon us, for the rain and snow which for him, and decided also to dig on this spot. It some days had prevented Mr. Fossum from was here that we discovered, besides numerous continuing his work at the theater gave way objects of smaller interest and value, the beau­ to bright sunshine on the next morning, and tiful gold ear-rings in the shape of doves, which we at once continued our work there with an are, to my knowledge, the finest specimens of increased staff of workmen. ancient jewelry, and also beautiful specimens On my previous visit I had decided upon of the slender white vases, with graceful figures beginning excavations on a site about half an in outline and color, commonly known as Attic hour's walk from the walls of Eretria toward lekythoL Batheia, because of a fragment of beautifully On Tuesday, February 24, accompanied by worked marble molding which I had seen there, Professor Richardson, I began excavating at and of the traces of a marble wall immediately the site with the marble molding. We fol­ below the surface. It looked as if somebody lowed up and laid bare a beautifully worked else had made a tentative excavation on this marble wall built of the best Greek masonry, spot some years before, as in the whole neigh­ with evenly worked blocks, each about a me- borhood, which is filled with ancient graves, the inhabitants for a long time past have been carrying on their secret digging, and value very highly the sites likely to contain ancient graves. I was informed by our friend the prospec­ tive mayor that this property belonged to his kinsman the late mayor, and another part to one of his broth­ ers, who lived at Corfu. The part possessor had promised to communi­ cate at once with his brother, and to obtain for me permission to dig on his ground. But I DRAWN BY W. TABER. THE EXCAVATION OF A TOMB. now found to my dis­ appointment that the distant brother had not ter and a half long, and below the exqui­ yet communicated his assent. While discuss­ sitely worked molding two further layers of ing the possibility of beginning excavations at marble blocks, all of the same dimensions, rest­ this spot, I was informed that one half of the ing upon two layers of well-worked calcareous ground upon which I meant to excavate really stone called poros. The whole formed a foun­ belonged to one of the workmen engaged at dation for a structure which is no longer ex­ our excavation at the theater, who willingly tant, the foundation being two and a half undertook to accompany us thither, and to meters high. But this wall continued for thir-

PRODUCED BY UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED 422 THE FINDING OF THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE. ing. He then informed us that it did not belong to him, but to his wife, and that his wife had not given her consent. This information served to alter the tone of the dispute, and I attempted to turn the whole into a jest. But he only grew more obstinate. The comic ele­ ment reached its height wh(;n, pick in hand, he sat down upon one of the .i^ blocks, which we then hoped might be the cover of a tomb, and said that it was his grave, and that nobody should ', open it. It was now time for us to show liih. * ' indignation; and I informed him that by taking part in the work there, and a-Ji receiving our pay, he had given his consent beyond all doubt, and dig there we would; and I requested him to go back to the town and to bring his ^ \ i " •" S' -' f ' wife, saying that I would arrange the , '-^ ' JM \ J- -_ matter with her. Amid the jeers of the '^^HB ^ '""• ' ^^ - wH^T - 'K-3 workmen he left in great wrath, and we - .i^iJf ' - >'i P at once proceeded with all haste to re­ ',1 /' '•-^^v „ V, move the block, to find—another one. 1 And when the mutinous workman re­ ^ "' 'Vtv - :^ .oi- turned, looking rather sheepish, and saw that we had not come upon a grave, he • ^ '"''•A.'' was very anxious to continue his work;

