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Citation: Silvestri, S. (2014). Religion and Social Cohesion at the Heart of the Intercultural Debate. Anna Lindh Foundation.

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The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Intercultural Trends and Social Change in the Euro-Mediterranean region

The Anna Lindh Report 2014

Direction Andreu Claret (Executive Director) Gemma Aubarell (Head of Programme and Operations Unit)

Coordination and Editing Eleonora Insalaco (Programmes Manager and Coordinator of the Anna Lindh Report) Paulina Raduchowska (Programme Assistant)

Publication and Communications Paul Walton (Head of The Executive Office and Communication Manager) Sarah Zaaimi (Press Officer and Media Specialist)

Opinion Poll Gallup Europe

Design Equinox Graphics

Print Claes-Roele

Translation Cybertranslator

Online Publication Consult and Design International

Scientific Committee Juan Díez-Nicolás (Director of the Chair for Research in Social Sciences and Security at the European University of Madrid), Cengiz Günay (Senior Fellow at the Austrian Institute for International Affairs and Lecturer at the University of Vienna), Antoine Messarra (Professor at the Lebanese University and at Saint Josef University), Sara Silvestri (Senior Lecturer at City University London and Affiliated Lecturer at the University of Cambridge), Mohamed Tozy (Director of l’Ecole de Gouvernance et d’Economie de Rabat).

The opinions expressed by the authors in the publication are personal and professional assessments, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Anna Lindh Foundation, the European Union, the League of Arab States, or the Member States of the Union for the Mediterranean.

Europe’s regionalallianceandaspirations. of optimism. I recommend theReport asessentialreadingfor all thoseinterestedintheregion, inits people andin us tolookforwardwithasense it alsohelps in theregion, drawsour attention tocertainregressions While theReport the region’s civilsocieties. can continueto play a crucial roleinthisregardwithits rooted in hybrid statusorganisation as anintergovernmental region. throughout theEuro-Mediterranean respectandfriendship bridges oftolerance, and inbuilding The Foundation and discrimination, down wallsbuiltonmisperceptions friend andallyinbreaking has beenaninvaluable The Foundation shaped andcivilsocietyparticipationisvibrant. and Dialogue Young Arab Voicesare perceptions culture andmedia,thosesectorswhere -andfocusedoneducation, of theFoundation’sto beavalidation for them theDawark-Citizens - among in civilsocieties embedded programmes first Euro-Mediterranean common institution, will celebrate its tenth anniversary. The findings of the the Report as have 2004 in proved launched Foundation, Lindh the year, Anna when landmark a in published is report this that fitting is It interdependent worldthatcommonchallengesmustbemet bycommonapproaches. in today’swho recognise citizens frombothshoresoftheMediterranean a renewedmutualinterestamong highlights crisis. to theeconomic attribute partially also if theReport even for Europe, call act asanotherwake-up This should The worryingtrendsinEuropeabouttheincreaseintolerance,whichcommentators Anna LindhReportalsohighlights we areresponsivetopeople’s realneeds. is people who shouldbeat the core of our consideration.Only then can wesay that we areadheringto our values,that and projectsit programmes for civicparticipation.Inourpolicies, mechanisms tonewandemerging - faceinadapting and new for looking are citizens their that is ways toparticipateintheirsocieties. alternative Mediterranean all -institutionsandpoliticians we should This representsachallenge the of sides both on leaders political for finding key A the Euro-Mediterraneanregion. in relations of intercultural assist usto movefromtheabstracttorealities and also policies and our debates shape help can findings Report’s The realities. regional new the of account take to programmes and strategies our adapt to the of sides both from citizens tool aswecontinue makers intheEUthisreportisaninvaluable those uprisings.Forpolicy following Mediterranean from opinions gage to kind its of Survey first the is It 2010. from of on edition follows pioneering and the builds uprisings, Arab historic the since first the Report, Lindh Anna the of edition second This process andhaveaninputindecisionsthataffect theirlivesandlivelihoods. seen theof emergence a determinedcivilsociety;that brave civilsocietydemandingtheyparticipateinthe political witnessed thefallof despots, theof dismantling repressiveregimes,thedeathof fear andthe birth of hope. We have enduring. Since2011 politicalandprofoundtransformations. Wesocial landscapesintheregion haveundergone have the variouscooperation frameworksthat regional the EUispromoting.Our partnership withthemisoneof the most It is thesevalues,whicharesharedbythe with ourpartnersin our interactions thatguide Foundation, Anna Lindh pluralism, non-discrimination,tolerance,justice,solidarityandequalitybetweenmenwomen. continues todrawinspirationfromthisvisionofitsfoundingfathers,andtheimportancetheyattachedvalues based onavisionofanevercloserunionamongEurope’s peoplesanditscitizens.Stilltoday, theEuropeanUnion The buildingofEuropehasalwaysbeenmorethanapurelyeconomicandpoliticalendeavour. Ithasbeen,andremains, Štefan Füle FOREWORD EU COMMISSIONERFORENLARGEMENTANDEUROPEANNEIGHBOURHOODPOLICY The Anna Lindh Report 2014

FOREWORD 4

valuable Report. the Anna Lindh Report and its findings. The League of Arab States would like to express its appreciation for this highly from benefit will cooperation Euro-Mediterranean to related institutions European and different Arab that certain am I way todevelopourcontemporarysocieties social movementsshouldbethefundamental parties orsupporting political nor culturalbasis.Joining on geographical based not is perception such that confirmed have findings Survey The societies. their of problems the solve to region Interestingly,the different theReportillustrated the abilityofcitizensMediterranean regarding perceptions creating a in andhelping occupation viable PalestinianState. the Israeli ending through conflict Israeli-Palestinian standing long the ending helping on as well the futuredepends in time thathope Not toforgetatthesame challenges. to facetheir economies Arab in play may countries European that role important the indicate findings Such uncertainty. of degrees show Relations European-Arab the on Spring’ ‘Arab the of effect ultimate the regarding findings Report’s Lindh Anna The insecurity. certain lifestyles, with in thePollare morelikelytoassociatetheregion Arab citizensfromthefourcountriesincluded image of the regionisnotsameaccordingtodifferent countriesofthePoll;while Europeanslinktheregionto that the across theshores.Ithasalsoshown communities contacts between and regular interactions social continued cultural zone. a moreharmonious The Surveyhasindicatedthat tourism andinternetareimminenttoolsto ensure into Mediterranean the turn to how on especially Report, the of findings the from benefit full the get to important is It cultural heritage. share common across thetwoshoresofMediterranean thefactthatcommunities doesnotchange and beliefs ideas The of a number in certainviewsregarding that divergence demonstrated has successfully Foundation Anna Lindh Arab countries(Egypt,Jordon, Tunisia andMorocco),withaprincipalfocusonimportantculturalissues. four including region, Euro-Mediterranean the across opinion public the targeted polling Report’s the of fieldwork The region. mechanisms andbridgesbetweenthepeopleof Change’. This effortto fostercultural with aview into thespotlight region the Mediterranean inbringing hassucceeded I would liketo congratulate the Anna LindhFoundationfor its Reporton‘Intercultural valuable Trends andSocial Nabil ElAraby FOREWORD SECRETARY-GENERAL OFTHELEAGUEARABSTATES The Anna Lindh Report 2014

FOREWORD 6 CONTENTS

CONTENTS 9 André AzoulayandAndreuClaret-AResourcefortheEuro-MediterraneanAgenda OVERVIEW Nabil AlAraby-Secretary-GeneraloftheLeagueArabStates The InterestofMoroccans TowardstheirEuro-MedNeighbours Inside theGermanExperienceofCulturalPluralism - TRENDS INFOCUS A VisionforSocialandCulturalRelationsinthe Euro-Medregion- Euro-Mediterranean RelationsthroughtheEyesofYouthandWomen The EvolvingSocietalRoleandMediaImageofArabWomen Locally-Rooted YouthandSocialMovementsintheSouthernMediterranean Nuances andDifferencesExposedintheMeaningofDemocracyCitizenship Governance andCivicParticipationatthePeripheriesofEurope Respect forCulturalDiversityontheBasisofEthicalStandards- Religion andSocialCohesionattheHeartofInterculturalDebate- In SearchoftheMediterraneanCoreValues- EUROMED INTERCULTURALANALYSIS Robert Manchin-InsidetheAnnaLindh/GallupPoll Fadma AidMous Dina ElKhawaga Youth DynamismandRegionalExchangeasa PriorityforEgyptiancitizens Eleonora Insalaco Mahasen AlEmam Aissa Khadri Larbi Sadiki Ferenc Miszelivetz,JodyJensen Štefan Füle-EUCommissionerforEnlargementandEuropeanNeighbourhoodPolicy FOREWORD The Anna Lindh Report 2014

Mohamed Tozy

Caroline Y.Robertson-vonTrotha

Antoine Messarra Claire Spencer Sara Silvestri

65 77 73 70 61 57 53 49 45 41 35 27 16 13

6 4 Albania: PerspectivesandPerceptionsoftheMediterranean- VIEWS FROMTHEGROUND The StatusofSocialValuesinTurkeyandPerspectivesonRegionalCooperation Ahmad Aminian,MarjonGoetinck Belgium: CivicActionCentredonSocialIntegration Biographies Bibliography Index ofcharts Opinion pollquestionnaire ANNEXES Turkey: GrowthandExpansionoftheThirdSector - Mariam Jerbi Tunisia: LayingtheBasisforaSustainableCivicEngagement- Maria AngelsRoque Spain: TheEvolutionofAssociativeLifeandSharedNetworkingSpace Morocco: GroupAffiliationsandIndividualActionsatPlay- Andrew Spath,ZinaIshaq,JuanCarabollo-Resto Jordan: NewOpportunitiesforCivilSocietyDevelopment Michele Capasso,ElisaAdorno Italy: TheTragedyofLampedusaandtheCentralityMediterraneanAffairs Ireland: InterestintheArabregionasaToolAgainstIntolerance- Caroline Y.Robertson-vonTrotha Germany: EvolvingFormsofCitizenActivism- Egypt: TheRoleofNGOsandCivilSocietyinTimesTransition- Denmark: AGrowingAppetitetoKnowtheArabSocieties- Cengiz Günay Openness toDiversityBeyondtheSpanishEconomicCrisis- Robert Kusek,JoannaSanetra-Szelig Poland: DiscoveringtheMediterraneanOther

Wenja Zaremba,MarcoIanniello, Necdet Saglam,TevfikBaşakErsen Anne Herholdt Jamal Khalil Juan DiezNicolas Anis Boufrikha, Kosta Barjaba Ayman Okeil Ann Luttrell The Anna Lindh Report 2014

123 103 109 113 101 115 130 126 118 105 107 111 93 95 91 99 97 85 81

CONTENTS 10 OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW 13 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 An instrumentforinterculturalaction the Mediterranean. also perturbingcausesfor concern. On both shoresof are newandstimulatingreasonsforhope,butthere powerful andexcitingreality. As amatteroffact, there justice thatconstitutea andsocial of freedom,dignity demands converging Since 2010,wehaveobserved to becomeaplayerforsocialchangeintheregion. capacity society inthelastyearsanditsrenewed civil the mostof important isprobably theawakening developments. positive of coursebeen Among them, None ofthethreegoalshavebeenattained. There have space ofpeace,stabilityandprosperity. had ever known, ultimately aimedat creating ashared projectoftheregion ambitious multilateral cooperation Process. Itwasthemost the Barcelona launched jointly of theMediterranean Arab countries, Turkey andIsrael complex conflict of the region, the European Union, most Peace Accord, whichwasintendedtosolvethemost decades. Twenty yearsago,intheaftermathofOslo of thelasttwo situation hazardous and most challenging the isexperiencing region The Euro-Mediterranean A ResourcefortheEuro-MedAgenda bottom of the societies isa movement infavourof knowing at the level, what prevails at the subregional existing process of regional integration, andthe political tensions trend. It shows that despite the scarce resultsof the from the isavery encouraging Foundation Lindh Anna exchanges, mobility, contactweperceive andpersonal appetite, whichisinlinewith thegrowingdemandfor andunderstanding’. mutual knowledge This renewed countries showsthat ‘there isagrowingappetitefor in 13Euro-Mediterranean out byGallup Survey carried in hercontribution,the Spencerunderlines As Claire if theyarenotreversed. and others which might fuelexclusionandsectarianism showing newopportunitiesfor dialogue andcoexistence trends cultural context, with of thecurrent complexity a positiveandconvergingevolution.It tells usaboutthe in theregionasawhole,values-setisexperiencing the Report confirms that, within most of the countries and action oftheFoundationanditsNetworks, intercultural but alsoasaninstrumentforthe a toolforknowledge in the region. Conceivedfrom the veryas beginning in-depth of valuesandperceptions on theevolution analysis and data scientific with situation paradoxical of the edition The second tackles this Report Lindh Anna for adapting its strategy and programme to theevolving its strategyandprogramme for adapting different,by theFoundation bereadcarefully should who is theneighbour and fearabout shows suspicion and theonewhich interaction, more crossMediterranean of the desire one, expressing Both trends,thepositive ethnic, religiousorcultural. they affect notonlymigrants,butalsootherminorities, areontherisebothshores,and and communities Attitudes against the other wholivesinourneighborhood receivers ofmigrantscomingfromsub-Saharan Africa. of basin,whicharebecomingnet the Mediterranean countries most ofthesouthern in reality is alsoagrowing which are exploitingthecomplexityofmigrant’s integration. It approaches ofpopulist the rising by and flows, migration to manage policies efficient and common of by thelack fuelled countries, in someEuropean a reality perception ofdiversitywithinthesocietiesasathreatis are tryingtopresentdiversityasa potential richness. The the work of those, like the Anna Lindh Foundation,who diversity aperilwillmakemorechallenging Considering transformations. cultural and social and changes movements, technological byhuman fuelled the region, reality inall in mindthatdiversityisagrowing bearing worrying is particularly of theMediterranean, both shores slightly inthelastyears,on seems tohaveincreased diversity isathreatforsocialstability’.Suchresult,which Silvestri, Sara that ‘half oftheentireregionthinksthat the population by identified fact, the is It cooperation. might constitute a challenge forand fostering dialogue data which another beside with theotherappears appetite’this ‘growing Nevertheless, forinteracting inclinations towardsanormalisation’. which continuestoinspiresocial variable it istherelgious erodes thethesisofclashculturesandshowsthat which of therepresentations the ideaofconvergence (..) reinforces result oftheSurveycarriedoutin2013 discourses. and political As Mohamed Tozy says‘the media some by promoted conflicts political and social of based onhistoricalstereotypesandthe‘culturalisation’ of a ‘clash of civilisations’ but rather a ‘clash of ignorances’ first Report which established that the region is not victim the of findings main the of one confirms conclusion This the Mediterranean. beliefs of religious thoselivingontheoppositeshoreof the Surveyshowsagrowthofmutualinterestin where field religious the in relevant particularly is other and possiblesolutions. the This interestinapproaching more abouttheothersandsharingwiththemconcerns André AZOULAY andAndreuCLARET the public opinion, anticipating that an updated Survey that an updated anticipating opinion, the public since theninthis countryon impact ofwhat happened of the raises thequestion El Khawaga Dina pooled, shown by and independence the majority of the people confidence the regarding positive’ ‘particularly Egypt in transitions. After the considering resultsof the Survey democratic the Arab of difficulties the by overshadowed know been has impact We positive first 2014? the that polls in other from valid still conclusions those Are attitudes integral todemocracyandcitizenship’. learning be marching,slowlybutsurely, towards acceptanceof ‘seem to roles, societies to freedom,rights,andgender coming togripswithvaluesassociated out, inaregion powers, buthomegrown. foreign points Sadiki As Larbi as imposedby values thatwerenolongerperceived the logic of exchanges withEuropebasedondemocratic democracy.stimulated IntheSouth,initialuprisings betweenIslamand about the incompatibility perception orientalist rooted deeply and the traditional challenged many or reforms, Arab countries,eitherthroughchanges squares. in evolution of ademocratic The perspective in the bymillions exhibited where Arab streetsand project the valueswhichareatcoreofEuropean ‘discovered’opinion public directions: theEuropean that the Mediterranean eased sucha rapprochement, inboth in 2011happened and2012inthesouthern shoreof and facilitatedaculturalrapprochement.What the Arab countriesimpactedpositively willof interaction the perspectiveofsocialandpoliticalchangesinmany clues, whichare in generalconstructive.It seems that and theregressive? Surveygivesussome The Gallup might haveaffectedsocieties bothtrends:thepositive Toof the whatextentwecalltheawakening Arab Impact ofthe Arab movements as thenortherncountries’. at each individualhisowndoor, for the southern as much areabeginsfor in theEuro-Mediterranean relationship of cultural more importantthanever:‘Thequestion on Intercultural Report Lindh Trends,is advice their closest. Now,of thedata of some light in Anna with the other is most problematic with those who are stating thattherelationship this challenge anticipated 2004, the ‘founding fathers’ of the Anna Lindh Foundation In bitterly’. most fight we that us to closest those with is credibility.and coherence As bluntly,said Malouf Amin ‘it this ‘local’ willlack dimension, interculturaldialogue starts intercultural dialogue intheWithout neighborhood. not avoidthefactthat should But theFoundation Anna LindhFoundationprogrammeinthecomingyears. desire formeetingtheothershouldbebasisof region. Euro-Mediterranean of sucha The existence support to any kindof cross culturalexchangeinthe ‘appetite’mentioned its multiplying ofknowledge, cultural context. the The Foundationshouldleverage region. of thesituationin of theReportandevolution of theconclusions in light are moreconvenient societies open andplural last twoyears,andorientedatbuilding during the launched for Dialogue’, ‘Dawrak-Citizens a richness.Programmeslike‘Young Arab Voices’ and as diversity cultural on valuing based citizenship, and particularly amongyoungpeople,a culture of dialogue the urgencyof promoting, at the community level,and For the Anna LindhFoundation, sucha menace raises even diversitywithinMuslimsocieties–isathreat. might reinforcetheideathatdiversity– like Lebanon countries in conflict sectarian extreme its of contagion countries. The situationaffectingof Syriaandthedanger threatening the capacity oftogetherinmany leaving Arab agree that sectarianism asapoliticaltoolhasdeveloped, Nevertheless, mostof the Mediterranean. observers across perceptions mutual set and impact onthevalues of thetransitionswill about shorttermachievements It is too earlyto conclude abouthowthe current skepticism and openness than in2012. serenity less reflect probably most will oriented atfacing thedangerofanycultural regression. Foundation, to reinforceitsprojectsand activities regard, thereare plenty ofreasons for the Anna Lindh social changesandthecultural transformations.Inthis and be putinthe contextofthepolitical Survey should project. Inany case,theresultsof the European of themajoritytovalues whichareatthecoreof ofdiversity,to theacceptance andbytheadherence gives agreatimportance still which terms ofavalue-set also intheSurvey,appear trends which the positive In by be balanced should diagnostic Such apessimistic among theEuropeanelitesandsocieties. of courage’‘the regression observes whathecalls and Messara alertsaboutthedangerof a ‘moralcollapse’ on theperceptionof the other. Quoting Solzhenitsyn, and priorities) of value in thescale of religion (increase EU), might haveanimpactonthe prioritisation of values in favourofthe by themigrantsorlossofsovereignty (mistakenly endangered of theidentities of manipulation which finds some correlation in the political field in terms of social benefits, leisure and vacation’. This conclusion, life, theirdemocraticachievements, rightsinterms everyday in peace and security their well-being, lose) fearful. ‘Afraid(to the Europeansappearuncertainly analysts like suitably,Antoine Messaraconcluded, that in the happening some Nevertheless, Arab countries. of bytheappreciation changes been reinforced to have seems which countries, of thesouthern realities the Survey for interest first noticeable a of the terms in of confirmed, are news good The 2009? of Survey And whataboutEurope,incomparisonwiththe Challenges ofdiversity The Anna Lindh Report 2014

