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The Evolution of Intercultural Dialogue in EU Mediterranean Policies (1990-2014)

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The Evolution of Intercultural Dialogue in EU Mediterranean Policies (1990-2014) City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: De Perini, Pietro (2016). From Inception to Professionalisation: the Evolution of Intercultural Dialogue in EU Mediterranean Policies (1990-2014). (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City, University of London) This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/16951/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] From Inception to Professionaalisation: The Evolution of Intercultural DDialogue in EU Mediterranean Policies (1990-2014) Mr. Pietro de Perini DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILLOSOPHY IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS Department of International Politics School of Social Sciences Ciity University London Submitted in August 2016 City, University of London Northampton Square London EC1V 0HB United Kingdom T +44 (0)20 7040 5060 THE FOLLOWING PART OF THIS THESIS HAS BEEN REDACTED FOR DATA PROTECTION REASONS: Interviews pg. 279 www.city.ac.uk Academic excellence for business and the professions Table of Contents List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 7 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ................................................................................................................................11 1. Contextualising the study of intercultural dialogue in EU Mediterranean policies ............11 2. Defining the core concepts .................................................................................................12 3. Research problem and research questions: explaining the vague and contradictory development of ICD ...............................................................................................................19 4. The debate on ICD in EU foreign policy: the state of the art .............................................22 5. Original contribution of this work ......................................................................................27 6. The choice for an FPA of the EU .......................................................................................29 7. Main argument ....................................................................................................................32 8. Division of the time frame and the three phases of ICD ....................................................33 9. Analytical Framework ........................................................................................................36 10. Methodology .....................................................................................................................40 10.1 Qualitative analysis of primary sources .....................................................................40 10.2 Elite interviews ..........................................................................................................46 11. Structure of the dissertation and chapter list .....................................................................48 Chapter 1. Approaching European Union foreign policy ......................................................51 Introduction ............................................................................................................................51 1. Defining the nature and composition of EU foreign policy ................................................52 2. Approaching EU foreign policy from a conceptual perspective .........................................58 2.1 European integration studies .......................................................................................59 2.2 Mainstream IR theories ...............................................................................................61 2.3 Governance approaches ...............................................................................................64 2.4 Constructivist approaches ............................................................................................67 3. The Benefits of an FPA-based approach ............................................................................69 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................75 Chapter 2. The Evolution of EU Policies in a Changing Mediterranean Context ...............77 Introduction ............................................................................................................................77 1. EU policies and the Mediterranean milieu in the early 1990s: challenges and innovations .....................................................................................................79 1.1 European policies in the Mediterranean before the launch of the Barcelona Process ...................................................................................................79 1.2 The influence of Eastern policies and the active lobbying of southern EC/EU members ................................................................................................................85 1.3 The Barcelona Process and its elements of innovation ...............................................88 2. EU Mediterranean policies following 9/11 events and other challenges of the early 2000s ...................................................................................................................91 3 2.1 The consequences of the 9/11 attacks on EU policies on the Mediterranean ............. 92 2.2 The failure of the MEPP and the stall of EMP political-security agenda ................... 97 2.3 The 2004 enlargement and the shift from regionalism to bilateralism ........................ 99 3. The rehash of EU Mediterranean policies following the Arab uprisings ......................... 103 3.1 A rehashed ENP framework ...................................................................................... 107 3.2 The EU response to the Arab uprisings outside the ENP framework ....................... 113 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 117 Chapter 3. The Emergence of Intercultural Dialogue (1990-2001) ..................................... 120 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 121 1. The actual and the ‘latent’ objectives of ICD in early 1990s EU Mediterranean policies ......................................................................................................... 122 1.1 The precursors of ICD before the launch of the EMP ............................................... 124 1.2 From a potential strategic instrument to a resource with a vague scope ................... 127 2. The late contribution of ‘Euromed’ regional programmes to ICD implementation ......... 133 2.1 The three ICD Euromed regional programmes ......................................................... 134 2.2 Evaluating the implementation of ICD during the ‘phase of emergence’ ................. 137 Conclusions: the roles of ICD during the ‘phase of emergence’ .......................................... 144 Chapter 4. The Consolidation of Intercultural Dialogue (2001-2010) ................................ 147 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 147 1. The formulation of ICD in the 2000s: new opportunities, old objectives and compromised outcomes ................................................................................................. 148 1.1 From the window of opportunity of the events of 2001 to the consolidation of ICD ............................................................................................. 150 1.2 The internal dimension of ICD and its contribution to boost Euro-Mediterranean ICD ................................................................................................ 156 1.3 ICD objectives, EU interests and compromises: the creation of the ALF ................ 159 2. The proliferation of ICD programmes: improvements and contradictions ...................... 168 2.1 The ‘old’ Euromed regional programmes ................................................................. 169 2.2 The expansion of EU higher education programmes to EMP countries ................... 172 2.3 The Anna Lindh Foundation ..................................................................................... 174 2.4 Evaluating the implementation of ICD during the ‘phase of consolidation’ ............ 177 Conclusions: the roles of ICD during the ‘phase of consolidation’
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