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Aristotle's Tomb THE FINDING OF THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE.^ SHALL never forget two aphorisms oXoioq slvat 6 uasji-oi?," and " Eudijis BU)Q TO OTSpso," given me by an old grave-digger the first meaning," The best archaeologist is the in Greece. He was one of a class spade," and the second," Go down to the native that corresponds very much to the soil." old-fashioned poacher in Eng­ I believe it was chiefly owing to my remem­ land and on the Continent, in bering these two aphorisms, and a.cting upon whom the illegitimate pursuit is them, that I succeeded in discoveriag what we not only followed for gain, but has become an may now call the Tomb of Aristotle. Though exciting sport, a wild instinct with a touch of the a considerable amount of archaeolcigical study romance that hovered round the gentleman and reasoning, a careful working through of of the road and the bandit. He had followed all the ancient and modem authorities on topog­ his favorite pursuit in all parts of Attica, in Bceo- raphy, a collection of all the passages in an­ tia, and in Eubcea, and had sold many a beauti­ cient authors dealing with the works of art ful object of ancient art and craft to the Athenian which once existed in a certain district, and dealer, which objects, no doubt, are now orna­ innumerable other considerations of a more menting some museum of a great European theoretical nature, must precede th<; choice of metropolis. As such excavation is forbidden any site of excavation, and must continually be by law, and as the exportation of all objects of present in the mind of the excavator, it is, after antiquity found in Greece is also forbidden, he all, the act of digging itself, and the unbiased had twice suffered confinement in prison for a examination of what the spade and pick may considerable period; and this in spite of all his turn up, upon which the archseologist must shrewdness and caution, for he did nearly all his chiefly rely. And if the naturalist in examin­ digging at night. He had now turned his hand ing any object in nature, or any member of an to honest work, and had become a workman organic body, whether with the naked eye or in our corps of excavation, in both Bceotia and under the microscope, must guard against the Euboea. Though he was invaluable in cau­ "personal equation," the archsologist must be tiously clearing away the soil that had been equally careful not to allow his preconceptions massed in a tomb, and thus exti"acting without and his own desires to warp his vision and ex­ a breakage a delicate vase, or a piece of gold- amination of the objects which his excavations work, or a bronze mirror, it was just as well lay bare. The second advice is almosit still more always to keep a strict watch over his every important. He must never be satisfied with movement; for, having extracted securely from what he has found, nor cease from working its hiding-place in the earth some valuable ob­ when he has not found anything, until he has ject of antiquity, he might also return it to reached the virgin, the unworked, soil. It re­ some hiding-place of which wekneivnot, which quires considerable experience to distinguish would be even more secure than was the ac­ between worked and unworked soil, and it is cumulated soil, so far as any chance of our get­ important that every archaeologist should in­ ting it again was concerned. But I shall always form himself of this difference, and practise the be grateful to him for the two epigrams which art of distinguishing between them, with eye he gave me one day, and which are, in a way, and hand. When there are small fragments fundamental and most important lessons for of pottery or building-material to be found any archsologist who intends to excavate. mixed in the earth, it is plain sailing; but when I was maintaining to some colleagues that these indexes are wanting, it becomes much there was sure to be a wall under a certain more difficult, for the characteristics of virgin configuration of the soil, to which opinion I soil vary with the actual nature of thie earth in was led by a series of arguments arch^ologi- different parts, and the workmen are often more cal and practical, and to strengthen my own easily discouraged through unsuccess than is the position I appealed to old Barba Spiro for a morally and intellectually superior archseolo- confirmation of my view. He looked at the gist, and are prone to cry out, "STepeo!" ("Virgin spot for a long time; then gave a side glance soil!") long before they have really reached it. at me; then scratched his head, and, fixing his However full of moments of thrilhng ex­ eyes on one button of my waistcoat, he enun­ citement—momicnts that in their intensity have ciated two short phrases: " '0 uaX-qxEpoi; apxai- no equal in any other department of scientific 1 The pictures in this article are made from photo­ work or of sport — the practice of excavation graphs talcen by Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Oswald. may be, there are days and even weeks of 414 PRODUCED BY UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED THE FINDING OF THE TOMB OF ARISTOTLE. 415 discouraging ill success, which sorely try the one time had been Greek vice-consul at some patience of even the most sanguine and perse­ Italian port. He spoke Italian fairly well. He vering. Thus perseverance is one of the quali­ had proved hospitable to Mr. Fossum, and was ties most needed by him who would dig for very affable and effusive in his greeting to us. I antiquities. But often there may be a call upon at once asked for the demarck, or mayor, of the more active qualities, physical and intellectual, town, and was told that I should presently be than perseverance, in order to withstand the taken to his house. I knew it was an important serious hardships to which excavation in some matter at once to gain the friendly cooperation parts of Greece must necessarily expose the dig­ and assistance of this the chief functionary in ger. The excavations of the American School the district. Mr. Fossum, aided by his host, had of Archseology of Athens at Eretria in Euboea already explored all the resources of the town, during the months of February and March of and had found them worse than scanty. Unlike last year, one of the results of which was the all other villages, even in the remotest parts of discovery of this interesting tomb, certainly Greece, it appeared impossible to find any peas­ were accompanied with severe hardships to ant or inhabitant who for good pay would mi­ all who took part in them. My colleague, Pro­ grate to some kinsman's house, or allow him­ fessor Richardson, who joined me in the second self to be relegated to the ground-floor of his visit, during which we suffered most,—owing hut, leaving to us the upper room, which is to the unusual iiiclemency of the weather,— approached by wooden steps firom without, to assured us that during his winter campaign clean and to furnish with our camp-beds. The in our own civil war he had not encountered reason for this was that there were but few such discomfort. thrifty and working inhabitants, and most of My first trip tO Eretria, leaving Athens on the houses had been deserted. We looked at February i, was comparatively an easy one. It two of these deserted houses, but with the rain consisted of a two-days' ride across Attica, till that had fallen, with no window-panes, with a we reached the harbor of the ancient Oropos, broken-down fireplace and a rotting floor, they on the narrow strait, called Euripus, which sep­ presented so miserable an aspect, and looked arates Euboea from the mainland, and imme­ so unwholesome, that we could not think of diately opposite Eretria. Our sail across the making either of them our headquarters. We Euripus, which ought to have occupied but an were not much comforted when we learned an hour and a quarter, took six hours, during that the cause of this desertion was the un- which we had to rely upon the clumsy rowing wholesomeness of this fever district. of the fishermen who owned the heavy boat It was one of the great, but equally unprac- which carried us across. Dusk was just begin­ ticable ideas of the late King Otho of Greece ning to set in, and with it came rain, as we to transplant to this site of the ancient Eretria landed in the picturesque harbor of the small the brave inhabitants of the island of Psara deserted village which now occupies the site of (when, after the war of independence, this the proud city of Eretria, at one time the rival Greek island was not added to the Hellenic of Athens in prosperity and power. Situated on kingdom), granting to each a large piece of this narrow strip of sea, which looks like an in­ land, and laying out a city by the ancient har­ land lake, this plain, once so fertile, is bounded bor. In keeping with his generous though vi­ on the west by a range of mountains, beautiful sionary character, the king undertook the work in outline, while across the strait rise the clas­ on a large scale.
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