OVERVIEW 14 OVERVIEW 15 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 The inaugural edition of the Report, carried out onthe carried of theReport, edition The inaugural consequence oftransitionsand theSyrianconflict. in the crisis, and of theeconomic as a Arab countries, as aconsequence more varied,bothin Europe, became region the years, three last the In interpretation. fits-all the currentsituationadvises not tosupportaone-size- On theotherhand,extremecomplexityof dialogue. intercultural and for anystrategyofcooperation account taken into and carefully be followed attitudes should of regressive the emergence opinion, among thepublic by minorities of 2009,butevenifitisstillsupported to theReport in relation of themajorities, the opinion carefully.be analysed There are no majorvariationsin inthreeyearsshould the changeswhichmighthappen have agreatstabilityand and attitudesusually values across theregion. notes, social Nicolas Diez As Juan which areblowing uncertainty andsocialupheaval of political to thewinds to respondjudiciously enough for hope.Itseemsthatcitizens’are resilient values reasons but also concerned There aremotivesforbeen one wegeteverydaythroughthemainstreamnews. emerges intheSurveyandits analysis isbetterthanthe which of theregion picture ofthesocieties The global respond tosuchavolatileenvironment. to how about debate foster anecessary will the Report of analysis and of perspectives the plurality in, and live are thebasisforbettersocietieswe understanding changes trends andsocial Survey aboutintercultural in thecomingyears. region The dataoffered bythe the Foundation’sof the to thenewrealities programme second editionof the Reportshouldcontributeto adapt of somethe coordinators, this Anna Lindhnational by Complemented localandaction-orientedperspectives agenda Orientations for the intercultural dialogue governmental committees’. by inter- of top-downvisionsandframeworksdesigned calls the‘theend Spencer is torespondwhatClaire among thesocietiesof ownership theUfM, the challenge and the the In ordertoincrease Anna LindhFoundation. the twoinstitutionsofUnion,UfMSecretariat diversity. Afor is ofgreatimportance which conclusion in together a placetolive our societies for making and for promotinginnovationandentrepreneurship be assessedby our societiesaccordingto its capacity of theregion. opinions the public among The UfMwill (UfM) of theUnionforMediterranean ownership the is ofutmostimportanceforincreasing conclusion and entrepreneurship. and fosteringinnovation The depend onits capacity forculturaldiversity enhancing appraisal for a common Euro-Mediterraneanprojectwill in2009,theSurveyshowsthat As ithappened the Anna LindhFoundation. Foundation. AZOULAY André citizens oftheMediterranean. convergences betweenthe the culturalandaspirational Report findings underline, and the union must be built on here. lessons Top-downnot work,asthe will solutions standards,thereare withoutdouble real co-ownership based on how toconstructpartnership a sustainable about a newconversation in provoking end, succeeded whosecreation,inthe fortheMediterranean the Union among citizens. apartnership attempts tobuild And for to tackle thoseissuesthat have previous undermined of theFoundation’snext decade a space work,toprovide the basisfor leveraging onanevengreaterscalethe be now must findings same The cooperation. Euro-Med forefathers toanticipatethecentralityofcivilsocietyin decision ofourinstitution’sof thebold proved avalidation of age in 2014 with its tenth anniversary - the Report has For the - whichmarksacoming Anna LindhFoundation for makingcivilsocietiessharingdemocraticvalues. in theReport,isbestasset appear which exchange cultural trend,andthewillofcuriosity knowledge, againstanyregressive asset whichshouldbeleveraged and opportunitiesforaction. is an The citizensresilience for dialogue spaces them with providing of theregion, based, morethanever, togetherthepeople on bringing one, itshouldbe is probably thatdialogue intercultural edition of the Report,validforIf all theregion?thereis context. Dowegetacommonmessagefromthissecond Arab countriesandto adapt ourprogrammeto the new to react to what afewmonthslaterinthe happened to somehow helped theFoundation bebetterprepared societiesandit existing intheEuro-Mediterranean eve of the Arab uprisings,toldus about theinquietude Andreu is President ofthe is President Anna Lindh CLARET isExecutiveDirector of of the Mediterranean. Some oftheresults ofthestudy of theMediterranean. between peopleandcommunities acrossthetwoshores the existingdifferencesunderstand anddivergences and to the gap inperceptions to bridge contribute and mutualperceptions. religion, The resultshopefully of culturaldifferences,knowledge spacesofencounter, interest inissueslikecultural diversity, perception and in populationeverycountryontheir among thegeneral indicators monitoredandbasedonquestionsasked The presentpapersummarisesthemostimportant Gallup Polls. Lindh/ Anna second and first the both in included were countries fromtheSEM(Egypt,Moroccoand Turkey) and three countries (GermanyandSpain) European Morocco, TunisiaJordan, and Turkey).(Egypt, Two Germany, Ireland, Italy, Poland and Spain) and five SEM countries (Albania,Belgium,Denmark, eight European Arout 13,500 interviewswereconductedwithcitizensin in orderto provide as wide a coverage as possible. others changed were thesameinbothstudies,while three yearsafter the initial Survey. Some of the countries 2012, of autumn the in opinions the captured fieldwork method. (RDD) sampling to theRandom-Digit-Dial The according was randomlyselectedineachhousehold, and thatthecorrectperson were selected samples that thecorrect used tovalidate control procedures of eachcountry,into themajorlanguages and quality and fifteen aged translated poll questionnaire above, withtheopinion individuals all included population country,parts ofeach areas. rural including The target with asampleofrepresentative 1,000 individualsall (CATI)Interviews phones mobile and onlandlines methodology throughComputer Assisted Telephone out onthebasisofGallup The Surveywascarried Arab Spring. the since changes monitor to designed specifically was Turkey). The currentPollisthe second of its kind and five SEM countries (Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, Syria and Hungary, Spain, Swedenandthe United Kingdom) and (Bosnia andHerzegovina,France,Germany, Greece, countries European eight included Poll the of wave first (SEM). the SouthernandEasternMediterranean The countriesandbordering several European Lindh/Gallup Anna first in was conducted Poll in 2009, September August and The region. Mediterranean provide a snapshot of the public opinioninthe Euro- to sciences social survey usedthetoolsofmodern It was thesecondtimethatalarge,representative Inside theAnnaLindh/GallupPoll Anna LindhFoundation. ambitious buthumanistcorevaluesandobjectivesofthe exchange, mobilityandpeace asexpressedinthe space asanareaofcooperation, Euro-Mediterranean with thelong-termperspectiveof dialogue shapingthe makers andopinion-leaders. The solutioncanbe society,facilitate theactionsofcivil ultimately decision- region and and culturalbridgesintheMediterranean human andrebuild will alsohelptacklemisperceptions Chart 1.1 evokes first of all a strong common heritage – feelings and characteristics over negative ones. The Mediterranean positive to choose tended from bothcountrygroups thinkingabouttheregion,respondents may havewhen that people withseveralassociations when presented an overallpositive image of the region: Mediterranean Respondents on both sides of the Mediterranean shared Representations oftheMediterranean Characteristics oftheMediterraneanregion regions (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). characterisesthe region’ and‘Somewhatcharacterisestheregion’ by somewhat ornotatall. ideas/ of me, if you think these characterise the Mediterranean region strongly, set a out read will images thatmaycometothemindsof different people, andpleasetell I represents. region Mediterranean the Survey Question: Survey Mediterranean wayof democratic transition Resistance tochange Civic participationin heritage andhistory Turmoil, insecurity Common cultural Source ofconflict life andfood Hospitality

Different peoplehavedifferent thoughtsaboutwhat Base: %ofallrespondentssum‘Strongly 71 75 71 78 72 80 75 82 81 87 79 91 84 92 European countries The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Robert MANCHIN SEM countries

OVERVIEW 16 OVERVIEW 17 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Characteristics oftheMediterraneanregion Chart 1.2 Survey Question: Survey region withturmoilandinsecurity(78%vs.71%). the associate to likely more are who ones the are first countries (91%vs.79%),andthe eastern Mediterranean and food compared withrespondents from southern and region ismoreoftenlinkedtoacertaintypeof lifestyle responses aswell.ForEuropeans, theMediterranean differedcountry groups the two their in characteristically from respondents of theMediterranean, representations Despite sharing manycommonimagesintheir ( Chart1.1,1.2). as a source of conflict by about seven in ten respondents, region,thisspacewasalsoperceived the Mediterranean hospitality (towardsthe other) as a key characteristic of to thestrangerasitappearsfrom the emphasisgivento judgment aboutthe region acknowledgesthe openness However,the general and both theself-perception while and history,way oflife,andhospitality. aMediterranean heritage with acommoncultural region Mediterranean the and abouteightintenSEMcountriesassociated news. political in Europe About nineinteninterviewees andbeyondthedaily associations thatgomuchdeeper Poll 2012). Base: may come to the minds of different people, and please tell me, if you think these characterise the Mediterranean region strongly, somewhat or not at all. Civic participationindemocratictransition % of all respondents % of sum of ‘Strongly characterises the region’ and ‘Somewhat characterises the region’region’the the (© characterises characterises country ‘Somewhat ‘Strongly by and of Gallup sum / of Lindh % Anna respondents all of % European countries SEM countries

Different people have different thoughts about what the Mediterranean region represents. I will read out a set of ideas/images that ideas/images of set a out read will I represents. region Mediterranean the what about thoughts different have people Different Denmark Germany Morocco Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Egypt Spain Italy 68 75 75 76 81 85 61 66 71 77 79 80 82 83 92 mentioned them while in SEM only 1 and 2 %mentioned 1 and in SEMonly them while mentioned respondent of % 17-14 where Europe, in Mediterranean or as are moreeasilyknownandrecognised Albania, smaller countries,likeCroatia surveyed since,especially is affectedmentioned of countries alsobythecountries list The well. as this reflecting are narratives associated with differentis associated countrystoriesandthe region the of understanding and definition common The in Europe. compared toeverysecondmention example, Greece is mentioned onlyby 7% of respondents for and Turkey. Indeedaverydifferent mentalmap–where in SEMareEgypt,Morocco the respondents among Spain andFrance. The top three country associations is thesecondmost often mentionedcountry, followed by Greece region. about theMediterranean hearing when that itisthecountrycomestotheirmind are saying Italy –sevenoutoftenrespondents overwhelmingly means the region.ForEuropeans,Mediterranean because peopleareassociatingdifferent countries to region ispartlydifferentThe imageoftheMediterranean the samecountriesintheirconceptof‘Mediterranean’? to in EuropeandSEMcountriesreferringmentally At the same time the question canbeasked: are people Resistance tochange European countries SEM countries Denmark Germany Morocco Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Spain Egypt Italy 67 70 70 72 77 83 62 63 74 75 76 78 80 80 90 Poll 2012). Base: Survey Question: n esen hr o te eierna Sa / Sea Mediterranean the of shore eastern and met withanyperson(orpersons)fromcountriesborderingthesouthern the Northarealso worthnoting. the country bycountrydifferencessimilarities general in both regionsaretheleastmentioned. Butbeyondthe food intheNorth. in associations related The politically the relativelyhighermention of thewaylifeand common culturalheritageand historyintheSouthand same. the The notableexceptionisthestrongeremphasison almost are ideas/images mentioned the of are morestrikingthanthedifferences. The rankorder that thesimilarities clear fromtheabovecomparisons in thetworegions,itis talking abouttheperceptions it with turmoilandinsecurity(78%vs. 71%). When associate to likely more are who ones the are first the fromSEM(91%vs.79%),and than forrespondents region ismoreoftenlinkedto a certainlifestyleandfood responses aswell.ForEuropeans, differedcountry groups the two their in characteristically from respondents of theMediterranean, representations Despite sharing manycommonimagesintheir them spontaneously. Chart 1.3 Interactions intheEuroMedregion Interactions withpeoplefromEuropeancountries Interactions withpeoplefromSEMcountries % of all respondents, % of ‘Yes’ by country (© Anna Lindh / Gallup European countries

In thelast12monthshaveyoupersonallytalkedtoor SEM countries Denmark Germany Morocco Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Spain Egypt Italy 17 20 31 39 57 26 41 41 44 44 48 50 55 59 2

the

European countries? Mediterranean

life in Ireland and in and life inIreland would everybody practically Albania affectednew start their would 18% by thecrisis,only country thentheirown.InIreland –acountrydeeply rather liveinadifferentcountries whowould European of the it iscitizens perception contrary tothedominant given society. One strikingdifference however is clear: the of frustrations perceived the on reflections stimulate in adifferentin live countryfromtheonetheycurrently in theproportionofthosewhoprefertostartanewlife much higher–58%. The countrybydifferences new lifeintheirowncountry. The proportion inSEM is in (40%) start a they would a choice that iftheyhad said Europe minority a Only well. as Europe in people of the aspirations in reflected definitely were everywhere economic andsocialcrisesthataffected societies else. country ofbirthinordertolivesomewhere The their to leave like would of citizens proportion large in Europe,isthata region, especially Mediterranean the about One ofthepersistentmisconceptions lower level:between68%and76%. Jordan andEgypt,thisproportionvariedataslightly democratic transitions;amongrespondentsin Turkey, the regionwith Mediterranean civic participationin 85% ofMoroccansand81% Tunisiansassociated and Jordan respondents), TurkeySimilarly, (67%-70%). less sharedthis view inEgypt (about seveninten slightly by aresistancetochange was characterised in Tunisia (77%) agreed thatregion the Mediterranean Morocco(83%)and roughly eightintenrespondents impact onthedifferent perceptions. Forexample,while developments at the timeof its also implementation as thedifferentof theSurveyaswell The timing political Method ofinteraction Chart 1.4 Survey Question: regions (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). who talked to or met with persons from other countries, % of mentions by Just metinthestreet,publicspace They liveintheneighborhood Chatting ontheInternet How did you meet or talk to that person? Business orwork Through tourism Other European countries The Anna Lindh Report 2014 6 19 17 12 17 16 12 19 33 35 17 37 SEM countries Base:

Those

OVERVIEW 18 OVERVIEW 19 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 from SEMdidsomostoftenforbusinessreasons(35%) respondents inEuropeancountrieswhomet people year (2% in 2012 - 24% in 2009). (Chart 1.3) As in 2009, Turkey duringtheprevious metortalkedtoEuropeans - 38% in2009),whileonlyaminorityof respondents in been incontact with peoplefrom Europe (57%in2012 in Moroccomostoftenhad three yearsago,respondents 55%inBelgium and 59%in Albania. InSEM,inlinewiththeresultsfrom to inPoland 26% from ranged figure contact withpeoplefromSEMoverthepastyear;this thattheyhadsome in Europeanswered interviewees much more of 41% average, On occur countries. European in commonly interactions that find we regions, Looking atofbetweenthe the possibilitiesdialogue Meeting andgettinginformationontheother would starttheirnewlifeoutsidecurrentregion. in Jordan surveyed third ofthepeople else. Overone Jordan wherethe majority wouldratherlivesomewhere Among the five countries surveyed in the South it is only choose anothercountry(82%). their …?Base: Survey Question: Interest innewsandinformationaboutSEM/Europeancountries Chart 1.6 Economic conditions European countries SEM countries %ofallrespondents %ofsum‘Very interested’ and ‘Somewhatinterested’ bycountry(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). Denmark Germany Morocco Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Thinking about the SEM / European countries, how much interest would you say you personally have in news and information about Jordan Spain Egypt Italy 62 66 67 71 71 84 72 74 75 77 82 82 83 88 91 about their…? much interest would you say you personally have in news and information how countries, European / Sea Mediterranean the of shore eastern and Question: Survey Political change and Somewhat interested’ by regions (© Anna Lindh / Gallup Poll 2012). European countries Interest innewsandinformationaboutSEM/ Chart 1.5 religious beliefsandpractices European countries cultural lifeandlifestyle

Base: economic conditions SEM countries political changes Thinking aboutthecountriesborderingsouthern

% ofallrespondentssumVery interested’ Denmark Germany Morocco Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Egypt Spain Italy European countries 58 68 67 68 75 76 64 67 71 72 75 76 78 78 88 51 68 68 78 67 82 65 85 SEM countries they areatleast ‘somewhatinterested’. SEM. in people that every subject reports in majority The interest innewsandinformation aboutEuropeamong general and that there is noopenness not mean does in Europe.Butthis is higher to theotherregion related information and in news of interest level that theoverall differencesas well. say can we observation, As ageneral As to the content of the interactions the Poll reveals network whoarelivingabroad. and regularcontacts with thosemembersofthesocial over theinternetismoreatooltokeepsocialinteractions to interact,chatting to Europeans mainly a chance gives While tourism must besuspicious. one sided basically that are actions interactions, about mutual talking when representative samplesshouldbesimilarindistributions surveys, ifbasedonvalid for twosides,andinprinciple SEM countries. As toanyinter-actionthereisaneed is striking.Itimportantfor is especiallythoselivinginthe The importanceof internet asa tool of communication 6% forrespondentsinEurope)(Chart1.4). (19% vs. of communication used theInternetasmeans that theyhad answered of SEMrespondents proportion however, inEurope,alarger comparedtorespondents also most frequently mentioned businessreasons(33%); from SEM trip (37%).Respondents aholiday or during And thesecondmostimportant? Question: Survey bringing uptheirchildren Most importantvaluestorespondentswhen Chart 1.7 the followingsixwouldyousayismostimportantwhenraisingchildren? that we limitourselvesto six values only I’d like to knowwhich one of societies mayplacedifferent emphasisondifferent values. Assuming / Gallup Poll2012). ‘Most important’ and ‘Second most important’ by regions (© Anna Lindh Respect fortheother Family solidarity Religious beliefs Independence Don’t know Obedience

Curiosity In bringing up their children, parents in different cultures 2 7 10 15 49 18 26 22 20 28 28 51 52 60 European countries

Base: % ofallrespondents,sum SEM countries

that there were absolute guidelines to what isgood and in SEM: 53% of respondents from that region believed The belief inanabsolutetruth was by far more widespread the eventsandworldingeneral. different waysthatdifferentobserve andjudge societies on the the mostrevealing moral standpoint, isprobably can changeaccordingtocircumstances,arelativist but or badisnotpredetermined good is considered moral guidelines. The tendency to believe that what to doubtabouttheexistenceofabsolute of Europeans 1.7). A good exampleis the tendency of the majority value differences underlying this fundamental (Chart practices, relatedvaluesarealsovery instructive on interest levelsonmatters of religious beliefsand to thedifferencesReferring in termsoftherelative Values underpinningbehaviour economic developmentsinEurope(Chart1.6). majority at least somewhatinterestedinthe political and European countries, they can stillbecountedamonga more about to learn each time-weretheleasteager Egypt - in Evenifinterviewees economy). European at least somewhatinterestedaboutnewsrelatedto the were 84% and countries European in changes political example, 76%inMoroccosaidtheywereinterested countries (for in newsandinformationfromEuropean the most likely to consistently reportbeinginterested fromSEM,thoseinMoroccowere Among respondents some interestinthisparticularregard. towards SEM,expressed about twothirdsofrespondents proved tobetheareaofleastinterestforEuropeans aspects Ontheotherhand,evenifreligious their religion. (or not) practice Europeans in how interested somewhat Only aslightmajorityinSEMcountrieswasatleast of interest is also driven bythisdifference.underlying SEM countries. religious overwhelmingly The nature and the Europe the mostlysecular between line dividing religious beliefsandpractices. This is the single largest it cametothe The lowestinterestwasreportedwhen the South. lifestyle of life and are mainlyinterestedinthecultural Europeans while in thisaspectoflifetheotherregion, of interestitisSEMcitizenswhoarethemostinterested newsand in was 68% (Chart 1.5). But within the relative rankorder interest respondents’ information onpoliticalchangesinEuropeancountries SEM for figure in SEM;thecorresponding that hadoccurred changes said theyweresomewhatorveryinterestedinpolitical practices. For example, 78%of respondents inEurope conditions, politicalchanges,andreligiousbeliefsor the othercountries’ culturallifeandlifestyle,economic least somewhatinterestedinnews and informationabout Awere at in bothcountrygroups majorityofrespondents The Anna Lindh Report 2014

OVERVIEW 20 OVERVIEW 21 uvy Question: Survey all respondents,%bycountry(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). consider to be good or bad depends on the circumstances. that therearenoabsoluteguidelines,thingsrelativeandwhatwe guidelines towhatisgoodandbad,truth.Otherssay The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Opinion ontheexistenceofabsoluteguidelines Chart 1.8 In Morocco, 80% of respondents said they believed in an said theybelieved In Morocco,80% ofrespondents professed openlybyonlyatenth ofthepopulation. is deeper commitment tostrongmoralvalues where background, Muslim officially but non-religious a from is aspecialcaselikeinmany otheraspects,comingout society.among theProtestantandsecular Danish Albania existence ofisthehighest absolute moralguidelines in the of thosethatdonotbelieve where theproportion the ones are lines ideological along deeply divided and for throughadeepcrisis example, twocountriesliving of large proportions practicingbelievers.ItalyandSpain, scale in Europe we find Catholic countries with relatively since atboththetopandbottomof traditions by religious are notdirectlyshaped The opinions believed inanabsolutetruth(Chart1.8). (26%) was ratherrelative;onlyaquarterofEuropeans that truth the view advanced on theotherhand, Europe, the circumstances. Ain majority(70%)ofrespondents on depended bad, and37%thoughtthatsuchguidelines European countries There areabsoluteguidelines SEM countries Denmark Germany Morocco Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Egypt Spain