DRAWN BY V/. TABER. but he was dismissed, at least for that

THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE AT THE ANGLE, TOGETHER WITH THE day. In the evening we haii reached TOMB OF BIOTE, BOTH WITHIN THE FAMILY INCLOSURE. the fourth layer of these blocks, which teen meters only, and then returned at right an­ appeared to be the last, and then our expert gles at each end, the sides being only a meter grave-digger drove his crowbar down into the and a half in length. On the inner side this earth, and, upon examining what adhered to marble structure was backed by large blocks the point, pronounced it virgin soil. And so of poros, and in the inner angles we came we again decided to give it up. It now ap­ upon, and had with much labor to break up pears to me not impossible that the workmen and remove, two layers of such blocks super­ were in sympathy with the owner of the land, imposed at right angles one upon the other. if not conspiring with him, and I certainly be­ We were much puzzled as to what this build­ lieve that they would have continued the ex­ ing could have been. Temple or house it cer­ cavations after we had left, during the night. tainly was not. It might have been a portico Again I was kept awake puzzling over this facing the sacred road which ran along its front; curious structure, and by morning I had de­ but this was unlikely. After two days' work cided to lay bare and to see with my own eyes our skilled grave-digger assured us that it could how the virgin soil within this wall looked, and not be a grave, and, discouraged by evening, to clear the place, if it took a fortnight of futile and having many other sites that were wait­ labor. On this Saturday the weather looked ing our examination, we followed the advice threatening. It was very cold and dark. The of the experts, and stopped work. But in faithful and skilled Morakis, a hard^t^ Spartan, the night I was kept awake by the thought now had charge of the workmen, and it was he of what this curious structure might have who throughout sided with me in maintaining been; and remembering the aphorisms al­ that it was a grave. I increased the staff, and we ready quoted, again set to work there the next began to dig with energy at the southwest end morning, digging in the interior and breaking of the inclosure. At three o'clock in the after­ up the huge blocks of loros which impeded noon we came upon some blocks of poros which our progress downward. lay at a different angle to those which we had Here began a new difficulty. At one mo­ removed above them, and soon we saw clear ment it did appear as if it was a grave, and before us a rectangular space formed of three then our workman who owned this half of huge blocks, the customary shape of one of the site refused to allow us to dig any fiir- those stone coffins which are let deep down ther. There was much wrangling and shout­ into the ground. There were two huge blocks

PRODUCED BY UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED THE FINDING OF THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE. 423 seven feet long joined together at each end by with moisture,.seated on our camp-beds, capes smaller ones three feet long, and covered with and ulsters and shawls could not make us feel two or three, well-cut stones. It had now really warm. So we sat the entire Sunday, begun to snow, and the sky looked black. I each endeavoring to deceive the others and shall never forget the moment when the men himself into good spirits. But it continued to raised the huge covering slabs, and from the snow all day, and it snowed and rained all stone coffin there gleamed through the earth, night. This was unheard of in Greece, and we which had fallen in, the shimmer of gold, felt confident that in the morning the southern while the tops of vases just peeped out at head sun would soon melt away the snow and allow and foot. us to begin work anew. It will easily be under­ The excitement was intense. Morakis danced stood how eager we were to continue our work and shouted; and in less than an hour the at the tombs; for it was now evident that the mayor and the anti-mayor, and a large num­ marble inclosure was one of the many family ber of both parties, with coats and cloaks and graves, and that there must be several other umbrellas, came tramping out to where we stone coflins within it; and being the finest were digging. They were very much in our structure of the kind within the whole neigh­ way, and it was hard for us to move about. borhood of Eretria, and within the experience But great was the excitement when, carefully of any of our grave-diggers, we felt convinced working on with knife and finger, one gold that it must be the grave of some distinguished leaf after another was extracted, to about 150 family, which might tell us a story of surpassing in number, which filled a large square hand­ interest. kerchief—leavesof all shapes, and of pure solid But Monday morning it continued to snow. gold. And when at last the signet-ring of the and by the afternoon there was a foot and a ancient noble Greek who was here interred, half of snow lying on the ground. By even- upon which was a rampant lion with a star above hishead and at his feet a thunderbolt, ^vmc^^y^iz. ^«dCwMia>-^^-.B • was pulled out of the earth, where there were some bones of the fingers, there was a iji-^- shout of wonder, and each wanted to see and handle what was at once put in se­ . -Tl.- J. 9 ..^' curity by the officer in charge. • - *-L*S&"-' In spite of the snow and the cold wind, which grew thicker DRAWN BY \ and intenser that night, we TWO STVLI, WITH PEN IN CENTER, FROM THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE. had a merry supper; for at the theater and ing our impatience almost reached despair. the other graves it had also been a lucky day, But surely the next day would bring us sun­ with many interesting finds. shine, and we could at all events begin work in Though in the interior of Greece, in the the afternoon. But the next inorning again mountains of Boeotia and Thessaly, there are brought snow and rain. The rain, it is true, severe winters and much snow, I have never melted some of the snow, but the winds were on the sea-coast and at Athens seen snow cold, and there seemed no hope. My impa­ lie for more than a few hours, and I there­ tience gained the mastery over me. I called fore confidently hoped that by the next day, Professor Richardson, and begged him to tell Sunday, the weather would improve. It was the students that, as they were all full-grown not only for the digging that we looked for­ men, it was for them to consider their health, ward to such a change, but because of the ex­ for which I could take no responsibility; but treme discomfort we endured in our houses. that I could wait no longer, and was deter- It was impossible to go out, as the roads were mined to dig with my own hands, and that full of slush, with large pools and clinging whosoever would join of his own free will mud, and we were huddled together, four in was welcome. Professor Richardson started one small room and two in another (Mr. Pick- at once to call the students, but at the door ard of Dartmouth College, and Mr. Gilbert he turned back and, picking a line from Schil- of Brown University, both members of the ler's "Wallenstein" out of his wonderful mem- School, had also joined our party, and were ory, cried gaily : busily engaged in surveying the district). Nacht muss es sein wenn Waldstein's Sterne With a smoking fire which gave no warmth, leuchten. with no glass in our windows to keep out the (Night must it be when Waldstein's stars are cold winds and the damp, with walls clammy shining.)

