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Challenges in the 21St Century Edited by Anu Koivunen, Jari Ojala and Janne Holmén

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Challenges in the 21St Century Edited by Anu Koivunen, Jari Ojala and Janne Holmén The Nordic Economic, Social and Political Model The Nordic model is the 20th-century Scandinavian recipe for combining stable democracies, individual freedom, economic growth and comprehensive systems for social security. But what happens when Sweden and Finland – two countries topping global indexes for competitiveness, productivity, growth, quality of life, prosperity and equality – start doubting themselves and their future? Is the Nordic model at a crossroads? Historically, consensus, continuity, social cohesion and broad social trust have been hailed as key components for the success and for the self-images of Sweden and Finland. In the contemporary, however, political debates in both countries are increasingly focused on risks, threats and worry. Social disintegration, political polarization, geopolitical anxieties and threat of terrorism are often dominant themes. This book focuses on what appears to be a paradox: countries with low-income differences, high faith in social institutions and relatively high cultural homogeneity becoming fixated on the fear of polarization, disintegration and diminished social trust. Unpacking the presentist discourse of “worry” and a sense of interregnum at the face of geopolitical tensions, digitalization and globalization, as well as challenges to democracy, the chapters take steps back in time and explore the current conjecture through the eyes of historians and social scientists, addressing key aspects of and challenges to both the contemporary and the future Nordic model. In addition, the functioning and efficacy of the participatory democracy and current protocols of decision-making are debated. This work is essential reading for students and scholars of the welfare state, social reforms and populism, as well as Nordic and Scandinavian studies. Anu Koivunen is Professor of Gender Studies at the Faculty of Social Science at Tampere University, Finland, and is on a leave of absence from professorship in the Department of Media Studies at Stockholm University, Sweden. Jari Ojala is Professor of Comparative Business History at the University of Jyväskylä, Finland. He is also Vice Dean at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, responsible for research and innovations. Janne Holmén is Associate Professor of History of Education at Uppsala University, Sweden, and researcher at the Institute of Contemporary History, Södertörn University, Sweden. Perspectives in Economic and Social History Series Editors: Andrew August and Jari Eloranta A History of States and Economic Policies in Early Modern Europe Silvia A. Conca Messina Fiscal Policy in Early Modern Europe Portugal in Comparative Context Rodrigo da Costa Dominguez Workers, Unions and Truck Wages in British Society The Fight for Real Wages, 1820–1986 Christopher Frank Early Modern Overseas Trade and Entrepreneurship Nordic Trading Companies in the Seventeenth Century Kaarle Wirta Credit and Debt in Eighteenth-Century England An Economic History of Debtors’ Prisons Alexander Wakelam Luxury, Fashion and the Early Modern Idea of Credit Edited by Klas Nyberg and Håkan Jakobsson The Nordic Economic, Social and Political Model Challenges in the 21st Century Edited by Anu Koivunen, Jari Ojala and Janne Holmén North Eurasian Trade in World History, 1660–1860 The Economic and Political Importance of the Baltic Sea Werner Scheltjens For more information about this series, please visit www.routledge.com/series/ PESH The Nordic Economic, Social and Political Model Challenges in the 21st Century Edited by Anu Koivunen, Jari Ojala and Janne Holmén First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Anu Koivunen, Jari Ojala and Janne Holmén; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Anu Koivunen, Jari Ojala and Janne Holmén to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-0-367-13475-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-72440-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-02669-0 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of contributors vii 1 Always in crisis, always a solution? The Nordic model as a political and scholarly concept 1 ANU KOIVUNEN, JARI OJALA AND JANNE HOLMÉN 2 Three driving forces: structural challenges for Nordic democracies in the 2010s 20 HENRIK MEINANDER 3 Lost land of bliss: imagined temporalities of the Nordic welfare state 37 AINUR ELMGREN 4 More or less equality? facts, debates, and policies related to the Nordic model 62 PETRI ROIKONEN, JARI OJALA, AND JARI ELORANTA 5 Liquid neutrality: paradoxes of democracy in Finnish and Swedish NATO discussions? 91 MATTI ROITTO AND ANTERO HOLMILA 6 The decline of Nordic social democracy 124 KJELL ÖSTBERG 7 Conservatives at the crossroads: cooperating or resisting extremism and populism? 138 TORBJÖRN NILSSON vi Contents 8 Nordic populists as hegemony challengers 153 EMILIA PALONEN AND LIV SUNNERCRANTZ 9 Cultural policy and cultural diversity 177 PASI SAUKKONEN 10 Managing moods: media, politicians, and anxiety over public debate 195 ANU KOIVUNEN 11 Persistent paradoxes, turbulent times: gender equality policies in the Nordics in the 2010s 212 JOHANNA KANTOLA 12 Adapting the Nordic welfare state model to the challenges of automation 227 HEIKKI HIILAMO 13 Education 4.0. Nordic long-term planning and educational policies in the fourth industrial revolution 242 JANNE HOLMÉN Index 257 Contributors Ainur Elmgren is docent in Nordic History. She is currently teaching the didactics of history and social studies at the University of Oulu, Finland. Her fields of expertise include conceptual history, political history and history of identities and nationalism. She defended her doctoral thesis on stereotypes of Swedishness in the Finnish press (1918–1939) at Lund University in 2008. Jari Eloranta is Professor of Economic History at the University of Helsinki, Finland. He completed his PhD at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy, and he has held academic positions outside of Finland prior to 2018. He has produced over 100 peer-reviewed publications, focusing mostly on the fiscal development of states, crises and Nordic development paths. Heikki Hiilamo is Professor of Social Policy at the University of Helsinki and Research Professor at the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland. His research interests include family policy, poverty, inequality, welfare state research and tobacco control. His articles have appeared in leading journals. Janne Holmén is Associate Professor of History of Education at Uppsala Uni- versity, Sweden, and researcher at the Institute of Contemporary History, Södertörn University, Sweden. His research focuses on comparative studies in educational history, with an emphasis on the Nordic countries. He has published studies on Cold War textbooks, reforms of teacher education, as well as mental maps and historical consciousness. Antero Holmila is an associate professor at the Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland. He received his PhD from Royal Holloway, University of London, in 2008. His fields of expertise include media history, the history and politics of the United States, the Holocaust and Finnish political history, and post-war studies. Johanna Kantola is Professor of Gender Studies at the Faculty of Social Sci- ences, Tampere University, Finland. She is the director of the European Research Council (ERC) Consolidator Grant project EUGenDem (2018– 2023), which studies European parliament’s political groups. viii Contributors Anu Koivunen is Professor of Gender Studies at the Faculty of Social Science at Tampere University, Finland, and is on a leave of absence from professor- ship in the Department of Media Studies at Stockholm University, Sweden. She is the PI of the Academy of Finland consortium Flows of power – media as site and agent of politics (2019–2022) and work package leader of “Politi- cized Intimacies” in Intimacy in Data-Driven Culture (Academy of Finland, Division of Strategic Research, 2019–2022). Henrik Meinander is Professor of History at the University of Helsinki, Fin- land. He acted as the leader of “Driving forces of democracy. Context and characteristics in the democratization of Finland and Sweden 1890–2020” research programme (Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, 2015–2018). He has published numerous monographs and articles on Finnish and Nordic 20th- century history. While earlier focusing on sport, education, biogra- phies and new war history, he has recently published articles on memory culture, security politics and democracy. He is currently writing a biography of the fourfold Finnish Prime Minister Kalevi Sorsa. Torbjörn Nilsson is Professor of History at Södertörn
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