Italy Some peoplebelievethatthereareabsolute 11 18 19 21 26 30 28 36 38 44 50 50 52 53 Don’t know There arenoabsoluteguidelines 80 79 79 76 76 34 70 67 65 59 58 37 46 49 46 22 19 Base: 10 10 6 5 5 % of of interviewees in these countries stated thatlifehad in thesecountries of interviewees 15% just before; years five than better was situation life their present into consideration, everything that, taking in southernandeasternMediterranean countriessaid of the Mediterranean. A slimmajorityof respondents is muchmorepositiveinthe SouththenintheNorth that ledtothepresentsituation of change perception of thisisthatcomparedtothepast illustration the perceptions of the past andthe present. A good Expectations for the futurearealwayscolouredby selected thisresponse. exception being Albania, where73%of respondents 60%; themostimportant below years tocomeremained would playa more importantroleintheirsocietythe that women who answered the proportionofinterviewees surveyed, countries European the of most In years. five more importantinthenext become their societywould in women’srole that thought respondents of 48% where Tunisia (63%), Turkey (75%),Jordan(78%),andEgypt, in high was also this view expressing The proportion (89%). time years’ five in society their in role important play amore would that women to believe the mostlikely Among respondents inSEM countries, Moroccanswere next fiveyears(66%and56%,respectively). their societywouldbecomeevenmoreimportantinthe European counterpartsto think that the roleof women in in SEM countries, however, were morelikelythantheir that nothinghad changed inthisregard.Respondents answered three intenrespondents about before, while play a more important role in their society than five years roughly sixinten interviewees thoughtthat women now across EuropeandonbothshoresoftheMediterranean, mainly relatedtowomen’s roleinsociety. Onaverage, Attitudes andsocialnormsthatare are rapidlychanging for thefuture The role of women in society, and perspectives different results,(Chart1.8). other surveyresultsbyGallupandothers)wecouldhave by that issupported (anassumption guidelines absolute of in theexistence believes also in reality question the that themajorityof22%whodidnotanswer to answer.avoided respondents Egyptian assumed Ifwe the of one-fifth alternatives, response offered the of one respondents ineachof the other SEM countries choose While the the responses. on also reflected Survey the of Egypt has to be looked at carefully – as the timing of was on thecircumstances. true orfalsedepended The case what that believed (34%-49%) proportions same that truthwasabsolute,almostthe countries believed these in population the of 44%-52% although – views Jordan, Turkey, Tunisia andEgyptweredividedintheir in on thecircumstances.Respondents false depended that whatwastrueor answered truth, and19% absolute Chart 1.9 Current personallifesatisfaction that thingswill turn tothebetter(Chart1.10). hope Spain) aretheoneswhereabout halfofthepeople (Ireland, Italy,most onthelifesituationofrespondents impacted crisis the economic the future.Countrieswhere that lifewillbebetterin else) arehoping life somewhere start anew they could wish almost 9outof10people ofprogress. see possibilities (where most Albania countries years, that can aretheones that wereintheworstsituation five next the to ahead, Looking 1.9). (Chart 39%-40% reached Spain and Italy in proportion European countries –atthetimeofSurvey,the Mediterranean autumnof2012, this in higher significantly is perception this but years; five past the in deteriorated reportedthattheirlifesituationhad 27% ofrespondents when lookingatEuropeans’ ownlifeevaluation.Overall, picture a farlesspositive The Surveyresultsdocument improve inthecomingfiveyears. Morocco expectedthattheirlifesituationwouldfurther between 60%of respondents inEgypt and 82%in majority ofrespondentswereoptimisticaboutthefuture: Here, a for furtherimprovement. by theexpectations shaped definitely most is mood the But worse. become say, comparedto5yearsagoyourpresentlifesituation,is… Survey Question: Taking everythingintoconsideration,whatwouldyou of % of all respondents, % by country (© Anna Lindh / Gallup Poll 2012). European countries SEM countries Denmark Germany Morocco Spain Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Egypt Italy 22 24 27 32 33 40 40 43 44 46 51 54 58 61 62 37 35 34 46 39 33 25 30 46 44 27 20 29 32 34 39 40 32 27 27 26 27 24 21 21 15 12 13

Base: 5 6 % Survey Question: Poll 2012). it be… Personal expectationsforthefuture Chart 1.10 life situation,(Chart1.10). deteriorationof is expectingapossible their population countries onlyatenthofthe and easternMediterranean bottom, and that the worseisstillto come. In southern crisis isnottemporary, that it hasnotevenreached its the that expect people five every in one about Europe In change. social toward rapid up pressure also building are life conditions personal pressure towardchanging and energy of level this time same the at but years, five to thelast compared changes by theperceived driven towards thefuturelifeconditions. Again, thisispartly onaverage – have highexpectations two-third ofthepopulation optimistic more definitely are countries In thisrespectsouthernandeasternMediterranean which started with socialmovementsthat havebeen significant the Survey the that changes and Arab countrieswere experiencing, of time the At world. Arab changes inthe of generalsocial andpolitical perception Personal lifeexpectationsare not unrelated to the overall ‘Arab Spring’ The futureoftheregionandimpact European countries

Base: SEM countries

% of all respondents, % by country (© Anna Lindh / Gallup Denmark Germany Morocco Spain Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan

Egypt And howdoyouexpectitwillchangein5years?Will Italy 34 38 44 45 46 48 51 59 60 62 65 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 70 71 77 82 31 30 28 25 33 22 9 45 25 18 12 9 15 33 27 26 19 9 20 19 6 16 8 7 12 19 7 9 14 2 10 9 6 5 7 7 8 6 9 6 6

OVERVIEW 22 OVERVIEW 23 the effect benegative. would This result wasinsharp that in SEMcountries;39%answered counterparts of the negative intheirevaluation Arab Spring astheir Respondents inBelgiumand Polandappearedto be as 1.12). in population Tunisia(Chart (36%‘negative’responses) ‘negative’the among was measured responses countries, thelargestproportionof Mediterranean no effects at all. Nonetheless, insouthernandeastern the following 21% expected Arab Springandanother while 37%thoughtthattherewouldbenegativeeffects 35% of respondents expectedsuchapositiveoutcome, ‘positive’ In responses). Turkey, on theotherhand,just of (52% positive be would relations Euro-Arab on Spring were themost likely to think that the effect of the Arab countries, thoseinMorocco Eastern Mediterranean Chart 1.11). in thesouthernand Among respondents to (reference Europe) in 45% vs. (42% view positive a expressing Europe), attheexpenseofproportions in 10% vs. (14% higher somewhat was group country of ‘noeffect’noted thattheproportion in this responses countries; althoughitshouldbe eastern Mediterranean A rathersimilarpictureemergedinthesouthernand expected). in thisregardand15%couldnottellwhatbe opposite view(10%didnotexpectanyconsequences an held almost 30% be positive,while would relations that theultimateeffect of the on Euro-Arab Arab Spring thought respondents the of (45%) half nearly surveyed, of North-South relations.In the Europeancountries for thefuture future wasalsorelatedtotheexpectations aboutthefutureofregion. discussions general This called an‘ArabSpring’ were very much part of the The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Arab relationsbysub-region Ultimate effectofthe‘ArabSpring’onEuro- Chart 1.11 Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). Will thesechangesbe[…] these changesontherelationsbetweenEuropeand Arab countries? havebeen which movements called an‘ArabSpring’.Whatdoyouthink,willbetheultimateeffects of social with started changes significant Question: Survey European countries 10 30 15 Positive Most ofthe Arab countriesareexperiencing 45 Base: Negative

% ofallrespondents,byregions(© 14 SEM countries No effect 32 13 Don’t know 42 believed that theultimateeffectbelieved would bepositive(68%). who in Denmark of respondents contrast tothemajority proportion of respondents had confidence in their own their in confidence had respondents of proportion Interestingly, across many countries, a considerable joining asocialmovement(13%) (Chart1.13). more efficient way to contribute to solving problems than or supportingapoliticalparty (15%)wasconsidereda countries, on theotherhand,joining Mediterranean a politicalpartyoranNGO. In southernandeastern purpose, this to efficient or supporting who thoughtaboutjoining by 12% followed most be would movement a social thatjoining answered countries in European to solving problemsintheirsociety, 20% of respondents social contribute When askedabouthowtheycouldpersonally to contribute to development ways Emerging on therelationsbetweenEuropeand Arab countries? Spring’. Whatdoyouthink,willbetheultimateeffects ofthesechanges changes startedwithsocialmovementswhichhavebeencalledan‘Arab Survey Question: negative’ and‘Negative’ answers(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). positive’ and ‘Positive’ answers, and the ‘Negative’ effect : sum of ‘Very of allrespondentsbycountry, where:the‘Positive’ effect: sumof‘Very Chart 1.12 relations bycountry Ultimate effectoftheArabSpringonEuro-Arab European countries SEM countries Denmark Germany Morocco Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Egypt Spain Italy Positive

Most of the Arab countries are experiencing significant 33 37 35 48 42 45 47 44 45 44 44 52 44 Negative 50 68 24 10 No effect 39 37 29 39 17 30 32 29 25 36 27 21 35 10 9 15 9 Base: 14 10 16 Don’t know 21 17 11 19 11 2 8 22 24 12 19 23

15 % of 15 13 11 12 11 10 10 7 9 5 Most efficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinsociety Chart 1.13 societies. and of theircommunities at thelevel problem-solving in Turkey to feel incapable participate,orcontributeto, Italy,in of respondents 27% Egypt and of thosein 35% solving theproblemsintheirsociety. For example,29% to contribute to position a in be to them for way efficient both shoresof the Mediterranean –felt that there wasno in severalcountries–on proportion ofthepopulation and 1%, respectively). At the sametime, a substantial (9% this response selected very fewrespondents hand, and Morocco).InGermany Turkey, ontheother 43% inDenmarkand38% Tunisia actions to individual solveproblems intheirsociety(e.g. to solvingtheproblemsinyourcountry? Survey Question: region (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). association orafaithbased express politicalviews,to join orsupportcauses Using socialmediato Joining orsupporting Joining orsupporting Joining areligious individual action a politicalparty Joining social Through my movements Don’t know initiative How do you think you could most efficiently contribute an NGO None 2 28 16 20 17 12 15 12 13 20 11 10 5 4 6 9 European countries Base:

% ofallrespondentsby SEM countries of Europa Nova, andformerChairmanof Gallup Europe. MANCHIN Robert is President and Managing Director Managing and isPresident The Anna Lindh Report 2014

OVERVIEW 24 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 27 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 In SearchoftheMediterraneanCoreValues fixing a frame that unfolds as boundaries defining what is and difference. in thistextallow outlined The elements dynamics offorgettingand remembering, ofsimilarity the sedimentation, andplaying at the same timethe supporting pluralism, ofaccepting has theadvantage is that concept associated totheconcept ofidentity.usually fixed The story a avoids that narratives shared refers to. This isaspace at thecentreofaschemefor construction this observatoryofvaluesunder which and accuratelyaboutthisprocessofidentity-building (Ricœur,Ricoeur permits ustothinkelegantly 1985) The notionof narrative identityborrowedfrom P. Uniqueness oftheexercise work. This re-ensures us on the performative qualitiesof such it is supported by the responses given to the first Survey. belief, at least amongthe promoters of this project, and even ifarbitrary-hasarationalintentionalityandshared (Libya, Mali,Syria,Ukrainemorerecently). This bias– of new conflicts leading to a climate of political instability bad willofeachother, reactions,theburst the nationalist the barriers: multiple is facing started and that hasbarely solid basistoaproject the futureandaquesttoprovide is more an act of faith than a scientific act. This is a bet on population of aEuro-Mediterranean representativeness 25,000 citizensfrom 18 countriesandhopefor its social science. To decide to create a sample withover of to therankofobject an areapromoted investigate for which wetook the decisionto think Euro-Medand emphasise enoughthe riskiness of this undertaking Weapproach. or cautious a critical from having cannot us we havewiththeconceptabsolves that thefamiliarity thinking andEurope together theMediterranean brings it insofar isarbitrary comparison a Euro-Mediterranean this secondexercise. The constructionofasamplefor this typeofSurvey. These questionsremainvalidfor of related tothepractice issues methodological and the resultsofPolltoraisesomeepistemological In a previous work, we hadthe opportunity whenanalysing citizens offer,accordingtoTozy,themostrelevantbasisforalong-termunionacrossMediterranean. to thecurrentsocio-politicalcontext.Increasedmutual interest andinteractions between theregion’s trends inperceptions of values, based onanalysis of the 2009 and 2012 surveys, with aparticularattention on the Euro-Med region is explored in an opening article by Tozy. The author exposes the evolution of The unique approach - and associated risks - taken by the Anna Lindh Foundation in its pioneering polling Europe, theEurope of28). Things aremore complicated of southern the countries tradition, theLatincountries the Euro, countries, countrieswithCatholic Anglo-Saxon countries, countriesof (formerly theEEC,Schengen and particularidentities ofintegration translate degrees that and a seriesofsub-categories are meaningful hold barometers European subgroup, first the for that (SEM). and easternMediterraneanWe should not forget the European countriesandthe countries of the southern trajectories ofstatesinfavorsubgroups,as singular including the option of minimising national traditionsand of typologies, andtheproduction to thecategorisation Report. WeLindh matters related toall refer especially in theprevious to theissuesweraised correspond Anna and they as theissuesrelatedtoinvestigation, the options to identify priorityvalues,areas important including of respondents, for theanswers provided of options thechoice of questions, wording the polling, create aprecendent. of the The modeofadministration to the ambition we have since case especially particular also inthis be questioned barometers should European of in thepracticesofmajorpollstersorresponsibles within the Scientific Committee. Things that seem evident discussed issues back tomethodological I amnotgoing only aminoraspect.Inthissecondarticle(Tozy, 2010), is of representations the knowledge where a dynamic and modest work whose mainambitionis to maintain around ‘surveys’ and to open the space for reasoned to curbthecertainties us topracticethenuance, allows also determines itslevelofcredibility.largely A cautionwhich representations must maintain a degree of reflexivity that identity,of anarrative the about Report Lindh Anna Even consideredas a contribution to the consolidation (EU) anditssouthernshoreeasternborder. Union the European between of arapprochement option familyandreassuresusaboutthe air ofMediterranean affinities. Beyond thedifferences, the framepresentsuswithan elective of grammar a offers and colors and aspectrumofshades thepluralityproviding in organising andshapesinteriorlayoutsthathelp outside andinside, Mohamed TOZY compromise, still openonunfathomableways. any even beforereaching the courseofdemocracy – byquestioning time ofSolon,Pisistratusand Clisthene fromthehistoryof - aswelearned the opposite and project, promotedbythe Euro-Mediterranean the values to power and even Salafist groups, who are at odds with that ledMuslimBrotherhood of dictators,freeelections cycle areobserved:fall of therevolutionary sequences on religion? A very legitimatequestion whendifferent these crises.What is theimpactof the currentevents whether thevaluesof progress cameoutfrom enhanced Spring) andnothernshore(Euro crisis). We askindeed story onthesouthern(Arab issues relatedtotheongoing to other to respond is also But thequestion citizens? is the nature ofinteractionsbetweenEuro-Mediterranean What values? of conflict or values of convergence about we talk Can reality? social and a popular Mediterranean to answer questionsraisedbythe2010Report:Is the Germany andSpain).Consequently,is the problem (Egypt, Morocco, countries polled previously Turkey, the integrationintosample of the currentSurvey emerge as a very likely hypothesisandencouraged and democracy, recordedbydozensofresearches, Arab Spring. related tofreedom,religion These changes the ambition tochanges measure consequentialthe 2009 Anna Lindh/Gallup Poll results but also by nurturing of the the sampleinviewofaconsolidation by expanding moment complexity butalsotherichnessofhistorical the account took into The currentinvestigation the Egyptianpopulation. away bymeansofacoupacclaimedlargepart taken was which and values, its for least at first the of which broughtto power anewregimeat the antipodes (H. Moubarak) uprising South bymeansofapopular (N.Sarkozy),inthe elections by meansofpresidential the southern shore.In the North becauseof a change and force bothonthenorthern some driving of change (UfM) Mediterranean projectwhichhaslost in this context the for Union the of start the to related difficulties the all months aftertheeventsof‘ArabSpring’ butalso with Foundation takesplaceinaparticularcontext:few The secondSurveyconductedbythe Anna Lindh The contextframingtheanalysis crucial inthisworkandthereisnolegitimatechoice. is of readings of typesandangles that thequestion arguments. solve withonlysociologicalWe noted earlier (European Group/SEM group) is an issue that we cannot samples or intermediate single sample,fromnational Wefrom a that dataprocessing willnotrepeatenough not even exist as a subset of the World Values Survey. from scratch.SEMdo for thissetshouldbeconstructed to tell to the extent and that the tradition of the barometer has nostory of SEMcounries reality if thecomplex even hearing abouttheMediterraneanregion Top 10countriesthatcometomindwhen Chart 2.1 ietl (64) n a omn itr (95) with (49.5%), higher percentages thanin2010. At the sametime history common a and (56.4%) lifestyle Mediterranean (50.5%), foodand hospitality values: positive with associated ismainly The Mediterranean the firstSurvey, there isacertainambivalence. the positive image is confirmed, even if, as it happened in the Regarding perceptionof the region, Mediterranean 2.1). and easterncountries Medierranean vwith23%(Chart for southern in sixthposition ranks only group, Europe the of citizens the of 70% for first the is which Italy while groups, both by mentioned countries five top the among remains OnlyMorocco SEM respondents. and European and Morocco. The orderishowevernotthesamefor Italy,most visitedcountriestopped: Greece,Spain bearnosurprise. and theanswers Mediterranean The 2009 the confirms to the the issueofcountrieslinked results regarding Survey the of edition second The Sharing theMediterranean Survey question: Survey to your mind when you hear about the Mediterranean region? 2012). Poll Lindh/Gallup (© Anna regions by mentions of % respondents, all of Palestine Morocco Morocco Albania Croatia Tunisia Tunisia Greece Algeria Turkey Turkey France France Spain Spain Egypt Egypt Syria Italy Italy

Could youpleasenameallthecountrieswhichcome 17 23 20 23 21 25 37 26 51 26 52 35 70 14 14 15 15 16 22 9 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 SEM countries European countries

Base: %

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 28 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 29 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 the best way to achieve efficiency, including integrating including efficiency, achieve to way best the is considered of societyforEuropeans problems to solve are notthe same, implementation as civiccommitment mainly for SEM (13%). But the opportunities of its respect ofhumandignity(15% SEM)andprosperity (15% SEM), (38% SEM), free elections of expression SEM), freedom freedom (50% for all.Itmeans values that idea the democracy isasharedhorizonandcarriesthesame confirm results the speaking, Politically Internet isthetoolfor19%ofthem. SEM citizenstheinteractionismainlyvirtual,and for (35%) while and tourismforEuropeans are business Poll the in first arrive that interaction of modes Principal of movement. possibilities the legal and of living standard by the determined South arelargely the Northand Tunisia. Opportunitiesandmodesofinteractionbetween and and Libya shore, including transit areasinthesouthern zones conflict to related mobility to obstacles the are offsetthe crisiswhichstartedtofadesince2012 by of effects The 2009). in 24% - 2012 in (22% Europeans with interacting of SEMpeople than thepercentage 8 43%, reached points higherthanin2009(35%),butitisslightlylower 2012 in people SEM with contact in Survey. 2012 being who reported of Europeans The number the by confirmed also are processes Interaction (about 83%) cultural diversity(85%)andrespectfortheenvironment (85.5%), respectfor and entrepreneurship innovation in increase for thepotential of theUfMinparticular effectsSEM seepositive and Jordan). Europeans and and 21%thinktheimpactwillbenegative(mainly Tunisia (mainly Turkeyhave noimpact andJordan)thinkitwill (mainly PolandandBelgium),while19%intheSouth negative be will impact the think even 24% and Spain) and Poland an impact(Albania, not have think itwill 10% Europe but in relations, Mediterranean-Europe southern believe that the (44%) impact onthe a positive have will Arab Spring SEM and (48%) Europeans sets, Both (between 65and70%). (between 70and80%)withpoliticalchange with economicopportunities European neighbours respondents prefer to associate their intersttowards 70% in2012–59%2009).EgyptianandMoroccan SEM respondents althoughto a lesserdegree(around 60% in2009). The interestineconomiclifeissharedby in 2009)andtheeconomySouth(80%2012- - 76% life (morethan80%in2012 in cultural interested not totheEUorSEMcountries.Europeisprimarily and accordingtoor level ofdevelopmentmembership both withthe varies The interestfortheMediterranean SEM consideringasourceofconflict. of 27% and of Europeans 32% with is lower appreciation insecurity andrestlessnessevenif comparatively this is scary.Mediterranean of as asource Itisconsidered Interactions intheEuroMedregionbyagegroup Chart 2.2 individual action(22%). prefer SEM respondents (19%),while social movements this matter, age isnotasarelevant variableinEuropeas women: 12pointsofdifference.European to Inrelation difference.are moreoptimisticthan ButSEMwomen in itmore than Europeans, womenas much as men to a point of believe people SEM years, five next the in the Regarding increaseof women’s role insociety SEM countries. and Europe between convergences sets. The sameappliesto youth, weobservesome two the separates what is this points), (+4 women than women’s rolethanEuropean citizens,andmenmore more in contradict stereotypes.SEMcitizensbelieve in society,of women the role theresults of theSurvey on perceptions to related question specific very the For of interactionasexpectedisvirtual. eastern Mediterraneancountries (Chart2.2). The mode and southern in more 6 and Europe in points 4 women: points higherintheSEM, but meninteractmorethan more thanadultsoverthirty: 11 pointsinEuropeand5 the Regarding issueof interaction, young peopleinteract fire. by of Bouazizi the immolation that followed earthquake 2.0’attributed to‘Generation of the theresponsibility that manycommentatorsofthe knowing Arab Spring the in developingfoundationsof this shared horizon, other, to focus onthe rolethat young peoplecanplay status of function of the womanembodying Mediterranean like Germaine Tillon, amongothers,onthe‘conservative by anthropologists in thehistoryofMediterranean twofold: ontheonehand,totest the hypothesisdefended is Our challenge on theoutcomeofinvestigation. reflection on the influence of the gender and age variables from sorting.Weto restoretypologies unable optedfora averages must be tempered,knowingalsothatweare to theuseofpolling remarks related These general Mediterranean in use: interactions and diversity question: Survey Lindh/Gallup Poll2012). countries? European Base: / SEM from persons) (or person any with met or 15 -29 30+ with peoplefromSEMcountries European countries.Interactions All respondents,%of‘Yes’; bysocio-demographics(© Anna 18 39 23 48 ’, regent of the patriarchal family,mama’, regentofthepatriarchal onthe