PRODUCED BY UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED 424 TUB FINDING OF THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE. them before they gave up their muddy contents. But we toiled on until we reached another tomib immediately beside the one which had contained all the gold. Mo- rakis, when he gave him­ self a moment's rest, would burst out in wcmderment, and would exhort the other workmen to take note how these gentleraen could work. It was really comical, with the curious clothes they had on, to see the form of the learned Professor Richard­ son picking away vigor­ ously; while another spec­ tacled student filled the baskets which w(;re ha,nded i^'km '•' m from one to another. But the work, at all events, kept t''\1^V I m us warm. When, however, ' Kii'Tl ? i'li we got down five or six feet, to the narrow com­ pass of the grave:, we could not all be occupi(;d at once, and then it was hard work to keep warm. Yet our great­ est fear was the advancing night. When, toward dusk, we had succeeded in hfting up two of the covering stones, we found that there was at least two hours' work remaining before we could clear out the grave itself, DRAWN ay W. H, DRAKE and begin the delicate work TERRA-COTTA STATUETTE OF " PHILOSOPHER," FROM THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE, of freeing the obj ects it might " Don't mock either the great Bohemian or contain from the surrounding sciil without me," I said; " this is serious." But the spirit breaking. On the other hand, we could not was contagious. All the students came and possibly leave the grave open at that stage, as enthusiastically offered to go out and dig. All it was likely that others would do what we had our workmen refused to stir except three led left undone, and that we never should see the by the faithful Morakis. Our cook prepared a treasures which we hoped it might contain. famous breakfast, and, wrapped up in what­ And thus, chilled to the marrow, ai; about six ever clothing we had, with red blankets from o'clock, as there was no more work for them the beds, the canvas bags in which the beds to do, most of our party returned to Eretria, were packed, and with picks and shovels and leaving three men to finish the wcirk by lan­ baskets, we all trotted off through the village tern-light. in the rain, singing American college songs. Crouching within the hole, we watched with The shutters opened, and the people looked bated breath while Morakis was cautiously out at the crazy foreigners, for mad they cer­ peeling away the earth from the inside of the tainly thought us. We waded through the mud, stone coffin. One of the blocks of the cover­ and reached the tomb; and now began sorae ing stones had been broken, and when, after really hard work. The picks stuck in the wet a few small fragments of gold had led us to earth, which was as heavy as lead, and each expect a find similar to the one we had made lift of the spade as we threw soil into the bas­ in the first grave, no object of value or interest kets was an athletic feat. And then we had to was forthcoming, the doubt crossed, our mind pass these baskets full of black, heavy, muddy whether this tomb had not been rifled in an­ earth from hand to hand, and to wrestle with tiquity. The crime of robbing a grave was, in