In the last 12 months have you personally talked to people fromEuropeancountries SEM countries.Interactionswith Views aboutpolitical,culturalandreligiousdiversitybygenderagegroup Chart 2.3 seeking new social relations, negotiated in a civic space seeking newsocial relations,negotiatedina civicspace The relationto pluralism isanotherrealtestfor individuals the enormoushopeforchange theybear. the scandalousnatureof their social andlegalstatus and by both isexplained of anewcovenant establishment to the ofsome women tocontribute the determination Elmahdy or the Soulaliyates inMorocco)showedthat activist Amina Sboui, the Egyptian feminist Aliaa Magda some heroicacts for civil rightsby women (the Tunisian Social movements relatedto the Arab Spring,aswell in someofSEMcountries. especially current situation, Women’scontrasts totheir future their optimismabout call for some commentsbecausetheyaresurprising. difference).points is strongerforSEM(+10 results These it isinSEMcountries;howeveroverallhopefor the future socio-demographics, where Agree: “Strongly agree” + “Agree somewhat”, and Disagree: “Disagree somewhat” + “Strongly disagree” (© Anna Lindh/ Anna Gallup Poll2012). (© disagree” “Strongly + somewhat” “Disagree Disagree: and somewhat”, “Agree + agree” “Strongly Agree: where socio-demographics, Survey question: Could you please tell me, how much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Survey ‘Cultural andreligiousdiversityisimportantfortheprosperityofyoursociety’ ‘Cultural andreligiousdiversityconstitutesathreattothestabilityofsociety” BY AGEGROUP BY GENDER BY AGEGROUP BY GENDER BY AGEGROUP BY GENDER opportunity toparticipateinpubliclife’ ‘People fromdifferentcultural,politicalorreligiousbackgroundsshouldhavethesamerights Female Female Female 15 -29 15 -29 15 -29 Male Male Male 30+ 30+ 30+ 46 47 48 49 80 82 83 84 90 89 89 91 European countries 50 52 49 48 17 15 16 13 9 9 9 7 3 3 3 3 3 3 Poland has the highest score in the Europe group (38%). group score intheEurope has the highest Poland score (11%)Muslim, hasthe lowest the Catholic while the resultsofSurvey: withhalfofitspopulation Albania, by Islam iscontradicted and status oftruth(Revelation) We shouldnotethatthetheoryoflinkbetween (Albania), theaveragebeing26%. countries it varies between 38%(Poland) and 11% (Morocco), theaveragebeing53%,whileinEuropean 80% and (Egypt) 44% between varies truth absolute an of mostSEMcitizenstothequestionexistence question oftruth.Itisimportanttonotethattheresponse which we will comment on later is closely linked to the Tunisia, inEgyptandMorocco. The questionofpluralism of conscience which was at the center of political issues in that guaranteesfreedominallitsforms,including 45 46 47 48 80 81 82 84 85 86 86 87 Agree

Base: The Anna Lindh Report 2014

44 % of all respondents, % by 46 Disagree SEM countries 48 46 10 10 10 9 10 10 Don’t know 9 9 10 9 9 9 8 7 5 5 5 4 5 4

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 30 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 31 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 youth ofSEMcountriesbyapoint ofdifference. adults (+26). They areonlyslightlymorepessimisticthan adults ofSEMarefarmoreoptimisticthanEuropean pessimistic (-7)comparedtoyoungerpeople,while within theSEM youth group.Europeanadultsarevery points than 10additional 50%, withmore life ofaround the regiondeclarealevelof satisfaction intheirpersonal across influence. Youth no has gender the group, SEM the of satisfactionwithin level a higher that weobserve and the level of frustration. Paradoxically, it is with youth the satisfactionofbasicneeds between the relationship about answers some provide could 1949) Williams, and Samuel Stouffer (Stouffer, Suchman,DeVinney, Star, is high inFrance. The theory ofby frustration developed that skepticism into account more, taking even average the EU round, whichcouldhavemadedecrease polling note that France was notincluded inthisgroupduring to Europe,andweshould compared is 12pointshigher group SEM role. the Totally, significant a play not does gender and SEM countries among is higher satisfaction of thecurrentandfuturepersonallife. The levelof resultconcernstheassessment Another paradoxical (+3 points). of threat perception SEM countriesshowaslightlyhigher in adults if even group, age the as well as significant not country.of their to thestabibility is variable The gender category agreewiththeideathat diversity isathreat any of respondents the of 47% diversity. of virtues the of than toalackofappreciation mechanisms regulatory can explainthis distrust linked moreto the absence of progress in conflicts religious and Ethnic low. relatively is stability and diversity between establish respondents (Chart 2.3). and +1inEurope) that The relationship for public debatecomparedto adults (+5 points inSEM diversity of benefits the in more women. little a European believes Youth to compared 4 (-) and diversity of appreciation in their men) -7 withEuropean (-5 and SEM womenhave5pointsofdifference withSEMmen moderately. plays variable gender the that find we age, to 80%, andwhenwelinkthese results to gender and up score a registers diversity/prosperity relationship The against 44%ofEgyptians. that thereisonlyonetruth believe 80% ofMoroccans while to prosperity relation in of diversity appreciation their (78%)regarding instance outperformtheEgyptians we seethat Moroccan and Tunisian citizens(81%)for each countrysometimescorrecttherigidityofbelief,and belief inoneabsolutetruth. of The historicalexperiences the with correlation a direct have that itdoesnotalways find we pluralism, and diversity of issue the Toto return expectations of improvementwithmorethan 10points About thefuture, we noteastrongbelief inthe Expectations aboutthefuture look at the results in each country (Chart 2.4), we feel we 2.4), (Chart country each in results the at look commitment to (obedience, family, Whenwe religion). respect forothercultures)and valuesofconservatism of ‘progress’ (curiosity,freedom and independence, values between by pollsters developed categorisation to animplicit according values from thesixproposed of countries. group Tochoose my remarks,Iwill qualify and GermanyfortheEuropean Belgium Spain, Ireland, traditions withineachcategory. Taking thecase of averages andfocusonthecontrastbetweennational I willavoiddealingwithresponsesbysub-regional cooperation acrosstheMediterranean. as animportantvalueandexpectedresultsofcloser (82%) byyouthinSEMtothefreedom given importance Europe it is oneineight.We shouldalsolinkthistothe in in civicactionwhile three citizensdoesnotbelieve We thereforewhyinSEMcountriesone understand them. states tryingtoconfront,recoverorneutralise development also generates strongoppositionfrom the but their of civicaction assessments a new stimulate networks. society orsocial civil dynamics These new through of otherformsparticipation the emergence elite) and (the partycrisis,thecrisisoftraditional participation forms ofpolitical the crisisoftraditional studies on made byseveral us ofsomeobservations between theseresultsthatremind avoid todrawparallels action.Welack offreedom,riskassociative cannot peers. There are plenty of reasons for this disaffection: it. More than22pointsseparatethemfrom their SEM in youth stronglybelieving a role,withEuropean playing is age variable The Europe. in five in one to compared action ismoreeffectivein SEMsaidthatindividual people (41%), parties to 57%ofEuropeans. compared in four Almost one political and activity civic both through action, the virtuesofcollective of SEMcitizensabout of society.problems We hadnoticedtheskepticism related to modes of action to change thingsandsolve bet onyouthis a credible toconsider indicator Another in theSEMgroup). perceptions +7 points inthe Europe groupand+5 points people thinkthat they are positive(comparedto adults’ Arab SpringonthefutureofEuro-Arabrelations,young Nevertheless, onthe question regardingthe effect of the economic crisismorethanthose of the Arab revolutions. the effects 8%).Onefeelshere peers (22%against ofthe than theirSEM adults arefarmorepessimistic European SEM youth. and expectedlevelofsatisfactionamong and adifference66% the current of +12pointsbetween with future the in confident generally are people young of SEMmen. 10% age, variable to theage According men and women,25%ofEuropean 17% ofEuropean against fact only5%ofSEMwomenarepessimistic men (+2)andSEMwomenmorethantheothers,in current lifesituation.Womenin itmorethan believe the question concerning to theprevious compared Most importantvaluestorespondentswhenbringinguptheirchildren Chart 2.4 independent (31% SEM - 14% Europeans), almost twice three timesless (58% SEM-13%Europeans), religion as obedientandmorethanfour timesmoreattachedto twice almost and points 4 by European the than curious are less think thattheSEMpeople Respondents values. the considering differences betweenEuropeanandSEM from traditiontomodernity)when scale ofvaluesranging bias (inthe is basedonarathernegative respondents that thepointofviewSpanish to Ireland,werealise compared Belgium and at thescoreofSpain closer look and sometimesthelong-termhistoricalmemory. So ifwe past thecolonial ofemigration, ratio the by influenced refer views ofeachcountry.to thenational is This idea onothers wehave perceptions the define which that theanswerstothesequestions possible It isindeed interactions throughtourismormigration. through current a commonhistoryorpresentincluding between countriesthatshare is observed confrontation are dominantinthe other andthe reality. A resurgence of which bear betweentheirperceptionofvalues people that andjudgments a certaindiscrepancyinthoughts uvy question: Survey important? limit ourselvestosixvaluesonlyI’dlikeknowwhichoneofthesewouldyousayismostimportantwhenraisingchildren? And thesecondmost countries European countries Germany Denmark Morocco Spain Belgium Albania Curiosity Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Egypt Italy SEM

Base:

All respondents,%ofsum‘Mostimportant’ and‘Secondmostimportant’ bycountry(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012).

10 10 11 15 18 18 22 40 10 11 16 In bringing up their children, parents in different societies may place different emphasis on different values. Assuming that we 8 2 3 8 countries European EU Jordan countries Obedience Denmark Germany Morocco Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Egypt Spain SEM Italy 16 22 22 28 14 22 29 34 22 23 24 26 29 33 21 countries Religious beliefs countries European Denmark Germany Morocco Belgium Albania Ireland Tunisia Poland Turkey Jordan Spain Egypt Italy SEM 30 39 49 63 63 81 11 11 15 17 18 19 26 5 9 countries European countries Denmark Germany Morocco Independence Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Egypt Spain Italy SEM - 44% SEM). Ireland in its relationship with the southern the with relationship its in Ireland SEM). 44% - and more supportive in terms of family (40% Europeans - 16%SEM) (23% Europeans SEM), lessindependent values (11%attached toreligious - 35% Europeans SEM are lesscuriousby 8 points than Europeans,more average. the European to bewithin They think that respondents the Belgian has notprevented experience on thebasisof its own ratherpowerfulmultinational State bytheBelgian developed model The integration Morocco (making upto 30% of the Brusselspopulation). difficult relationship with migration groups originating from has arather in itsdistantpast,butwhich Mediterranean with thesouthern experience with alessconfrontational We cansaythesamethingaboutBelgium,acountry positive value(Chart2.5). such inSpainandmanycountriesoftheNorthasa value isveryimportantoratleastas highly considered of family thanSEM (52% Europeans- 33% SEM). This in terms are moresupportive that Europeans believe is theoneoffamilysolidarity,respondents sinceSpanish less respectfulofdiversity. that isreversed The onlyvalue 11 12 17 20 52 20 22 26 26 29 30 32 36 38 8 countries European countries Denmark Germany Morocco Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Spain Egypt Italy Family solidarity SEM The Anna Lindh Report 2014 42 52 59 61 72 30 59 46 48 60 62 48 56 67 78 countries European countries Denmark Germany Morocco Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Spain Egypt Italy SEM other cultures Respect for 30 35 51 51 59 61 61 63 65 22 23 25 28 28 42

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 32 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 33 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 perceived values Most importantvaluestoparentsraisingchildrenin Chart 2.5 most important’ answersbycountry (© Anna Lindh/Gallup Poll2012). parents raisingchildrenintheSEMsocieties? And thesecondmostimportant? Survey question: Which one of these six do you think is the most important to parents raising children in Europe? And the second most important? And to countries European countries Denmark Germany Morocco Curiosity Spain Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Egypt Italy SEM 15 12 16 19 21 21 22 10 13 10 12 11 11 12 11 16 14 16 12 20 20 22 22 35 7 8 8 5 6 6 countries European Denmark Germany countries Spain Obedience Belgium Morocco Albania Ireland Poland Tunisia Turkey Jordan Egypt Italy SEM 25 5 18 6 23 6 28 14 52 19 21 23 17 15 25 18 22 21 20 22 26 22 26 22 26 23 44 29 30 32 countries countries Religious beliefs European Denmark Germany Morocco Spain Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Egypt Italy SEM 54 48 47 63 32 11 15 20 25 50 21 30 35 29 58 21 11 12 13 15 40 17 17 35 20 33 31 5 9 6 .European andSEMcountries:actualvaluesvsِ countries European

countries Denmark Base: Germany Morocco Spain Belgium Independence Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Egypt Italy SEM %off allrespondents,%ofthesum‘Mostimportant’ and‘Second 54 50 16 23 20 27 28 31 14 31 25 33 26 33 34 33 23 36 26 47 48 11 47 15 63 20 32 25 5 9 countries countries European Denmark Germany Morocco Spain Belgium Albania solidarity Family Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Italy Egypt SEM European countries 36 5 45 9 39 20 40 24 39 27 46 45 44 40 38 43 43 44 46 47 44 48 48 48 45 50 33 52 50 55 countries countries European Denmark Germany other cultures Respect for Morocco Spain Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Egypt Italy SEM SEM countries 39 36 33 39 31 39 39 45 48 49 29 50 44 54 53 57 49 61 36 45 39 40 39 46 20 24 27 45 9 5 in conflict in a period when every day we have to see to have we day every when period a in conflict in to explore the labyrinths of representations andvalues sometimes appearsalmostfutile to devote somucheffort It and depression. sense ofhelplessness enormous of data,asasourcehope, wasoftenmixedwithan that the enthusiasmthat the processing accompanied without admitting overview thisopening I cannotconclude especially inEgypt,willimpactonfuturechoices. cannot denythatof the experienceIslamistsinpower, In otherwords,one movements, tendstostabilise. social variable, whichcontinuestoinspire and thatthereligious erodes the increasingly thesisof the clash of cultures that of representations the ideaofaconvergence crisis andthe to the2008 strengthens Arab Spring over- of risk the of factorsrelated think thatthecombination interpretation at can We Poll. Lindh/Gallup Anna previous the of those confirm results Survey 2012 The Concluding reflections points basedonthedifferent values. perceptions of SEM are lessmarked,between7and2 the differencesitself European, considers European with While for their representation. expressing Turkey, which andtogetcloserareferencegroupfor of belonging to keepthedifferenceaiming withinthesamegroup Spanish and Tunisians whoshowasimilarpattern is inastronginteractionwithEurope,oddlythinkslike SEM.Morocco,which about of Spanish the perspective cultures thanEuropeans. This viewrepresentsalmost two timeslessrespectfulof points) andespeciallyother a (12 little moresupportiveinfamilyrelationships independent, less times five religious, more times three three timesmoreobedient, and are lesscurious people citizens surveyed,SEM countries. FortheMoroccan view ofSEM negative a relatively Morocco develops in othersbyotherSEMcitizens. and citizens European be thoughtby would to thosetheyconsider correspond identify as priorities for themselves, inothercasesthey to thosethatinterviewees correspond SEM countries some casesresponsesaboutpreferredvaluesinother We seethreedifferent categoriesofresponses: in the Poll questions is not the same acrossthe countries. the interviewees’answers because of understanding the interpret to difficult is it countries, SEM Regarding exceed fivepoints. not does solidarity family and cultures respect forother obedience, commitmentto a religion,independence, difference inrelationto the of appreciation curiosity, countries intermsofthevaluestransmitted. The see very little difference SEM between andEuropean about SEMismoreneutral. Irish perception The Irish the throughtourismor Mediterranean migration. The European countrieswhichhavea strong interactionwith has adifferentshore to other compared sensitivity et d’Economie de Rabat. TOZYde Gouvernance of l’Ecole isDirector Mohamed the firstrefugeepeopleof World. culture isintheprocessofbecoming the Mediterranean also representoneof the most beautiful expressionsof four years in Syria;at a timewhentheSyrianpeoplewho warthathaslasted of anunnamed images unbearable The Anna Lindh Report 2014

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 34 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 35 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 and 2012(©Silvestri, Anna Lindh/Gallup2012). 2009 Polls Lindh/Gallup Anna from data using Silvestri S. by compiled sum of‘Very interested’interested’ and‘Somewhat Chart byregions. beliefs andpractices;Politicalchanges?” Base: about theirEconomicconditions;Cultural lifeandlifestyle;Religious have innewsand information you saypersonally much interestwould how countries, Sea/European Mediterranean the of shore eastern and the southern bordering about thecountries question: “Thinking Survey European countriesin2009and2012 Interest innewsandinformationaboutSEM Chart 3.1 heart ofinterculturalrelations. into themesthatareatthe insights precious Polls opens Opinion Lindh/Gallup Anna the by provided information political andeconomicstability. The wealthof fresh identities, socialcohesion,and to national challenge that diversityposesa growing culturalandreligious region and identities matterintheEuro-Mediterranean and cultural that religious It iscommonlyassumed Intercultural Debate Religion andSocialCohesionattheHeartof Percentage of respondents 2012 2009 Europe Europe together aroundtheimportanceoffamilysolidarity,andopennesstopluralismwithinsocieties. reflects on the evolution of trends between the two Anna Lindh/Gallup surveys, positively observing a coming Mediterranean region,aswellpotentialareasofconvergencearoundkeyvaluesandsensitivetopics.She and cultural diversity, Sara Silvestri analyses the quality of interactions among the citizens of the Euro- Social cohesion istodayatthecorebusinessofinterculturalrelations.Through the prismofreligiousbeliefs SEM SEM 0% Cultural life Political changes 50% All respondents, %of Economic conditions Religious beliefs 100% noted a general increase in interestothers’ increase noted ageneral religious theretoo. Ontheotherhandwe of atheisticbeliefs and thedissemination the waytosecularisation opened recent democratic transitions in SEM countries have secularised. The ensuing expectationwouldbethat the the by justified be are highly common assumptionthatEuropean societies would reading a Such religion. of indifferencesecularist-inspired widespread to the topic the wholeregion. This could indicateacertainlevelof interests in mutual at thebottomoflistpotential are practices and beliefs religious hand, On theone group ofcountriesandonadomesticlevel? diversity,religious and of cultural phenomenon ineach beliefs andthe they relatewiththerelevanceofreligious shifts? oftheseupward and implications And howdo by 11is-to-say anincrease points).Whatarethecauses 68%of Europe, (that- 57% In previous the versus significant, it held people 51%). (to six points this by 2012, rose By figure 2009. in respondents SEM the of 45% mattered toonly of theothersideMediterranean region. Mediterranean and practices beliefs The religious increased dramaticallyinimportancethewholeEuro- 3.1). Yet, in thecourseof those threeyears,thistheme attentive to cultural lifeor economic conditions(Chart the othergroup,comparedtonumberof those be interestedinbeliefsandpracticesof the religious to of respondentsineachsetcountriesdeclared Both inthe2009and2012polls,leastamount comparing andcontrastingthetwo. value of religious andculturaldiversity, as well when attitudes tobeliefsandpractices,or either religiousthe considering when across theregion is visible divergence, unexpected results.Partialconvergence,aswell reveal Polls the ALF/Gallup Instead, Mediterranean. the societies, andthat it irrelevantNorthof is increasingly (SEM) countries’ Eastern Mediterranean and Southern in place hasacentral that religion thought It iscommonly and convergences of divergences Coexistence Faith: Sara SILVESTRI most the of important ones. Regarding appreciation second and first the select to asked were and children were givenalist of Respondents values relatedto raising multiple trends. of coexistence to the simultaneous point results andwill these puzzling help tounravel and culturaldiversitywill beliefs religious to pertaining Survey Lindh/Gallup Anna religions. A cross analysisof the varioussectionsof the addition theriskof reduced attentiontootherculturesand (reference to Berger, 1999) andpotentiallycouldentailin of ‘de-secularisation’process the on-going of theworld group) faithidentities. This dynamicwoulddemonstrate (as wellas –attachmenttoindividual even intensifying of close–perhaps as asign therefore beinterpreted beliefs betweenthe2009and2012. This resultcould Silvestri, (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). 2012 and 2009 Polls opinion ALF/Gallup from data using and ‘Secondmost important’ by regions”. Chartcompiledby S.Silvestri somewhat’ answers”; Q.3: All respondents , % of sum of ‘Most important’ sum of answers, and‘Disagree’:‘Stronglydisagree’ and ‘Disagree by regions, where‘Agree’:sum of ‘Strongly agree’ and ‘Agreesomewhat’ solidarity; Respectfor the other cultures?Base: Family beliefs; Independence; children: Curiosity;Obedience;Religious you sayismostimportantwhenraising which oneofthesesixwould Assuming that we limitourselvesto six valuesonlyI’dliketo know in differentdifferentmay place societies on different emphasis values. parents up theirchildren, Q.3 ‘Inbringing of yoursociety?’And prosperity diversity constitutes a threat for the stability of society/ is important for the and religious statements: Cultural with thefollowing or disagree agree Question: Survey diversity inSEMandEurope20092012 Attitudes toreligiousvaluesandcultural Chart 3.2 Percentage of respondents 2012 2009 Europe Europe Values: familysolidarity constitutes threattostablity Cultural &religiousdiversity SEM SEM 0% Q.2 ‘Could youpleasetellme,howmuchdo 20% 40% 60% cultures Values: respectforother important forprosperity Cultural &religiousdiversity Values: religiousbeliefs Q.2: All respondents,% 80% 100% and diversity. factors togetherarelikelyto impact attitudestoreligion of thecountries thatweanalyse. challenges All these cultures, historicaltrajectories, andsocio-economic diversity. Instead we shouldpayattentionto the political and cultural relate tothereality ofreligious how people Catholicism, societies and values inindividual of religious relevance (e.g. the onlyandcentralfactorsdeterminingactual traditions religious Protestantism, Orthodoxy,considered be Islam)cannot specific of Wethat thecharacteristics from the above candeduce Great Britainthreeyearsbefore. while Italianparticipantsin2012repliedlikethose (2009) andinGreecewereverysimilar(20%), children. The viewsonthis topicinBosnia-Hercegovina values areimportantfortheeducationoftheir religious (2012) statedthat (2009)andinPoland in Hungary (19%) of respondents exactly thesamepercentage For instance, similarities. they donotsharereligious with countrieswhich and yettheyappeartoalign supposed to share anequallystrongCatholicheritage, and Poland(19%). (15%) are These threecountries Italy for those from slightly diverge findings Spanish the views inthecountry.leftist andanti-clerical Ingeneral, (from 13%to11%)may bedue togrowing in2012,which andSpain. in interestfaithvalues a slightdecrease showed Spain Belgium France, for findings the with line which puts to ahighlevelofsecularisation, in Albania the country’s Communist pasthascertainlycontributed important. values found religious of The atheistlegacy level of secularisation). In Albania, 11% of respondents and (such aslanguage commonalities it sharesvarious from the 12% of France in2009, a country withwhom is notfar scored9%in2012,which Belgium Sweden. in thistopic(11%),the leastinterested among justbefore and 19%). Germany was This contrasts with 2009,when IrelandandPoland(whichscored17% Catholic religious list, evenabovethepredictably to topoftheEuropean in 2009). As aresult,thiscountryrocketedfrombottom with ariseof15percentagepoints(26%comparedto11% In themost Europe, Germanyexperienceddramaticshift, decreased inSEMcountries(from62%to49%). 14% to 18%) as well as in some individual countries, but increased inEurope– both as a total average(from beliefs totheirchildren to teachingreligious favourable (Chart 3.2). Mediterranean of respondents The number a curiousinversetrendaffecting thetwosidesof the the comparison of the 2009with 2012 datashows scored 5%(2009)and6%(2012)respectively. Yet, or Denmark,which Northern Europe,suchasSweden countries of were fromthemostsecularised participants 62% SEM,Chart3.2).Indeed,theleastinterested versus 14% 2009: SEM; 49% versus 18% (2012: polls to theSEMineachround of compared lower predictably religious valuesinone’s own context, Europe emerged The Anna Lindh Report 2014

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 36 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 37 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 if seenintandem withtheGermanresults aboutthe to some, especially could beconcerning generation to transmitone’sThis eagerness values to future religious shift. affectedhas been region for thewhole average by this values. religious on focused of those the As aresult increase a huge experienced butGermany two points, directions. Spainlost from thesecountriesgoinopposite only two countriesfrom the previousroundandresults poll included 2012 the because identified clearly or hasincreased. be of thetrendcannot The direction to 2009 compared stable has eitherremained 2012 in values that attachmenttoreligious we note In particular has declined. religion or institutional role oforganised interest infaith considerable issues, even thoughthe that, on a personal intimatelevel,thereremains Europe’sfascinating. are inhabitants They demonstrate for of religion The Pollresultsabouttherelevance Comparing variablesonreligiousvaluesandrespectforculturaldiversitybycountry Chart 3.3 Survey questions: Survey S. Silvestri,usingdatafrom ALF/Gallup Polls2009and2012(©Silvestri, Anna Lindh//GallupPoll2012). […]Religious beliefs[…];Respectfortheothercultures? Q.2’[…] People from different cultural, political or religious backgrounds should have the same rights or opportunity to participate in public life […]? Q.3 no absoluteguidelines,thingsarerelativeanditdependsonthecircumstanceswhatweconsidertobegoodorbad.Whichviewiscloseryours?

Percentage of 2009 respondents Morrocco Germany Turkey Spain Egypt

Q.4 ‘Some people believe that there are absolute guidelines to what is good and bad, and what is truth. Others say, that there are say,there Others that truth. is what and bad, and good is what to guidelines absolute are there that believe people ‘Some Q.4 0% Cultural &religiousdiversityimportantforprosperityofyoursociety Values wheneducatingyourchildren:respectforothercultures 20% 40% 60% 80%

Base: 100%

Q.4 All respondents, % by country; Q.2 as in Chart

traditions, they may have been triggeredto become weak attachment totheirownandcountry’s faith felt astrongor respondents of whether Regardless religious beliefsoftheothershore oftheMediterranean. we noteda rise inthe interest in the cultural lifeand in Europefrom2009to2012. Yet, in thesameperiod to 51% from58% decreased to theirchildren cultures to teachrespectforother of thosewilling The number diversity.attitudes tothetopicofculturalandreligious Simultaneously, wenotecontradictoryandambiguous (79%). midrange was Spain and (84%) top the towards like Italy,ranked for societalsociety:Germanyin2012 beneficial is diversity cultural whether of question the to in thesamecountries, answered, we lookathowpeople when But thenitisalleviated racism andnationalism. to 61%). This alarmingtrendpointsto the spectresof less accentuated dropisalsovisibleinSpain(from 67% A 2012. in 35% to 2009 in 54% from fell this of favour in the respondents theme ‘respectforothercultures’: 2012 Percentage of respondents Germany Morocco Turkey Spain Egypt 0% There areabsoluteguidelines Values wheneducatingyourchildren:religiousbeliefs 20% 40%

3.2; Q.3asinChart3.2Compiledby 60% 80% 100% with respect for other culturesincountrieswith active values The coexistence ofhighattachmenttoreligious countries (Chart3.2). instance thoseforsomeEuropean were higherthanfor 2012. Still,thesepercentages 82%) in (Egypt 78%,Morocco prosperity for societal diversity cultural and religious of benefit the in believing the twocountries werelastinSEMscaleof those at this delicatetimeof transition; thismayexplainwhy Morocco in Egyptand values competing and tensions of diversity.intolerance societal There areundoubtedly in-group identities, and inthe long term causing on societalattachmentto religious traditions, reinforcing The latter, intheory,(i.e. increased) have impacted could on the mobilisation part of Islamist movements recently. that bothcountrieshaveseenanincreaseinpolitical These findings are somewhat unanticipated, considering 71% to44%. compared totheprevious88%,whileEgyptwentfrom in supra-natural authority):80%Morocco2012 guidelines’belief way tomeasure (whichisanimplicit of ‘absolute in theexistence believing their respondents of but isconsistentwiththedropinnumber surprising more in MoroccoandEgyptissomewhat values religious Turkish politicsandsociety. The dropinattachmentto of Islam in the role on debates public to recentintense In be betterunderstood. Turkey, theshiftmayberelated clear andresearchinorderto would require additional in theSEMisnotimmediately values religious supporting Tunisia. of those in thenumber decline The general and Westernisedof itsmostsecularised neighbours, to thoseof one identical become have views Egyptian that But nowitappears of newgenerations. education that valueswerethemost religious importantthinginthe of thepollin2009, with 72%of its respondentsdeclaring and strongattachmentto religion. In fact Egypt was top attitudes for itstraditionalist countries mostrenowned more surprisingthanothers.Egyptisoneof the SEM but someare All thesechangessoundexceptional respondents versustheprevious18%(Chart3.3) for other cultures improved, attracting 28% of 2012 equal with Tunisia. Simultaneously, viewsaboutrespect 63%, to 72% from significantly, fell also views Egyptian 65% to39%,andMoroccowhichwentfrom62%30%. values areimportantinraisingtheirchildrendroppedfrom shifts marked most concern Turkey whererespondentsthinkingthatreligious The 2012. in 49% to 2009 in 62% handing downreligiousvaluesdeclineddrastically:from In the SEM, on the contrary, values. support for religious and, simultaneously, treasuretheirown they increasingly and practices beliefs religious more aboutothersocieties whether out of curiosity orby fear, they wish to know morediverse.Hence, culturally andreligiously becoming their ownsocieties–andtheworldarechanging, that due totherealisation these issues in interested that year. Egypt) forthevalueofculturalandreligiousdiversity (just afterEgypt)andtowardsthebottombefore puts JordanatthetopofSEMforreligiousvalues and 23% selected respect for other cultures. This data beliefs are important for the upbringing of their children 81% of its respondents in 2012 stated that religious The closest data we have is for a neighbour, Jordan: assistance, tomigration,regionalbalanceofpower. and internationally, fromarmedviolence,tohumanitarian domestically ramifications, its all with and Syria in war Lebanon would be now, in the midst of a prolonged civil One wonderswhattheresultsofpollforSyriaand 20% Lebanon,31% Turkey. cultural diversityamongtheSEMin2009:15%Syria, secular constitution),themostopentoreligiousand were, togetherwith Turkey (acountrywithamarkedly societies and prevent conflict. In fact these two countries to managetheirmulti-ethnicandmulti-confessional promoted secularattitudesandlifestylesinorder arrangements ofthesetwocountries,whichhave particular government approaches and constitutional interest inreligiousvaluescouldbeassociatedwiththe their SEMneighboursinthesameyear. Suchlukewarm religious beliefs. These averages arelowercomparedto in SyriaandLebanonwerefavourabletopassingon In 2009,51%and59%respectivelyofparticipants issue inallthesecountriesbutthesituationisimproving. we can say that diversity is a complicated and divisive 42%, while Turkey lost 3 points (from 31% to 28%). Hence 2012: Egyptrosefrom9%to22%,Morocco13% Egyptian attitudesraisedconsiderably between 2009 and the value ‘respect for other cultures’, both Moroccan and (76%) and Belgium(72%). Additionally, whenlooking at the European average and actually even above Denmark nevertheless quite high if taken individually, in line with in anyofthecases’ hestudied. These percentages are institutions non-Islamist attitudestowardsdemocratic and Islamist between difference significant statistically women or anti-minority attitudes and that there were‘no anti- generate Islam didnotautomatically for political number of Muslim countries.Heshowedthat support Fattah in alarge of the2000s at thebeginning (Fattah, 2006) byMoataz conducted research the confirms it to thelayreaderbut Islamist partiesmaybesurprising nuances within viewsaboutthevalueof cultural and inanattempt toseize a new setofquestions introduced Poll 2012 The se. per diversity religious of significance the address that explicitly of the poll sections from those faith and cultural andreligious pluralism canbedrawn of perceptions Further insightintoEuro-Mediterranean ambiguities and contradictoryattitudes diversity: religious and Cultural The Anna Lindh Report 2014

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 38 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 39 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 and culturaldiversity constitutesathreatto thestability countries polled in the Euro-Med believe that religious the across all half ofthe participants Nearly poll. darker, when examiningthe next section of the opinion space. However,Mediterranean becomes thepicture in theEuro- living of peoples group the multifarious could suggestfuturepositive relations acrossandwithin societies individual within diversity and religious cultural Taken together, all theseanswersaboutthe value of 2003). ofthevarietiessecularism: (for anelaboration Asad, the samewayinSEM,itisnotabsentthere although in has nottakenplace this process while secularisation, context mayhavebeenfacilitatedbyhighlevelsof Additionally, acceptance ofdiversityintheEuropean of authoritarianism. period after aprolonged day tonight from and cannotbeexpectedtohappen democracies political pluralism isakeycharacteristicofconsolidated sides). An explanationcouldbethis:acceptanceof (9% onboth becomes equal of thoseindisagreement percentage the and SEM), in 84% versus (90%, open on bothshores;butthenEuropeappearsslightlymore background, supportfor diversity remains indeedhigh part ofgroupswithadifferent orcultural religious life onthe in public into viewsofactualparticipation fromthe improvement earlier 18%.Whenattitudestodiversityaretranslated aconsiderable is 28% figure that behaviours. Still,weshouldacknowledgethe of actual indicators good that attitudesarenotalways ready to implement thisintheirownlives. This shows of diversityinratherabstracttermsarenotnecessarily It is strikingthat individuals arestronglyinfavour respondents. of the this themeattractedonly28% for theSEM,where countries(51%)butnot 2012, asapriority forEuropean as a value intheeducationofone’sit emerged,in children, important specifically is diversity whether asked However,and ofreligion. on freedomofopinion when the newemphasis taking placeintheSouth,especially dynamics of thedemocratisation It maybeanindication finding This diversity. observers. surprise and will counters manyassumptions cultural and religious towards ones than Northern are morefavourable populations SEM that overall show combined The twosetsofdata 10% areintheSEM). located inEurope(15%,while are mostly disagree those who (82%), whereas Europe in theSEM(83%)and own societyisalmostidentical diversity asimportantfor religious theprosperityof their ofthosewhoregardculturaland The percentage trends withinsocieties. as Mediterranean, wellastheexistenceof contradictory the twoshoresof between – similarities expected as they– reveal considerableperhapshigherthan pluralism. religious interesting The resultsareespecially lately (OECD,2013). rates highemigration despite havingalsoexperienced influxes, population face to hard especially it found have Italy) (e.g. Greece,Spain, Sea in theMediterranean call of ports first migrants’ the constitute that countries the rates of byspirallingunemployment, and handicapped of growth Intheabsence Eurozone. in aweakened and crisis economic vivid inthecontextofaglobal especially looking forbettertostart opportunities anewlife–are fleeing situations of fear and instability – as well as simply The difficulties in absorbing and caring for people that are significantly affected the neighbouring states in the SEM. trend intoEuropebuthaveespecially to thenormal Influxes 2007). (Mudde, by the generated since 2011Arab uprisings haveadded campaigns political their in movements right-wing bypopulist often beenexploited in thecourseof1990sand 2000s. This issuehas Immigration fromtheMENA intotheEUgrewsteadily inhabitants oftheEuro-Mediterraneanarea. the among towards diversity positions the ambivalent withinsocieties.So,thiscouldexplain between groups uncovered ethnicdivisionsandcompetition and religious have also transitions the political and ofreligion, opinion for Libya. Whilebringingnewopportunities freedomof faith identities,bothinthesecountriesandSyria strong actors with of otherpolitical as anumber as well the MuslimBrothersinEgyptand in An-Nahda Tunisia, political parties,suchas inspired to theforereligiously region. The so-called ‘Arabawakenings’ have brought the return offeelingsallacrossthe ethno-nationalist and politics, of faith-based movements, theemergence migratory such asrecent(andon-going) dimensions into thepictureother these resultsbybringing values (seeabove),andalsob)tocontextualise religious how thesamecountriesfaredinrelationtoattitudes To make sense of this it may beusefula) to consider what areitsimplications? and possible is thiscontradiction How Mediterranean. of the of theothershore religion and in theculture with theearlierresponsesconcerninginterest in parallel the positive attitudes just mentioned above,as well as to note that fear of diversity coexistssidebywith of society (48% in Europe, 46% in the SEM). It is striking were midrange (51% and59%). were midrange and Germany Albania, 65%, 63%, 61% and 61%),whilePoland Ireland respectively (scoring their children raising when cultures most respectforother valued and Belgium Spain in Italy, Respondents 60% familysolidarity). Denmark, (51% respectforothercultures, of responses percentage attracted in2012thelargest family solidaritythisvariable ofthevaluediversity:togetherwith supportive highly are countries European From anormativeperspective, Convergence aroundfamilysolidarity indicate, in line with the results analysed above regarding indicate, inline withtheresultsanalysed in SEMsocieties. of religion Yet theysimultaneously importance (predictable) the confirm do findings These beliefs intheSEM. cultures inEurope,andtoreligious Poll. The secondpositionwentto: respect for other the 2012 during (60%) Europe in and the SEM(52%) Med region. This valuefeaturedasnumberonebothin which thereis convergence acrossthe whole Euro- Perhaps unexpectedly, family solidarityisavalue around which theyareexpressed. in contexts specific the through them understand to try statements; but not justasvalue attitudes todiversity and African migrants.Wethus interpret negative should recipients ofIraqirefugees countries werepreviously in thepastfewyears.Inturntheselattertwo Libya from fromSyriaand fronts, hasalsofacedimmigration hard timedomestically,and economic onthepolitical a through going Egypt too,besides 2012). Fandrich, of refugees as well as economic migrants(Farguesand inflows rising with Syria, associated difficulties fleeing social and people of recipients like Europeancountries,economic experiencing, main the been In SEMcountires, Jordan, Turkey, have and Lebanon 25%, Jordan23%). SEM countriesscoredinthemiddle(Tunisiaremaining actually appeared those valuingmost respect for other cultures. The (42%) Morocco from respondents the bottom(22%)and Turkey towardsthetop(28%)but onto children. values passing Egypt at we have Again, when thequestionrevertedaroundscenarioof most/ ofdiversity,least supportive however, of changedslightly terms in countries SEM of ranking The 81%. Favourable respondentsin Tunisia andMoroccowere to diversity.open and very liberal to be considered (76%) or Denmark (72%), two countries that are normally thantheviewscomingfromBelgium is actuallyhigher the SEMbutitisimportanttonotethatthispercentage (78%) in Jordan (85%).Egyptwastheleastfavourable 82%. Turksby (88%), followed werethemostfavourable diversity for the prosperityof society, scoring 83%versus to Europe,theyhadmorepositiveexpectationsfrom of theirchildren,compared as apriorityintheeducation diversity did notconsider the SEMrespondents Although diversity.attitudes towardsculturalandreligious A resultfortheSEMconcerns ratherunexpected 79%). and (80% position in-between an in other to each close and Spainwere Poland up bottom(72%and76%)while Germany, equal withItaly);andDenmark ended Belgium 84% Ireland, 85% Albania, (87% favour in those of list of society. top ofthe scored The latterthreecountries and culturaldiversityis important for the prosperity if religious considering reversed, though,when Positions 35%). 30%, respectively interested (with the least were at theUniversity ofCambridge. Lecturer and Affiliated London University City at Politics SILVESTRILecturer inInternational isSenior Sara people livingintheEuro-Mediterraneanspace. theme runningthroughthe lives and concernsof the observed that religious valuesare a hidden but central positions. Overallwehave or theological ideological mutual careandrespectcountmoreintheregionthan human relationsassociatedwithkindness,solidarity, people of the Euro-Med suggests that basic andintimate common importanceattributedtofamilyvaluesbyallthe to prevailinsteadofveryhighorlowpeaks. The begin figures Median countries. among values of terms in from 2009to2012wenoteareductionofpolarisations notea topics. and verysensitive key values around As wego We SEM. the region across theEuro-Med convergence considerable in significance more acquires but simultaneously Europe aswemovefrom2009to2012 in in importance decreases versa anddiversityslightly less interestedinrespectforothercultures,andvice values are that aremoreattachedtoreligious countries Each roundofsurveysconsistentlyshowsthatthose SEM countries. more than in in Europe are appreciated family values to notethat it issomewhatsurprising expect. Inaddition, the roleofthereisnotasdominantonewould religion The Anna Lindh Report 2014

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 40 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 41 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Standards Respect forCulturalDiversityontheBasisofEthical problem. Think, fromthe Latinetymology of a and afullawareness anactualbehavior a thought, of indicative tothinkisnotnecessarily say anddeclare what people by thetyrannyofopinion, a worldravaged and democracy.of friendship commitment tothevalues In of diversity,and social connection civicengagement, Euro- the in notions there arecomplex (2012), area Mediterranean trends intercultural on Poll Lindh/Gallup results andthecrossingofdata.Insecond Anna sometimes gobeyondtheinterpretationof numerical interpretationsthat requires multiple questionnaire The bestsamplesurvey, with themostdeveloped what makesa society. The requirement of‘respectfor indicates theneed torevitalisethesociallink, whichis a region, which the southernandeasternMediterranean reaches solidarity family that countriesand52%in priority scoreof60%inEuropean significant also is It the requirements of religious freedom andpublicorder. the practiceoffaithwith on theseissuestoreconcile African and is explicit Arab constitutionaljurisprudence of culturalspaces. management American, European, the education, religious of worship, the exercise freedom, religious include shall of diversity dimension approach to cultural andreligiouspluralism. The legal violated. culturalist ofapurely This entailsthe avoidance rights are can bedisruptediffundamental conviviality of a collectiveandseveralcenturieslongheritage and rule of law (respectively:75%and79%).Indeed, is strongly associated withthe requirement of freedom score this that significant is It countries). SEM and in 82% countries European in (84% area Mediterranean a highandalmostequalscore for the entireEuro- The requirement of respect for cultural diversityreached of perspective perception andmanagement the from Diversity, and Pluralism in variouswaystheEuro–Mediterraneanarea. fear of safety, of security blackmailandmanipulationfear today inaworldruledbyfear,order aredeployed public freedom and between and harmony of diversity values ponder, think, judge,withthehighestlevelof clarity. The concepts ofnormativity,religiousdiversity,andimmunisationagainsttheexploitationfearsecurity. of its management within society. From this perspective, the author traces a roadmap based on the diversity across our communities and Mediterranean region should becomplemented by the implications culture thatadoptstherespectforhuman rights. AntoineMessara argues that raisingawareness of the Diversity cannot beunderstoodasafactorofwealthandprosperityunless it isassociated with ahumanistic (pensare) is o 9 o te oten n esen Mediterranean eastern and southern considering thisapriority(referencetoChart4.1). the of 49% to the SEM countries with only18%of Europeans compared another elementofdifferentiationand Europe between beliefs is closure ontheselfinlatterarea.Religious than inSEM (28%), which isexplainedbyatendencyto generations’ reachedahigherscoreinEurope(51%) to future of values other culturesinthetransmission Chart 4.1 And the second most important? the following six would you say is most important when raising children? that welimitourselvestosixvalues only I’dliketoknowwhichoneof societies may place different emphasis on different values. Assuming uvy Question: Survey bringing uptheirchildren Most importantvaluestorespondentswhen / Gallup Poll2012). ‘Most important’ and‘Secondmostimportant’ byregions (© Anna Lindh Respect fortheothercultures Family solidarity Religious beliefs Independence Don’t know