PRODUCED BY UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED THE FINDING OF THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE. 425 the days of ancient Greece, severely punished. the next day we disclosed the grave next to this After nearly three hours' work, the grave was one toward the interior, built at a different angle, thoroughly examined and found to contain and, from the various stones that were used in naught of interest. its structure, distinctly of a later date. At the But the next day was indeed a bright day, foot of this grave, carefully placed on the center and one which was to compensate us in every of a large slab which had before served some respect for our previous hardships. architectural purpose, was a smaller marble I remembered that in these family inclosures slab upon which in clear-cut letters was the the principal graves are not in the center, but inscription [B]IOTH [A]PI2TOTEAOT (Biote at the angles. Accordingly this morning we Aristotelou), namely, Biote, the daughter of began to dig at the other angle, and at the Aristotle. The only male name which we found end of the day we had come upon another connected with the tombs, and referring to the sarcophagus. family which had made this inclosure its last This grave was evidently the earliest and resting-place, was the name of Aristotle. most important one, and the one for which the The facts will speak for themselves. In 323 inclosure had been built; for a portion of it B. c, Aristotle, a man of considerable wealth, was immediately under the wall of the inclo­ the tutor and friend of Alexander the Great, sure itself, and accordingly in the person here was compelled to fly from Athens and to take buried we should expect to find the man for refuge at Chalcis, where he certainly had whom all this structure had been built. Soon property, and whence either the family of his again there was the glimmer of gold; and father or mother sprang. In the following carefully clearing away the earth, I began to year he died at Chalcis, not, as some bio­ pull at the portion that became visible, which graphical account has it, by drowning in the at once appeared to me thicker and more solid Euripus, or by his own hand, but of a com­ than a leaf, expecting, however, to find a leaf plaint of the stomach. Nor can we give cre­ similar to the one that filled the grave we first dence to the late and untrustworthy tradition found. But the leaf would not give, and so I which tells us that his remains were subse­ had to cut away the earth further in, and still quently taken to his native town of Stagira. further, until at last I was able to extract a From the nature of his will it is evident that broad diadem, or fillet, of pure gold, such as at this time his chief property and home were was worn round the brow. We now pushed at Chalcis and not at Stagira. Here at Ere- on with renewed eagerness and caution, and tria, which we know to have been a seat of phi­ there came another broader band of gold losophy, the fields of which join those of Chal­ with repousse pattern, and then still another, cis, and which, as we have evidence to show, and another, until we found six; and finally, was a special place for burial, we find this reaching the point where the head lay, and tomb, undoubtedly that of a distinguished fam­ where a small fragment of the skull was still pre­ ily ; we find the chief grave within this family served, there came another, a seventh band of inclosure to contain the remains of a very dis­ gold, with leaves like a wreath attached to it, tinguished man, as is evident from the gold which crowned the person here interred. There crowns laid there, probably by his friends and were several smaller vases and bronzes, and a admirers, at his funeral; we find this distin­ knife; and then came two styli. Now, with guished man to be a man of letters, as is these two complete styli and fragments of a evident from the styli and the pen; and we third, we also found a metal pen shaped very find within the family inclosure the name of much like our own, the only specimen hitherto Aristotle. For the present I will not lay too found in Greece proper, though there have much stress upon the correspondence between been found boxes which contained these pens, the terra-cotta statuette and the description and inkstands. It was now evident that the of the statue of Aristotle, nor will I dwell at person here interred, for whom the inclosure length upon all the evidence which has since was made, was not only a man of great dis­ come to me. They confirm still further the tinction, but a man of letters. attribution made so probable by the discov­ We had found several interesting terra-cotta erers themselves. The treatment of this sub­ figures of mythological or ideal character in ject requires the critical sifting of so many this grave, but at the head we finally discov­ passages and special points of archeology ered a terra-cotta, distinctly a portrait, of the and scholarship, that I must leave this to be style of portrait-statue well known from the dealt with in the official report of the School fourth century B. C, of a man draped in his of Athens. But I must say now that some of cloak, withboth hands foldedat the side. Now, the doubts I have on a previous occasion ex­ this attitude corresponds to the description we pressed have become weakened. These chief have by a certain Christodoros of the statue of doubts were based upon the fact that Chalcis, Aristotle which he saw at Constantinople. On where Aristotle died, and Eretria, where this VOL. XLIV.—56-57.