Obedience In bringing up their children, parents in different Curiosity 2 European countries

7 Base: 10 15 49 18 26 22 20 28 28 51 52 60 AntoineMESSARRA % of all respondents, SEM countries

of sum of Opinion ontheexistenceofabsoluteguidelines Chart 4.2 Base: Question: Survey to begoodorbaddependsonthecircumstances.Whatisyouropinion? there arenoabsoluteguidelines,thingsrelativeandwhatweconsider guidelines to what is good and bad, and what is truth. Others say that related principles,rules,andstandards. the explore to and 4.2), (Chart there stop need we and of diversity Here wecometotheheartof theproblem eventual pretext of ‘diversity’ and ‘respectof diversity’? the under forgotten, denied ignored, jurisprudence conventions onhumanrights, international ofhumanity,Is thecontribution thegreatphilosophers, (53%) signify? countries and easternMediterranean countries(only26%)andsoutern between European What does the bias ontheissueof universality modality ofapplicationtheprinciplearemultiple. the systembecomestyrannical,but otherwise is absolute, democracy in ofpowers of theseparation rules. For implementing example, theuniversalprinciple to copewiththerelativityof of principles the universality having but consequential and relativityarenotopposed, becauseuniversality isunambiguous, kind ofquestion andsocialstructures.Certainly,relationships social this and human norms governing of universal existence Further differentiation is found about the belief inthe European countries

There areabsoluteguidelines SEM countries % ofallrespondentsbycountry(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). Denmark Germany Morocco Belgium Albania Poland Tunisia Ireland Turkey Jordan Egypt Spain Italy

Some peoplebelievethatthereareabsolute 11 18 19 21 26 28 30 36 38 50 44 50 53 52 Don’t know There arenoabsoluteguidelines 80 79 79 76 76 70 34 67 65 59 58 37 46 46 49 22 19 10 10 5 4 4 5 4 5 5 3 3

ethical basisof these rules?Respondentswith realism moral and in thereligious, rules without believing legal Can webelieveintheexistence of universal andshared principles? contradict thelowscoreon theuniversal this does SEM, in 84% and Europe in 90% of score a life, with in public to participate rights andopportunities ofdifferentthe peoples have thesame culturesshould of whatmakessociety?Whenrespondentsanswerthat anarchy, Nihilism, thedenialof the very socialreality, of withoutlimitation, the allpermitted,liberalisation unions ... mothers, thehomosexual Are weintherealm orcustomaryconsiderations,surrogate for religious of (full-faceveil), women burqa femalecircumcision decisions areexpectedtomanagediversity:thecase to practicesthatarise,suchasinFrancewherepolicy in fashion.Weand otherconsiderations shouldrefer of differences recognition dialogue, specificity, custom, society.an organised Weabout diversity, speakboldly in together forliving of experience,therequirements a setofstandardsthatareratherthefruit developed has rights, theinternationalconstitutionaljurisprudence chartersof French Revolution,theinternational human Humanity, especially sincetheEnlightenment, assumed, whetheryouareabeliever, atheist, agnostic. link, oflivingtogether, of and diversity asexperienced of thesocial are acondition the norms,benchmarks order.respect oftherule,normandpublic The code, can beinterpretedassubmission,butalsothe of the inseverallanguages.Obedience questionnaire the translation ofthisconceptthrough of understanding least, we may arise manyquestionsaboutthe diversity for Europeansand26%SEM,raisesaconcern. At that reachedalowscoreof22% The valueofobedience, Between universalnormsanddiversity humani nilamealienumputo a man, and nothinghumanisforeignto me’ ( av.190-159 the work:‘Iam J.-C.)mustconstantlyinspire of anyunity,and of thesentence Terencev.(Carthage, of anyformdiversity In theresearchandexplanation closer together. people but wedonotbring phenomena we help to understand certain religious andcultural unites, gathers and it thatwhich through glimpsing diversity, aboutdiversitywithout onlytoraiseawareness feed togetherdifferently thewholetree. When weteach that other elements sun and soil, in thebranches, rises thetree,sapthat chaotic, isthetrunkthatsupports and harmony to this diversity, which appears at first sight another, by thesize,shape,colour... What gives unity similar to of thewhole.Inatree,no-leafiscompletely upper andprofoundunitythat ensures the harmony When youdiscoverthroughdiversitycomplementarity, When doesdiversitybecomevariety, richness, harmony? disparate, multiple,mediocre,incoherent,inopposition... It several faces,appearances. isheterogeneous, What isdifferent, fromtheLatin ). The Anna Lindh Report 2014 diversus , opposite,has Homo sum:

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 42 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 43 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 for socialprosperity Political, culturalandreligiousdiversityasabasis Chart 4.3 show intellectualism and learning. learning. and intellectualism show The timehascometo in theworld,toseek,analyze, criticize,to universities customary inuniversityeducation andinprestigious school, tradition to rush unreservedly in a wild relativism.It is education, in family university, source media that toomuchthe have apprehended first their have silences, cautionsof the analysis andwhitewriting of this descentintothehellofobscurantism,oratorical ofgradient speed The else? everything But traffic. Weor surprise. the challenge to road areaccustomed about moralityorspiritualitythatmayprovoke nothing to say cohesion, and social by law but freedomgoverned thespiritoffreedom, thinking, area, tocultivatecritical and intheEuro-Mediterranean in schools,universities loan tothinkandeat.Whatisbeingdone,asafamily, to anddeceiversthat clever manipulatorsprovidethe easy prey theybecome but basicallythirstyformeaning, reference, a compass,without without people of young perception dominant a Unlike 4.3) (Chart SEM. for and 46% Europe in 48% with stability, social to threat a be that could that diversity is afactorofstabilityapprehend diversity religious and that cultural considering while and important fortheprosperityofyoursociety”? disagree withthefollowingstatement:‘Culturalandreligiousdiversityis Survey Question: by country(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). European countries Strongly agree SEM countries Denmark Germany Morocco Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Egypt Spain Italy Could youpleasetellme,howmuchdoagreeor Agree somewhat 68 59 50 50 54 26 39 42 48 36 47 53 46 64 57 Don’t know Somewhat/strongly disagree 62

45 Base: 33 33 31 30 30 33 31 35 31 38 22 10

21 % ofallrespondents 7 17 17 17 10 23 21 18 15 15 10 8 13 10 12 15 7 5 4 regions (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). to solvingtheproblemsinyourcountry? Survey Question: to gender is not significant. The survey shows the shows survey The significant. increasing roleofwomenin not is gender to according differentiation for As SEM. 41% and Europe achieved anaveragetotalscore57%in associations partiesandsupport social movements,political Joining the SEM. is sensedincivicengagement. Also adecline a priority,9% in and in Europe 10% withascoreofonly 49%. and 46% of score However, it is surprisingthat the rule of law is not seenas a with SEM, and Europe in Democracy meansprimarilyforrespondentsfreedom to fill the emptiness left by the bureaucrats of knowledge. painfully. This istheageofmanipulatorswhoknowhow that welive is thelossofcompassandlandmarks isthe This trivialization of crime, of the attacks and the victims. It terrorism. field and intellectual opinion, of that spreadsthetyranny intellectual is theready-made in schooland ‘Humanities’recede universityeducation,it the and purpose.Whenwhatwasoncecalled reference have the audacity to think aboutquestionsof meaning, Chart 4.4 society Most efficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinone’s Joining areligiousassociationorfaith Using socialmediatoexpresspolitical Joining orsupportingapoliticalparty views, tojoinorsupportcauses Joining orsupportinganNGO Through my individual action Joining socialmovements

How do you think you could most efficiently contribute based initiative Don’t know European countries None 4 2 Base: 5 11 10 12 13 20 17 28 20 15 12 16 6 9 % ofallrespondentsby SEM countries against the ideologies of against theideologies difference? The obsession ideology of difference. What to do to better immunise market,thatofthe - astrongprosperous mobilisation and respectfor differences, butthereisalso- in political Fear, safety and manipulation: There is the recognition unbridled manipulationofthe sacred. will bearoundthecornerwithawildand of civilizations anticlerical, secularistintellectuals andcitizens,theclash clerical, unbelievers, atheists, believers, among confusion trend thatspreads academic facing apopular law, are not distinctinthementalstructures, politics, must from be distinguishedhisZionistideology. Faith, faith inthecommonpublicandsharedspace.Judaism reasons, hasnotaboutthepracticesof thought enough Islam,forhistorical a secularismoftenmisunderstood. in thenameof reference without a de-christianisation (‘political’today isundergoing Christianity problem). interest of general management and of power a game politics bothas andtounderstand of ‘law’), (problem order public in therespectoflibertiesand is expressed (‘faith’ soul their find space wherereligion the public problem), tomanage religions help to route wide a is diversity beyonddiversity: Religious Forthefuturethere practical cases. concrete through and tobeunderstood more attention of universalityandrelativitydeservesinthefuture of humanrights. the universalprinciples The problem and adopts with ahumanisticculturethatrecognises unlessitisassociated of wealth, harmonyandprosperity Normativity: Diversitycannotbe understood as a factor fear andsecurity. diversity, and immunisationagainsttheexploitationof the results. of normativity,These areproblems religious that explains the Surveyresultsandofenvironment Wefocus onthreeissuesthatmeritactioninlightof will Universal principlesofhumanrights years fromnow). in 5 for thatrole and 66% for currentrole in SEM(63% ofthatrole,especially perception years andthegrowing five last the over society in women of role increasing the according to gender is not significant. The survey shows differentiation for As 4.4) (Chart SEM. 41% and Europe achieved anaveragetotalscore57%in associations partiesandsupport social movements,political Joining the SEM. is sensedincivicengagement. Also adecline a priority,9% in and in Europe 10% withascoreofonly 49%. and 46% of score However, it is surprisingthat the rule of law is not seenas a with SEM, and Europe in the growing Democracy meansprimarilyforrespondentsfreedom and current roleand66%forthatin5yearsfromnow). years five last inSEM(63%for of thatrole,especially perception the over society Antoine undone.’ (Camus,1957) greater.perhaps from coming It istopreventtheworld Mineyetknowsitwillnotdoit.Butitstaskis the world. doubtlessfeelsdoomedtoremake ‘Each generation WorldSecond War so presciently Camus said Albert bazaar, especially the regression of courage. After the the mercantile industrialization, excessive collapse, in 1978criticizes the Westernits worlddeploringmoral atHarvardUniversity commencement addressdelivered courage. requires in his Solzhenitsyn Aleksandr operational. To ofcivilization savetheachievements more perceptive,lucid,focusedand,therefore, become and mediation of securitysothatdialogue contractors and authorities interstate groups, tyrannical ofbygovernmentsand on thetechniques manipulation It andsocialactors’is theacademic task to focusmore values. bysupermarket propagated and culturalrelativism Israeli conflict, the identity folds of the spread of terrorism of fanatism,theongoing of theextension because Arab- andthisismainly jurisprudence, justice anditsnormative of all theachievementsofandglobalization civilization today despite rights isthreatened of human universality more timidandfrighteneddemocraciessubmitto. The visible front,towhichmoreand there istheblackmail democracies. Behindterrorism,thatisthe overcautious to generate and states satellites of theirneighboring make and toexpand of wealthygovernments and people of involvement and ofdemocratic the lackofcourage Astate and vacations. fear and and interstategroupingterrorismmanipulate leisure the benefits, social to everyday life,theirdemocraticachievements,rights afraid. Afraid fortheirwell-being, securityandpeacein Populations ofdemocraciesare so-called consolidated can renouncethemanifestationsofbadfaith. wecannotdetectintentions,but Certainly dialogue. common spacejusttomoveforwardonintercultural cover.skin isoftenanexploited Weto seek have controversial?The debateisoftenfalselyaboutidentity. The identity becomes conflict the How techniques. to blackmail andengageinopposition manipulation and safety exploitation of manipulation, techniques peace hassetbacks. You havetostudyandrenounce with security,and interstate for national asaprerequisite the Advisory Councilofthe Anna LindhFoundation. University,and Saint-Joseph University and memberof MESSARRA is Professor at the Lebanese isProfessorattheLebanese The Anna Lindh Report 2014

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 44 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 45 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 oenne goaiain n civic and globalisation participation Governance, feel lessandsafeintheworld. crime. international of this,people As aconsequence migration ororganised catastrophes, legalandillegal markets, environmental global vis-a-vis uncontrolled the capacity to defend, protector support theirsocieties and donothave constituencies, to national promises are provingincreasinglylesscapableofon delivering framework forcivicparticipation.Nationalgovernments or unitofanalysis the exclusive state isnolonger politics. national state and of thenation The nation boundaries the by confined and defined be cannot face assumption that the fundamental crisisof democracy we Recent dramaticeventsinUkrainesupportthe Peripheries ofEurope Governance andCivicParticipationatthe and post-national, globalising local realities createsnew globalising and post-national, mismatch between century-oldlegalandpolitical frames the Arab world,EasternandSouthernEurope. The different regions of the world, suchas the Mediterranean, need for andparticipationin further democratisation capacity to deliver, andincreasing there isanongoing and legitimacy confidence, of crises face democracies new national and old is thatwhile Another paradox speech andelectionstopthelists. of democracy:freedom,freedom meaning including between European andSEM countries regardingthecontentand Poll, Lindh/Gallup Anna the in evidenced as for abrighterfuture. making agreement, There isnotable in policy citizens cantakepartasactivestakeholders just economyandsociety, with lesscorruption,where a betterlife,more with of theEUisassociated promise and easternperipheries. southern The democratic in its has remainedamagnetforoutsiders,especially crises. Paradoxically,severe andinterdependent it up untilit,too,cameunderpressurefrom governance is wellknown. for regional The EUwas seenasamodel ineffectiveness of and globalorganisations international governance. and global regional The weaknessand There is,therefore,muchneedforwhatiscalled articulation ofdynamicsbetweenthestateandcivilsociety,aswellsupra-nationalinstitutions. converging aspirations for citizenship engagement. In the end, the authors argue, this could lead to a re- regional andglobalgovernance, with manymovements transgressing national boundaries andillustrating confines of democratic participation. Jody Jensen and Ferenc Miszlivetz underline the need for what is called New andemergingsocialmovements acrosstheEuro-Mediterranean region arechallenging the traditional by country(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). to solvingtheproblemsinyourcountry? Survey Question: similar rights and conditions of wellbeing, security and of wellbeing, rights andconditions similar movements orwavesofmigrantsdo,demanding Transgressingas many social boundaries, national democracy andparticipation. lead to not do about thinking for anew the seeds may provide violence, they if conflicts, and tensions these of social, political,culturalandreligioustensions.Some society bycountry Most efficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinone’s Chart 5.1 European countries Jody JENSENandFerencMISZLIVETZ SEM countries None Civic participationactivities Denmark Germany Morocco Belgium Tunisia Albania Turkey Ireland Jordan Poland

How do you think you could most efficiently contribute Egypt Spain Italy 26 29 37 41 44 48 50 49 54 57 56 57 56 63 74 Base: 27 25 Don’t know Through myindividualaction 20 38 % of 1 34 27 18 23 17 20 38 29 all respondents,% 16 27 35 43 28 9 16 19 17 18 18 22 21 5 18 11 17 16 12 12 11 10 5 7 7 5 5 Chart 5.2 Most efficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinPoland Europe to Turkey andmostrecently Ukraine. The of the past years from the Middle East via the US and and spontaneousmassdemonstrations forchange unprepared for the waves of democratic aspirations crisis. Along withpoliticiansandtheirexperts,they were debt and financial global the of outbreak the or decades, economic, politicalandsocial upheavalsofthepast for theirfailuretoanticipateorforeseethefundamental Social scientists–for good reasons-have been criticised 5.1). (referencetoChart and civicparticipation governance for aspirations needs and global and regional national, forlocal, synergy potential and configuration new a is clear andunique, inthisimmediatestrikingexample, to setupnewrulesandframes.Whatis responsibilities Russia andthe US) understand theirinterdependent representatives, theEU, political and theiropponents, (protestors case ifallofthemajorplayers progressive examples. canserveassucha The crisisof Ukraine confrontation andmanagementofpositive,concrete Athe through to bebrokered needs consensus new Europe towardsabottom-upapproach periods offundamentaltransformation. during imagination andthebureaucratic regulations legal rules, of existing far ahead is always Reality levels. at all players on thepartofmajor recognition and legitimation aspirations needinstitutionalandinstrumentalresponses, participation. demandsand These new orientations, of democracyand and globalisation regionalisation human dignity, momentumforthe unrestrained signal Survey Question: socio-demographics; byagegroup(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). to solvingtheproblemsinyourcountry? Joining areligiousassociation Using socialmediatoexpress Joining orsupportinganNGO Through myindividualaction Joining socialmovements or afaithbasedinitative political views,tojoinor Joining orsupportinga support causes political party

How do you think you could most efficiently contribute Don’t know None 5 5 5 9 15 18 20 23 Base:

All respondents,%by to solving the problems in your country? Survey Question: Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). and corrupted by economic interests. One European but also easily coopted corrosive andunresponsive, at its dysfunctional, that hasbecomenotjust static and itself redefining is be abletogivenewcontent to anotionofdemocracy Europe that peripheries. Aspiring democracies, liketheUkraine, may be may It simply cannotfunctionatthe supranational level?” learned it since 1945, and as we have become used to it, andinadequately that democracyaswehavelaboriously enlightened. itself...Can itbe This taboo isdemocracy taboo of democracies whichbelievethemselvesto be touchesonthelast and thewayitisbeingaddressed be theanswerforEurope;that‘thepresentcrisis longer proposes that democracy inits present forms may no The Austrian writer,(Boesler,Menasse Robert 2012), itself. the lasttaboothatisdemocraticgovernance analysis. (Charts5.2,5.3)It may infactmeanaddressing new framesandarchitecturesof of newapproaches, necessitates morecarefulandcomplexconsideration outside of Europe ina wide varietyof environments and activism inside citizen nature ofnew The pervasive globalisation, globalisationandcivicparticipation. between globalisationanddemocracy, governanceand relationship the addressed sufficiently not has exist does tooptions within theboundariesofnationstate.Whatanalysis reduced and confined largely remained has analysis scientific social paradigm, state nation archaic in thelogicof‘unlimited’capitalistdevelopmentand conventional mindsetoranalyticalframeworks.Caught the fit not did countries western in movements ‘Occupy!’ Mediterranean andEasternEuropeortheemergenceof waves of protests and unrest across the regions of the Most efficientofsolvingproblemsinDenmark Chart 5.3 Joining areligiousassociation Using socialmediatoexpress Joining orsupportinganNGO Through myindividualaction Joining socialmovements or afaithbasedinitative political views,tojoinor Joining orsupportinga support causes political party How do you think you could most efficiently contribute Don’t know None 9 11 24 43 5 6 1 2 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Base: % of all respondents (©

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 46 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 47 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 conclusion that the eventsarenot political because they persistent question, ‘Whatdothey want?’often leads to the demand putforward. them, nooverwhelming The directing the insurrections, nosingle ideologymotivating the U.S. center ororganisation There isnoonepolitical major criticismof the ‘Occupy!’ movements inEuropeand national, thematic lines. and ideological This wasandis a done andhowtodoitappearsbefragmentedalong to be of whatneeds the framing because suspicion) and (also contempt media hasbeenoneofincomprehension part of political andeconomicelites and inthemainstream The most prominent reactiontostreetprotestsonthe Civic movementsasawake-upcall generations looktowardsthefuture. uncertainty,and aspopulations ifnotofhopelessness of societies. portions of atleast lead toasense They also that virulentanddestructiveto became increasinglylarge policiesandpracticesof the neoliberal pastdecades to agree that the fundamentalcausesof the crisis liein 2013). seem and diversityofmobilisations The multitude different problemsthathave driventheactivism(Pianta, over at Europeanperipheries the tensionsarebuilding and suffered theimpact ofthecrisis,andgenerally experienced countries haveunevenly that European failure of education), cultural orIt ideological. isclear and corruption (institutionalised measures), political (unemployment andneo-liberal economicausterity Turkey,economic Bosnia: and Ukraine now in and for the recenteventsinGreece, Italy, Spain, Hungary, Many, often contradictory, causes havebeenputforward policies outsideelectoralpolitics(Schmitter, 2012). for citizen input to policy, have systematicallykept EU channels the institutional to provide were supposed policies. elites, who political national This isbecause EU specific to opposition in or of defense in either act affordedhave notbeen publics wider to the opportunity has restedonoutput,notinput,that is –democracy;and experts, theEU’sand of politicians project legitimacy as anelite to thecrisisinEurope.Sinceitsfoundation protests and policies that have been the official response today. There is a call for an institutionalresponseto the structures thataretheEU and policy-making policies opaque and unresponsive closed, technocratic, down, governance, citizenswillnotbe able to affect the top- from European is missing As longasapro-activedemos agency. citizenship at the grassrootslevelandlackof political can explainorrectify the gapbetweenactive increasing level. Noone of citizensattheregional engagement the successful not encouraged core have the European Tunisia.’Complacency,of cynicismandoftenarrogance want to see andfeelwhatdemocracy is really like,goto observer tothe Tunisian‘If proclaimed you uprising observed by the growing interdependence of observed by the growinginterdependence local, terms, canbe in social transformation, Global Spring’. the ‘EastEuropean theuprising even calling are Arab to Europe.’Some want togo here; wedon’t Europe build and father of two young children, testified that ‘We want to One protestor at the Euro-Maidan, a young police officer is to beginning gain shapeand substance inthe present. soul disembodied her faster and tobeat heart hasbegun name of democracy andsolidarity. It is as if Europe’s and institutionstospeakoutactinthe politicians political spectrum,forcing and inwardlookingEuropean dignity revolution has significantly stirred up the apathetic outburst ofUkraine’sunexpected – pro- pro-Europe have beeninmotionfordecades. The robustand peripheries European time. first the for not and margins has wake-upcall,orratheralarm,fromits received another Europe 5.4). (Chart (17%) context European the action isalsoimportantin (20%), butpersonal problems individual action can efficiently contribute to solving social current eventshaveledtheSEMtoleadinbeliefthat less effective inSEMcountries (2%).It may bethat as much anNGOthatisviewed or supporting joining expressed inEuropebytheequalresponse(12%)for also is This effective. less as viewed is affiliation party institutions and participation has significantly decreased, formsofdemocratic Europe, wheretrustintraditional asmoreeffective. partyisviewed a political joining In in SEM societies (20%,13%respectively),although movements caneffectivelysocial in problems address Eastern (SEM) Mediterranean Countries feelthat joining andtheSouthern in Europe that people evidence It is relevant that the Anna Lindh/Gallup Poll supports the debates ongovernance. andinputinfuture a newimpetusforcivicparticipation signal that could and regions countries to unanticipated to the protests over timeandanexpansionof protests itself. sustainedcharacter There hasbeenasurprisingly of themarket to thefunctioning survival, andindeed and wellbeing to human vital are which environment, nor the community and of family relationships social of whatitcannotcommodify,no account the neither wealth but not effectively it distributing and that it takes with creating by thesemovements is charged capitalism political invisibility anddisempowerment,unregulated to theinsurrectionthatresultsfromeconomicinjustice, global protest and democraticmovements.In addition other networks ofprotest,like‘Occupy!’and expanding itself. and in emerging bewhatweareseeing This could thesystemto is jeopardized, begins linkmoreof itself to system response toafailingsystem?Whenbiological Insurrection − a humanimmunesystem and righteous‘indignation’as democracy? of decay the after politics type of Is thisanew these insurrections. characterised is enough.”Amore, enough ‘No has negativity stubborn What seemstounitetheprotestersissimplyrefusal: frameworks. analytical into existing cannot beintegrated Survey question: to solvingtheproblemsinyourcountry? region (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). engaged, activeandempoweredcivilsociety. markets,andwithan governanceandglobal of multilevel effective withrepresentatives partnerships waysfornew find and role their redefine to need they words, other In of globalisation. dimensions and the socialconsequences transformations, theyneedtobecomemorereceptive and regional role inglobal aspire toplayaprogressive of state If power remainsaneminentchallenge.states and restructuring Sciences Report,thereorganisation As ofrelations. structure stresses intheWorld(2013) Guy Lachapelle Social acomplex in significance On the contrary, nation stateshavebeengivennew mean thatthenationstatehasbecomeirrelevant. do not decision-making and for democraticparticipation cross-border migrationanddemandsfor new structures levels. regional and national of challenges The growing problems Most efficientwaystocontributesolving Chart 5.4 association orafaithbased express politicalviews,to join orsupportcauses Using socialmediato Joining orsupporting Joining orsupporting Joining areligious individual action a politicalparty Joining social Through my movements Don’t know

How do you think you could most efficiently contribute initiative an NGO None 2 28 16 20 17 12 15 12 13 20 11 10 5 4 6 9 European countries

Base:

% ofallrespondentsby SEM countries is a scientific advisor at the of Science. advisor scientific a Institute for Political Sciencesat the Hungarian Academy is MISZLIVETZ Ferenc University. and Sciences, at the Corvinus Assistant Professor at the Hungarian Sciences of Political Academy of Jody JENSENisSeniorresearchfellowat the Institute The Anna Lindh Report 2014

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 48 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 49 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Democracy andCitizenship Nuances andDifferencesintheMeaningof Report, namely,citizenship. to democracy and inrelation set ofthe the of for the2013 Surveys conducted Foundation Lindh Anna stock much too taking in confidence over- dictateagainst three yearsingestation, nearly very élan, termedas universally the ‘Arab Spring’,now withthetwistsin the brevityoftimespanalong most. moment, nature ofthehistorical The open-ended tothe impresses which and citizenship, of democracy question inrelation hand, at figures the in quality binary the therefore is It fluidity. of time a at ‘mis-readings’ off exercise thatunlocks‘readings’ –whichdonotwrite is vitalforthesakeofacredible Contextualisation The attitudeoftolerance 1950). as in T. H. Marshall’s holistic interpretation(Marshall, membership andrefer to political, civil andsocialaspects and the status of to equality supposed accruefrom such ‘imagined’an within of belonging community political 1991). Similarly, citizenship is defined here as the quality (why) (Huntington, by ademocraticgovernment pursued government (how),andthenormsvaluestobe mechanisms offorming authority (who),theprocedural democracy here is simplified to stress the provenance of of template, theunderstanding or anidealistic institutions norms and applicable to pinitdownuniversally hesitate that democracy of definitions of aware Whilst North Africa (MENA)rubric. East and theMiddle under states, veryoftenlumped Mediterranean to Southern reference states, withspecial perception of democracy andcitizenshipin‘ArabSpring’ agenda: assessingthereceptionand analytical by aminimalist is guided which the tenorofthisarticle, is This 2014). (Sadiki, openings and stirrings attendant the ‘ArabSpring’ whichoffersand anarchofpossibilities is a challenging endeavour inthe context spawned by interpretation, and meaning of fixity defy and that concepts quantification the elastic equally of democracyandcitizenship, perception of analysis measurement of issues concerningthe appeal and an Proposing women asactorsofsocialchange,andtheacceptanceattitudesintegraltocitizenshiplearning. the diverse areas oftheMediterranean.In this context, the author highlights positive trends in the position of institutional nature. Larbi Sadiki explores the differences in the understanding of democracy by citizens from Mediterranean (UfM) is not perceived as a strong driver towards these values, in particular due to its While democracyisprincipallyassociatedwithtoleranceandrespectfordiversity,theUnion and ‘dignity’ ( hunger for‘freedom’unravelling ‘exploded’, ( the where of theMediterranean Arab Spring’s uprisings rim in countriesoftheSouthern firma,especially terra transformed sothatdemocracyandcitizenshiplandon to be and yetmoreneeds has changed; a greatdeal obfuscate, and confuse. Indeed, clarify and and hide, and reveal enlighten figures the Concomitantly, cosmopolitan aspirations. publics, tornbetweenascriptive attachmentsand tensions inafashionthatpoint toextremelyhesitant down by are fraughtwithambiguityand evenweighed withqualified exceptions asshallbepointed outbelow. The results – inparticular anything behind firmly as can theybetaken but bynomeans there aremajorities solid majoritiesforanyof the valuesmeasured.Indeed, of the presence indicate not do figures The nuance. suggest citizenship thing: one and fordemocracy predilections whose publics various confirms Survey The most sceptical(39%),(Chart6.1). negatively influence have future relations,withBelgiansand Turkish amongthe will it assessing 30% and impact, withapickof optimism amongDaneswith70.5% positive a have will it believing 40% of average an with (SEM)interviewees countries Eastern Mediterranean and Southern and most ofEuropeans among perceptions similar registers Poll Lindh/Gallup Anna The relations? What will bethe impact of the Arab SpringonEuro-Arab process inEgypt,Libyaand democratisation Tunisia? the Arab Springitself? What shape isgoingto take the 2015? Or have they beentatteredbythereversesof in and spacewhenthenextsetofsurveysisrecorded However, will thesecountrieswithstandthetest of time and citizenship. be associatedwithdemocracy norms thatcanreadily of idealisation wide-based of reflective citizenship, and of democracy over contestedimaginaries blood-letting tragic unabatedly in mired to Syria,still birthplace, from stretching vast geography Tunisia,the Arab Spring’s karamah ). The twonotionswere,acrossa Larbi SADIKI hurriyyah ) speech. of freedom and features: freedom to twopredominant – evenifthatisreduced of democracy understanding variables, thedataregisterapositive above mentioned stability.a threattosocial Takingthe into consideration as to whether culturalandreligious diversity constitutes neighbours. Mediterranean There ishowever, hesitation among 50% in SEM countries and 47% for their northern strong agreement of prosperity–withthePollregistering Similarly, 48%. as conduits diversity religious they valoriseculturaland and 59% respectively – backgrounds fromdifferentto people or religious cultural,political need toensureequalrightsandopportunitywithinsociety on the agree strongly SEM participants and European scores onvaluesassociatedwithdemocracy. Both an extent serves asacorrectivetotheaforementioned diversity.on culturalandreligious Mediterranean This to across bothrimsofthe respect tothestrongagreement comestotheforein withtheabove One dissonance the respondents’ democraticpriorities,closeto0%! to democratic institution-building, featureequallylowin integral equally of powers, and separation accountability are represented0.7%,political where people parliament a of diversity6.5%,rulethemajority2.5%,having recognition responses), toEuropean identical almost the 3.3%(incidentally latter decisions two in political are scores amere15.3%,the rule of law 8.8%,participation democraticinstitution, animportant yet. Freeelections, constitutive democratictraitsdoseemtobeasimpactful in the responses by SEM countries’ respondents, other democracy, freedom andof speech featurehigh made with Whilst onthescoreofassociations often progressiveandspansalongperiodoftime. is change where area an in especially up flagging worth that itis 2009 since of 27points a drop this value,with results inEgyptshowasubstantialshift with regardto SEM. with thelowestaverageamong poll The opinion (44.4%) Egypt and (38.3%) Poland country European of sixpercentagepointsbetweenthehighestscoring difference the significant is it and focus sharp into put 2012) andSEM countries (52.5%for the sameyear)is (25.5% for moral guidelines of absolute in theexistence the contrastbetweennumberof Europeans believing In thisregard, moorings. by ascriptive still underpinned Europe? The perceptionof ‘good’ and ‘bad’ seems tobe links, and50%in European Turkey, with territoryin as high79.6% in Morocco,a country withextensive with scores guidelines of absolute in theexistence believe determinacy asthebasisforpolitics)yetatsametime ethos thatrefuses might betermedacosmopolitan to what made withdemocracy(pertaining associations available readily as countries, SEM in 36.6% and 48.5% freedom andofspeech,given value highly In this vein, whatisoneto read from respondents who ‘Negative’ answers(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). and ‘Positive’ answers, ‘Negative’ effect: sum of ‘Very negative’ and all respondents,bycountry, where‘Positive’ effect: sumof‘Very positive’ trend intheperception of both Europeansand SEM who context and the Anna Lindh/Gallup Poll shows a positive indicator onthe pace of democracy withinanygiven position of women insociety constituteanimportant the around considerations Furthermore, (46%). Egypt in by the Irish participants (48%) and their SEM counterparts are close.Soarethosescored (55%) andMorocco(53%) in theUfM. membership The scoresin Albania in the uneven politicalprocess underpinning Turkish An interpretationof Turkish resultscouldbefound 22% and inPoland scores recorded Turkey 12.7%. seems tobemorepositivethannegative;thelowest relation to gender equality for both sets of respondents in (UfM) Mediterranean the for Union the of benefit the the minds of European andSEM participants. Generally, clues as gives additionalto the standing of democracy in identities democratic and citizenship equal engendering Gender equality as an important norminstrumentalto Women’s roleasanindicatorofdemocracy Survey Question: on therelationsbetweenEuropeand Arab countries? Spring’. Whatdoyouthink,willbetheultimateeffects ofthesechanges changes startedwithsocialmovementswhichhavebeencalledan‘Arab Chart 6.1 relations bycountry Ultimate effectsoftheArabSpringonEuro-Arab SEM countries European countries Denmark Germany Morocco Spain Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Egypt Italy

Most of the Arab countries are experiencing significant Positive 33 35 37 42 44 44 44 44 45 45 47 48 50 52 Negative 68 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 10 39 37 24 39 32 29 No effect 17 29 30 25 36 35 27 21 10 9 15 9 10 14 17 16 19 21 11 Base: 11 Don’t know 2 8 24 23 12 22 19 15 15 13 12 11 11 10 10

9 % of 7 5

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 50 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 51 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 democracy Words thatcometomindwhenthinkingabout Chart 6.2 think they are referring to)? DEMOCRACY, whatarethewordsthatcome toyourmind(whatdoyou by regions(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). uvy Question: Survey Participation inpolitical Respect anddignityfor Weak leadership/lots Having aparliament Rule ofthemajority of badcompromise Freedom ofspeech Peace andstability Large inequalities, favouring therich where peopleare Social conflicts/ Equality/equal Recognition of Free elections represented Rule oflaw everybody Prosperity treatment decisions Freedom diversity division Other

When someone is referring using the word 2 3 3 3 Base: 3 4 3 4 13 8 10 15 11 23 12 9 12 14 15 22 37 34 49 46 5 7 9 1 2 1 1 2 European countries

% of all respondents, % of mentions SEM countries future ًWomen’s role insocietyandexpectationsforthe Chart 6.3 oeaey ae h bnft wih il bedefinitely will about bytheUfM:thisis casewhen bought which benefits the rate moderately On the whole,respondents from SEM countries Mediterranean for the Germany with32%.Expectations fromtheUnion a and Tunisia in similar trendcanbetracedin Denmark scoring35%and 47% and Egypt in 30% registering is found in thetwoleading Arab Springcountries, on women’sin theexceptions decrease in society role close as possible to reality:anoticeable the foreseeable a resultas of womeninsocietyaremergedtoobtain the presentandfuturesituation the dataconcerning The scoresongender, across theboard,dropwhen trends identifiedinNorthernMediterraneancountries. behind stronger roleforwomen. These trendsareinlinewith affirmatively Egyptians of 48% and Tunisians of of 75% of Moroccans, 89% Albanians, Turks,of 63% the 2012 survey projectanoutcomeof solid majorities,with73% from years five in role women’s concerning years before(60%).Scoresrecordingfutureexpectations five to compared today women for role better a record greater role,thesame,orlesserrolethantheydid5yearsago? And Survey Question: role doyouthinktheywillbeplayingin5yearsfromnow? respondents, %bycountry(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). SEM countries European countries Denmark Germany Morocco Spain Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Egypt Italy Do youthinkthatwomeninyoursocietytodayplaya 30 47 52 68 68 69 32 35 40 41 41 46 47 50 59

Base:

% ofall

what of societies tolerance, namely towardsde-gendered power, etc.). Rather, it is expressedinattitudinalnorms of law,rule features (e.g.parliaments, of separation institutional through is notinterpreted of participants from theaboveisthat democracyintheminds generally opportunity,very and freedom.Whatcanbegleaned associated to gender roles, equality of rights and mainly of democracy values and the representations – butalso,andmoreimportantly,change positive with of asaprogenitor – thoughtoffairlyhighly Spring still comingtogripsnotonlywiththe of aregion Arab depict asynopticpicture The scoresdiscussedabove democracy promotionisamootpoint or inertia as the US seemed to be takingthe lead in or wrongly,rightly regimes authoritarian forsupporting distant past when theEUmight have beenblamed, too not the reflects of this Whether field transition. the democratic in leadership UfM the to questioning a as 29% and56%. respectively These resultsmightberead said thatwith this associationwas‘somewhat’possible who of people be thepercentages could more worrying inthedemocratisationprocess.Even civic participation of Tunisians associatedthe Mediterranean regionwith 25% and Egyptians of 40% only democracies, fledgling the ranksof and werepoisedtojoin their revolutions the faceof conducted, changed through Arab region was the survey to 2012when thatup the twocountries what theysayanddonotsay. InEgyptand Tunisia, for impressive are figures The responses. Europeans’ male and 29.1%of SEM femalerespondents,inlinewith SEM of 34% for only reality a is this that realise region andcivicparticipationindemocratictransitionwe the Mediterranean make between in SEMcountries Finally,at theassociationthat respondents whenlooking on theEuropeans. withoutheavyreliance of self-regeneration quite capable Turkish indicatethat respondents theircountryisnow colours flying curve of the learningcloseassociationwithEU, and with passed, already has Turkey since beself-explanatory might This benefit. potential a this in Turkey where in 2009 45% of respondents considered 19% and SEM countries, amongst percentage highest ranging between63%inEgypt, entrepreneurship, the SEM see inthe UfM is in relationwithinnovationand democracy, the ratings went up. The highest benefit that when coupledwithfreedom,ahighlyvaluedassociateof but of democracy mind whenaskedaboutthemeaning to people’sassociation asapriority not appear did law an averageof 37% wasrecordedandthat the ruleof be notedthatthelattervalueishigherthanin2009when of increase freedom andtheruleoflaw(39%).Still,itmust individual the (44%), people young for possibilities increased the (49%), environment the for improvements the Tunisia:48%), 57%; Morocco: 60%; Jordan: 60.6%; tothe diversity (Egypt: in therespectforcultural increase regards with benefits potential the considering attitudes integraltolearningdemocracyandcitizenship. be marching,slowlybut surely, towards acceptanceof seem to noted ascriptiveattachments,SEMparticipants and politically.religiously despite Onthisscorealone, and citizenshiptolerationof diversity, culturally, International Affairs, QatarUniversity. SADIKI Larbi isProfessorattheDepartment of The Anna Lindh Report 2014