PRODUCED BY UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED 426 THE FINDING OF THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE. grave is situated, were two distinct places. I cessary furniture in such manner as shall seem have since found good classical authorities to them and to Herpyllis sufficient. which tell us that Chalcis was at one time Then follow legacies to other pe:ople and to the name for the whole of Euboea, and could slaves, injunctions as to what is to be done with thus be used for the district of Eretria. And statues which he dedicates, etc. A.nd then he from the will of Aristotle, handed down to says: us in Diogenes Laertius, from which I shall And wherever they wish to make my grave, quote a passage, it becomes evident that Aris­ there, taking the bones of Pythias, let them also totle owned a large estate at Chalcis, which bury them. was not immediately in the city, but was in the And as regards the second doubt which I at country. This will is confirmed by Athenasus, one time felt, namely, that Aristotle was far and the portion which interests us runs thus: from being a unique name, so that the inscrip­ tion found in this tomb might relfer to some May all be well [the will begins], but if any­ other Aristotle, I can only say that it would have thing happen, then Aristotle has made the fol­ to be shown that such another Aristotle of a lowing disposition of his affairs: That Antipater literary tendency was -Vorthy of such signal shall be general and universal executor. And honors as those conferred upon the person here until Nikanor marries my daughter, I appoint Aristomedes, Timarchos, Hipparchos, Dioteles, interred, and that this Aristotle, unrelated to and Theophrastos, if the latter will consent and the great Aristotle, was connected with Eu- accept the charge, to be guardians of my chil­ brea. It seems to me more likely that the other dren and of Herpyllis, and the trustees of all the names of Aristotle, which are to be found on an property I leave behind me. And I desire them, Eretrian inscription of the second century B. C, when my daughter is old enough, to give her in are connected with this family of the philoso­ marriage to Nikanor; but if anything should pher, which certainly had its estates in this dis­ happen to the girl before she has any children, trict; and I would finally state that in this very then I will that Nikanor should have the abso­ inscription of Eretria I have found two names lute disposal of my son, and of all other things, in the full confidence that he will arrange them which directly correspond to the names of in a manner worthy of me and of himself. Let the family of the philosopher Aristotle. These him also be the guardian of my daughter and of names are Nikomachos and Prokles. For we my son Nikomachos, to act as he pleases with kno* from Sextus Empiricus, supplemented respect to them, as if he were their father or and confirmed by other authors, that Nikoma­ brother. But if anything should happen to Ni­ chos, the son of Aristotle, died without issue, kanor, which may God forbid, either before he and that his daughter Pythias married three receives my daughter in marriage or after he is times. First she married Nikanor, vi^ho is men­ married to her, or before he has any children by tioned in the will, by whom she had no issue; her, then any arrangements which he may make by will shall stand. But if Theophrastos should her second marriage was with Prokles, who in this case choose to take my daughter in mar­ was descended from the Lacedemonian king riage, then he is to stand exactly in the same po­ Demaratos, and by whom she had two sons, sition as Nikanor. And if not, then I will that Prokles and Demaratos; and finally she mar­ my trustees, conferring with Antipater concern­ ried Metrodoros, a doctor, by whom she had ing both the boy and the girl, shall arrange one son, Aristotle, which later Arist;otle is also everything respecting them as they shall think mentioned in the will of Theophrastos. This fit; and that my trustees and Nikanor, remem­ younger Aristotle lived in the first half of the bering both me and Herpyllis, and how well she third century B. c. The date of the inscrip­ has behaved to me, shall take care that, if she be inclined to take a husband, one be found for tion, "Biote, the daughter of Aristotle," which her who shall not be unworthy of us, and that we found, has been fixed as of the third cen­ they give her, in addition to all that has already tury B. c, and thus Biote would be the daugh­ been given her, a talent of silver and three maid­ ter of Aristotle's grandson, who boie the same servants, if she pleases to accept them, and the name as his grandfather. handmaiden whom she has now, and Pyrrhaios We do not claim that the attribution of this [probably a slave]. And if she pleases to dwell grave to the great philosopher is proved be­ at Chalcis, she shall have the guest-house which joins the garden; but if she likes to dwell at Sta- yond a doubt; but for the present we are justi­ gira, then she shall have my father's house. And fied in naming this grave, excavated at Eretria whichever of these houses she elects to take, I by the American School of Athens, the Tomb will that my executors do furnish it with all ne­ of Aristotle. Charles Waldstein.

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Author of "The Chevalier of Pensieri - Vani."

LUCERNE THE TRAIL OF THE SERPENT.

[HEN the Governor submitted to the Chatelaine the itinerary that was to regulate the earher movements of their Kttle """'' tour, she showed her stant appreciation of its ingenuities by telling him that it would never do in the I world. For the good old gentleman, in his endeavors to evade the madding crowd, | had avoided almost every center of interest. The Chatelaine admitted that Winter- thur was, indeed, a dear little town, and that the Walensee, along with the Churfiirsten, was just the spot for the poetical recluse; but their guest was not a poetical recluse, and would surely expect to see something of Interlaken, Zurich, and Lucerne, not one of which appeared on his plan. She assured the guilty Governor that Lucerne, in particular, was inevitable, and urged most reasonably upon her reluctant relative (who would have preferred purgatory outright to Lucerne in July) that it was better to dis­ pose of this place at the start and have it done with—to check it off from the list before the full force of the season had begun to make itself felt. They had accordingly dom­ iciled themselves with some friends up in the quiet suburban quarter behind the Hof- kirche, and Aurelia West was thus enabled to indulge, without any delay to speak of, her insatiate appetite for music—the music of Lucerne. Facilis descensus ; and the Governor felt that to step from the Schweizerhof Quay to the deck of the steamer for Fliielen was but to pass from one circle of the Inferno to the next lower. This step they took on the morning of the day after their arrival at Lucerne; they were going through the worst at once, so as to have it over. But Aurelia West had, of course, not the slightest notion of the ordeal through which her kindly old host was passing, and her state, as she tripped along with the Chatelaine under the double row of chestnut-trees that shades the shore, was distinctly one of joy. Perfect weather, pleasant companionship, noble scenery—what more could mortal ask ? When their loitering along the quay had brought them to within thirty yards or less of the steamer, Aurelia West all at once noticed a group of half a dozen men disposed around a bench under the i trees close to the point of embarking. Some of them leaned over the seat with j their elbows resting on its back, and others lolled in cross-legged ease against convenient tree- trunks. At a short distance others still, not of the party, gazed on the scene with a kind of oblique curiosity, and several maids and matrons in passing looked in that direction, too, and then looked in some cfther. The center of this group was a lady seated oh the bench,—a radiant, ex- pansive, all-compelling per- sonage,— and as she shifted her parasol to rap a set of knuckles whose hold on the back of the seat interfered with her shoulder-blades, Aureha West recognized her as the grande dame of whose progress through the Jura shehadinadvertently formed a part. The group of atten- dant cavaliers included one 'pLfsS. 01" two Englishmen, who •wore knickerbockers and fore-and-afters, and who 1 Copyright, 1891, by Henry B. Fuller.

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