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 52 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 53 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 the SouthernMediterranean Locally-Rooted YouthandSocialMovementsin varied fromone countrytoanother,the whichexplains and itsrhythmsaswell formshave asynchronously nevertheless importanttonote that this trendhasgrown it is countries of theMediterranean, for allsouthern identified perspective development parallel a in be, can features these If indoctrinated. widely and qualifications andpeoplewithlow of cohortsgraduates of unemployed number of anincreasing to theemergence contributed with lowproductivity.sphere, this Inthepublic the unstableeconomicandsocialsystemsthemselves, of ideologisation contentandmethodsof education, and impacts onrecruitmentandteachingprocesses,the of massification education takingplaceina context where socialhierarchy the include These effects. mastered to non led states butithasalso of post-colonial policies to thepublic is tobecredited of schooling The expansion Diversity in education and social media patterns globalisation. to unequal economies of national unstable adaptation by theeffectcrises and ofstructural economic and violentway in a context of inequality emphasised of recognition manifestedinamoreorlessassertive young people,on feelings of exclusion, injustice,lack and representationsbased,forthemajorityofthese work, tothebodyandfuture. These newpractices to the their societies,authorities,toothersandgenerally to relation in developed have that thesesocialgroups and newrepresentations practices of action,new modes new reveal movements These value. no of certifications market with in thelabour the weaknessoftheirinsertion educational the of of system, butwhohavenotharvestedfruitbecause diversification and consolidation have benefited since the independence from the growth, and part ofthesesocieties are thecentral by youth,who developmentalism. movementsaredriven These social becauseofthefailuresnationalist which wereignored with newsocialcategoriesattheforefrontofscene a serene sky. They arepartof a long-term perspective of the didnot Mediterranean appear as a thunderbolt in Social movementsthat affected the southerncountries they arerootedlocally,lessideologicalintheirnature,anddirectedtothesolutionofspecificissues. needs of social emancipation. What characterises many of these movements, the author argues, is the way new and opportunities work insufficient with graduates qualified highly of groups large the accommodate youth, they emergedas a natural result ofthestate of theeconomyandlabourmarket, which couldnot The socialuprisingsacrosstheArabregionweretobeanticipated,accordingAissaKhadri.Drivenby their basis in the contradictions at thecore ofEgyptian their basisinthe contradictions movements. ‘breaks’had At thesametime,Egyptian raised awareness,participated andfedtheprotest networks like‘Weanticipated, Said’have areallKhaled like Bloggers Tamer Mabrouk,Wael Abbas ‘Affendi’social have playedanimportantrole in theprocess. mobilisation Certainly inEgypt, modern means of communication and abroadwhothe are leadingsocialmovements. inprivateuniversities the middle-classchildreneducated Egypt are in media. Similarly social of protestersthrough on thesamedayacrossthirtycitiesinMoroccothousands Facebook network. This movement managed to mobilise largely by theyouth-leddevelopmentof explained the Morocco is of the‘20Februarymovement’in dynamism Morocco and that ofitsneighbors, behind Tunisia. The in in recentyears,itremainsfar hasincreased Algeria terms ofaccess. of Facebook the penetration Although countries. in behind are morelagging and Libya Algeria marks adifferencedissemination betweenthese Similarly,and means ofexchange accesstomodern the NorthMediterranean. withuniversitiesin remained closed toanyinterrelation waysof new participation. social andpolitical At the sametime,Libya establishing elites young of affirmation unions. are framedbyclientelist the This didnotallow in whichstudentbodies universities deinstitutionalise attempts to came late,andwithtimidindecisive more andinaccessible. was becoming Algeria which abroad to studying and education asphyxiated mass and to bothpublic an alternative class children which offered to middle classandupperworking- internationally system open education or semi-public level private ofahigh knew prettyearlythedevelopment to countriessuchasMorocco, Tunisia andEgyptwho their academicpath. during Thus itisnotedthatcontrary Tunisia, aremorefragmentedandlessmadeaware youth, incontrasttothoseofEgypt,Morocco,and We observethatthe and evenmoretheLibyan Algerian the protestsandsocialmovements. differentinto categories of entrythesesocial modes Aissa KHADRI What societycangainfromtheUfMbyagegroup Chart 7.1 parts oftheworking classandintellectualintelligentsia. has life, associative of opposition of thegrass-root the sustainability allowed migrants-related by influenced and, inMorocco,the emergence of labour unions, delegitimised, rootedand notentirely movement locally in Tunisia protests developed in connection to a labour Ifni and aleadat working-class Rdeyef in Tunisia. Thus as vanguard by morepoliticised ATTAC MoroccoinSidi directed and rooted locally mainly events were winter of the2011anticipatory movements social the riotsand moved from the national to the local. As a matter of fact, stapled totheState, and thesocialmovementshave remainlargely and Libyatheseintelligentsias Algeria of the andthoseleft intelligentsia out by the State. In occurs in national Tunisiathe backing Egypt through and level. more qualitative The translationofthelocalinto to pass a them meaning give and that maysupport articulation of these youthprotestswiththecategories the protests of their elders. This raises thequestionof led which issues ideologically-driven and geopolitical level andappearfurtherlessinterestedintheglobal and national regional focus moreonthelocal, demands, avariety social closer tounderlying modalities of newopposition They follow pragmatic. more and affiliations from political disconnected largely are communication, these youngpeoplemobilisedthroughmodernmeansof the Moroccanand Tunisiandays, intheearlier bloggers the oneof action, throughmovementssuchas‘Kifaya’or Breaking withthe ‘classic’modes of protest and political to thecontemporarylogicofnewsocialdynamics. through thesenewstructuresandresponding gathering of newactors, the emergence society whichallowed Survey Question: your societycangainfromsuchasharedproject? to establishcloserpolitical,economicandculturalexchanges,withinaprojectcalled‘UnionfortheMediterranean”.Whichoftheseaspectsdoyouthink Poll 2012). Attachment tospiritualandmoral Individual freedomandtherule Concern fortheenvironment Respect forculturaldiversity

Your country, withotherEuropeancountriesandtheonsoutherneasternshoreofMediterranean,hasdecided Youthful dynamism entrepreneurship Gender equality Social solidarity Innovation and values of law 89 85

83 83 81 Base: 78 European countries 77 74 % of all respondents of the sum of ‘Definitely’ and ‘Maybe’; by age group (© Anna Lindh/Gallup 73 74 74 79 80 80 82 83 these swallows, andthe small signsof hope that these observe thelow weightofthesesmallactive minorities, what is falsely identified as a ‘democratic spring’, we can long-term. In this way, without gettingcarriedawayby in the change of social of thelatterinprocess role communication technologies, and thereby relitivisethe a determining roleinthe social use of new mediaand thus importanttoreturntheculturalmatrixwhichplays than intheiroftenverytechnicaltools.It publicised is of theactorsrather and theinclinations socialisation of inthemodes reasons forcivicengagement and identify thecauses networks,wecanultimately of social the importance If weputinperspective capital. cultural with highsocio- through thesupportofcategories Actually,only leap protestscouldtakeaqualitative commitments. Youth new practices, new representations, new to berecognizedassuch. to theirsociallife,build,feel,assertthemselves, togivemeaning of opportunities are deprived individuals where on theotherhandinprocessofindividuation, andblockage more ‘pragmatic’youth, ‘ideological’and of aless arena in thepolitical in theassertion blockage groups. blockage: a double This demonstrates in meaningful not articulated reactive demonstrations, and since’88,theytaketheformofriot, appear unbridled are sharper.intelligentsia partly appointed Proteststhus and a manipulated basis and the social fractures between unions, theweaknessofassociations, subservient In effect wherethecombined Algeria, oftheroyalties, 84 85 84 82 82 82 76 72 SEM countries The Anna Lindh Report 2014 68 73 78 77 81 81 80 82 15-29 30+

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 54 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 55 Women’s roleinsocietybyagegroup Chart 7.2 We ofstudentswhose anymore arenottalking and now. categories, in another space, the Edenic city to find here certain for or world the in a place finding and affiliations, from national is marchingtowardsitsemancipation means andthroughnewpractices codes andnewrites, and media which, supportedbymoderncommunication generation, ofayoung point refusal andwasthebreaking of Bouazizi wasthe founding event which translatedthe forcing history,state, without we can Here thatthedeath have availedsofar. which of existing, and politics of doing ‘traditional’ways that areatoddswiththe methods forcitizenparticipation financialisation of the world today, and they present other of societies, to criminality, and to the excessesof the of to impoverishmentlargesegments the increased They carryandexpressnewwaysofrelatingtopolitics, Arab nationalism, Arab-Islamic, andIslamicnationalism. in nationalism national-developmentalist, its variousforms,including as defined here is which past, the with time thatbreaks They arepartofthesamegenerational to theworldandfuture. common intheirrelationship the momentandrevealingsomething same generational in mark,participating they haveacommongenerational all these groups relateto different social environment. Yet sector andthosewhocreatetheirownbusiness informal people whoareactiveinthe youth, youngstudents, men, unemployed young and women classes, young system, youthofthemiddle from theeducation excluded differences withinit should bemade:ruralyouth, those category and youth isnotahomogeneous Undoubtedly elites send. The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Survey Question: respondents bysocio-demographic; sbyagegroup(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). 15-29 15-29 Future role-in5yearsfromnow Current role-comparedto5yearsago 30+ 30+

Do you think that women in your society today play a greater role, the same, or lesser role than they did 5 years ago? 57 57 57 60 European countries European countries 35 34 37 34 5 7 3 4 3 3 to their lives, of building, of gaining recognition of facing recognition of gaining to theirlives,ofbuilding, of dignity for themselves and others, of finding a meaning national, theydreamofanotherspace,areinsearch and society, their referencesarenolongerexclusively to theirtime Belonging with statenationalism. collision commitment. political in appear Thus youngpeople parties, theypreferactionasaguarantorof individual realisation of elections free. Distant from the political requirements, freedomof speech, the expressionand and socialnetworks since they put forward, asprimary the most radical intheirengagement the public sphere their ownright(Chart7.2). Young peopleareprobably as actorsin assert themselves women young in which movements feminised largely and to categories referring of thelifecity. Wethat weare consider should and theyagreaterfor envisage them intheparticipation and the others they give moreprominenceto women improved. Opentotheworld somewhat have relations butthey toconsider are optimisticandthinkthattheEuro-Mediterranean issue an important are conflicts their exchange. Pragmatic,they do not deny that themes that stimulate theirinterestandcharacterise to bethemain appear The economyandbusiness (reference toChart7.1). withothercountries and inthedealings internally develop as activitiesandimportantaspectsto entrepreneurship relations, as Mediterranean wellas innovation and dimension as the most important dimension inEuro- put forwardtheeconomic interviewed that youngpeople shows Poll Lindh/Gallup Anna The utilitarian. more and The youthoftodayaremorepragmatic,lessideological, throughout thedecadesof the sixtiesandeighties. on apoliticalbasisall demonstations developed Greater role 63 64 67 66 The same Lesser role SEM countries SEM countries 25 20 16 20 7 10 9 9

Base: 10 Don’t know 5 6 6

% of all Most importantvaluestorespondentswhenbringinguptheirchildrenbyagegroup Chart 7.3 ourselves tosixvaluesonly, I’dliketoknowwhichoneofthesesixwouldyousayismostimportant whenraisingchildren? Question: Survey % ofsum‘Mostimportant’ and‘Secondmostimportant’ byregions”.(© ALF/Gallup OpinionPoll2012). status androleoftheindividualhisresponsibility. the of freedomandparticipation: to therequirements thatcangivemeaning thoseconditions struggles agenda puts ontopofthesocial and womenasagentsofchange youth of affirmation the pact’for ‘civic the circumstance, of theyoung example Amina in Tunisia. Underunstable by the toauthorityasillustrated of therelationship of grouped. These actionsalsomarkthe questioning emergence the affirm that and excluded hitherto standardised, the individual ways also are These phenomenon of‘HarlemSheke’inEgyptand Tunisia). or virtualgayprideintheMaghreb, homosexual ‘ZAK’of the page (i.e. thefacebook of sexuality Algerian of newissuesrelatedtotheprivatesphere emergence or the fundamentalists, and fatwas oftraditionalists and Tunisia, orthe‘publickiss’asareactiontoprohibitions the fastduringdayinMorocco, for breaking Algeria, the ‘Non-Fasters’, ‘Fataras’ or‘Massayminch’,whichcall as such examples find We communication. traditional are atoddswith which as newformsofexpression, humour, andself-reporting denunciation toprovocation, of styles,fromsubversive through achoice of expression large part of young people to affirm and express freedom offerThe publicspaceandsocialnetworking waysfora authoritarianism, asfreeindividuals(Chart7.3). In Europe Respect fortheother Family solidarity Religious beliefs Independence Don’t know Obedience Curiosity cultures In bringing up their children, parents in different societies may place different emphasis on different values. Assuming that we limit 55 49 29 24 19 19 6 7 14 18 21 27 52 15-29 62 +30 the MaghrebEurope InstituteatParisUniversity VIII. Aissa In SEM Respect fortheother is Professor of Sociology and Director of Director and of Sociology KADRI isProfessor Family solidarity Religious beliefs Independence Don’t know Obedience Curiosity cultures 49 48 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 27 28 23 12 Base: 6 7 9 18 25 27

% ofallrespondents, 15-29 50 56 +30

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 56 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 57 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Arab Women The EvolvingSocietalRoleandMediaImageof monitor the changes that have affectedthe changes thathave monitor recently women for itsprogress, that womenplay of therole awareness with academicsto working incollaboration raise society’s about women andtheirroleby and misconceptions legacies concepts, traditional of prevailing the change address and policies development social comprehensive of totheachievement contribute is potential:mediacould excessively onnegativestories. At thesametime,there to focus tending erroneous, some casescompletely – isoftendistortedandin orvisible audible readable, by women today. That image in somemedia– experienced diversity social the and cultural the reflect reflect not not does media at the progress theyhavereached Arab levelanditdoes the in image Women’s The imageofwomeninthemedia in themediaandinstitutions. the extent of disparity betweenboth sexes canbefound Perhaps theclearestexampleshowing to discrimination. which seepracticesofpowerandrigidtraditionsleading conditions and economic inthecurrentsocial a change covenants couldremainadeadletterwithout legislative bilateral andinternationalassistanceagreements,such of Arab women’sissues inthecontextof development of HumanRights,aswelltheinclusion Declaration rights andtheirequalitywithmenby the Universal Despite therecognitionandprotectionofwomen’s women? men and between inequalities still causequalitative conditions societal do Or field? social and professional their statusinthe intermsofimproving from thisprogress equality and freedom, we reflect: Have women benefited of justice, and concepts rights issues the riseofhuman of field the media andinformationbyaclimatedominated in revolution a by characterised progress technological and scientific of context a In processes. to development andparticipationindecision-making various aspectsofciviclifefromthespherefreedom, as ittouchesupon and modernisation renaissance The genderissueiscentralintheprocessofsocial future rolesinMediterraneansociety,theauthorarguesthatthereisstillmuchtobedone. and current women’s of perception the in trend positive a signify results Poll Lindh/Gallup Anna latest the of the problem is the type of image that women, and in particular Arab women, receive in the media. While equality remains out of focus in the process of social modernisation. Mahasen Al Eman suggests that part gender of issue the yet freedom, and justice rights, of sphere the in significantly developed has Humanity level supportedalsobytheworkofnon-governmental women, not only at the official level but at the grass-roots of thecause awareness the mediaandincreased that, we cannot denythe change of women’s image in said team.Having production is attributedtothewhole success or failure the and production final the on credit authors of female scripts donotgetthedirect TV series and distinctintellectualartistic work. Sometimes, to presentanew,and willing daring absolutely surprising or who wereeitherfamousorextremelywealthy women of and distinctiveexperiments were onlyindividual mediarecently,and readable in thevisual,audible these experiments production the successofseveral Despite publishing financing, account. press ontheirown and management house movie and out to carry projects production, ability financial and literary the acquired areas attractingtheleastinterestof women untilthey among the years many for was field production media tobusinessmenandproducers. small ifcompared The inthe is increasing women Arab society, yetitisstill Statistical studiesshowthatthepercentageofbusiness and presentrelevantrolemodels. Base: 5 yearsago? than theydid role role, thesame,orlesser greater in And Survey Question: Doyouthinkthatwomeninyoursociety todayplaya Women’s roleinsociety Chart 8.1 European countries European countries Women’s futurerole(in5yearsfromnow) Women’s roletoday SEM countries SEM countries % of all respondents by regions (© Anna Lindh / Gallup Poll 2012). Greater role The same 58 56 63 66 Mahasen ALEMAM Lesser role 34 36 23 18 Don’t know 8 9 4 7 9 5 4 2 of allrespondentsbycountry(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). greater role,thesame, or lesserrolethantheydid5yearsago? Survey Question: Doyouthinkthatwomeninyoursocietytodayplaya Women’s currentrolebycountry Chart 8.2 view was often mentioned by 63% of the respondents by 63% was often mentioned view this pointof also saidso,versus 61%ofwomen;while (SEM) region the SouthernandEasternMediterranean aged 30yearsoldor older in Europe.65%of men in by 57%oftherespondents this wasmentioned while aged 15to29yearsold; of 60%therespondents women saidthe same. European This wastheopinion theEuropean of 59% role,while57%ofthe men saidthatwomenplayalarger ago, years five than smaller or the roleofwomeninsocietytodayissame,larger that believe whether people the question In answering over 30yearsofage). people and 15 to29yearsold and ageof distribution respondents (people between to thegender according are hereexamined Results year period(Charts8.2,8.3). five- a over society in role future and current women’s shores intheperceptionof and SouthMediterranean of Poll markapositivetrendamongpopulationtheNorth Lindh/Gallup Anna the of results The context. political and energy in the Arab countries andinthe current geo- Womensources ofchange areoneofthe underlying Perspectives onwomen’s roleinsociety organisations. European countries SEM countries Denmark Germany Marocco Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Poland Turkey Jordan Egypt Spain Italy Greater role 45 54 56 50 58 The same 62 64 64 63 65 74 75 70 70 78 Lesser role 26 33 18 42 41 23 34 29 19 33 29 17 25 Don’t know 15 19 22 Base: 16 9 11 9 5 7 4 6 6 6 3 4 2 2 % men of the Southern Mediterranean population believed population men oftheSouthern Mediterranean 29 to However,years oldand7% ofolderrespondents. 10% of 15 aged respondents of 4% women, European so versus.7%of as 6%ofmenmentioned population, the percentageisloweramong NorthernMediterranean whether women’s role today is lesser than five years ago, and 20% of older respondents.In answering the question 15 to29yearsold aged 25% ofrespondents women, and among 24% versus role same the still have women that over 30yearsof age. In SEM countries, 22%of men said people of 34% and Europeans young of 60% of women, of opinion 33%of European menand35%of European role is the same as five years ago, we find that this is the Looking at the responsesof those whobelievewomen’s their increasedcontributiontoeconomicdevelopment. to addition in positions, governmental higher and parties in parliament, participation and theriseoftheirpolitical due to the riseofratioamongwomen university education by womeninSEMcountries achieved progress the large age. and of theirgender of in light This canbeexplained higher inof the populationSEM countries, regardless however,and SouthernMediterranean; are percentages of theNorthern population close percentagesbetween aged 30yearsoldorolder. It is notedthatthereare respondents the of 64% versus old years 29 to 15 aged Women’s futurerolebycountry Chart 8.3 country (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). greater role, the same,orlesserrole?Base: 5 years from now, do youthinkthat women inyoursocietywillplaya to theirpresentroleinyoursociety, Question:Compared in Survey European countries SEM countries Denmark Germany Marocco Belgium Albania Tunisia Ireland Turkey Poland Jordan Egypt Spain Italy Greater role 49 48 50 The same 53 56 59 60 59 62 63 66 73 75 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 78 89 Lesser role %ofallrespondentsby 18 15 48 44 37 15 18 36 29 31 33 33 Don’t know 18 13 15 22 8 18 6 4 3 8 4 10 7 3 3 5 6 9 6 6 1 2 2 2

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 58 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 59 (Charts 8.4,8.5). years arepositive,particularlyamongSEMcountries five coming the during region Euro-Mediterranean the in women’sOverall, thefutureexpectationsconcerning role thirty yearsorolder.aged vs. 7%ofrespondents decline older,it will believed 15-29 aged and9%ofrespondents aged thirtyyearsor versus 16%ofrespondents change not will role that woman thought aged 15-29 respondents aged thirtyyearsorolder.respondents However,of 20% society will grow during the coming five years, vs. 67% of respondents aged15-29thoughtthat woman roleinthe role willdeclineversus6%of women. By age, 66%of 19% of women. 10% of men believedthat woman of men thoughtthat woman rolewillnot change versus so, while17% respondents aged30orolderbelieved aged 15to29and67%of By age,66%ofrespondents saidso. who women of 66% versus years five coming the role inthesocietyduring have abigger women will of SEMcountries,67%menthought As forpopulation same view4%ofEuropeanmenversus5%women. Of the deteriorate. it will consider thirty yearsorolder aged 5% ofrespondents and to 29 aged 15 respondents older respondents consideritwillstaythesame,3%of or older,aged 15to29and35%of 37%ofrespondents 30 years aged of Europeans with theview grow; inline respondents aged15to29thoughtthatwomen’s rolewill decline will it considered men from versus 5%ofwomen.Byage,57%Europeans of 4% and 37% women versus of years five coming the during change not of European menbelievedthat the role of woman will 34% while women, European of 54% versus years five the coming role during haveabigger that womenwill Looking to the future, nearly 58%of European mensaid 30 yearsofage. of women whosaidsoand9%of youth vs. 10% of over vs. 9% that theroleofwomanintheirsocietiesdeclined society, women can find contexts framing their work and work their framing society, contexts find can women civil the woman emancipation movement.In an active civil influential and effective impact on has had anegative society organisations of number limited The decision-making positions. for theaccessofwomento ceiling there isaninvisible as otherlaws.Besides, security lawsas well and social to gender gapsinthepersonalstatus, labor, retirement as aseparateunitinmany Arab countries,thusleading women old frameworksanddonotcompletelyrecognise still stemfrom of oursocieties the movement governing or unconsciously.consciously either reality Legislations still controlour which and socialleavings psychological covenants, historical, as deep as well own societies but fromour ofinternational ratification official the from do notonlystem in frontoftrueequality The obstacles Hinders to Arab womenmarch The Anna Lindh Report 2014 2012). % of all respondents by socio-demographics (© Anna Lindh / Gallup Poll a greaterrole,thesame,orlesserrolethantheydid5yearsago Question: Survey current roleinsocietybygenderandagegroup Youth andwomenperspectiveoncurrentwomen’s Chart 8.4 positions. the practiceandthen inleadership then through training, through first role their play can they which in structures role insocietybygenderandagegroup Youth andwomenperspectiveonwomen›sfuture Chart 8.5 2012). % of all respondents by socio-demographics (© Anna Lindh / Gallup Poll a greaterrole,thesame,orlesserrole thantheydid5yearsago Question: Survey By Agegroup By Gender By Agegroup By Gender Female Female Male 29-15 29-15 Female Female Male 30+ 30+ 29-15 29-15 Male Male 30+ 30+ Greater role Greater role Doyouthinkthatwomeninyoursociety todayplay Do youthinkthat women inyoursocietytodayplay 54 57 57 58 The same The same 57 57 59 61 65 66 67 64 66 63 60 67 Lesser role Lesser role European countries European countries European countries European countries 34 37 19 35 17 16 20 20 35 37 22 34 25 33 24 34 SEM countries SEM countries SEM countries SEM countries Don’t know Don’t know 10 7 6 10 9 9 10 9 7 5 3 4 6 7 7 4 Base: Base:

the rise in their overall contribution to economic activities to economic contribution the riseintheir overall sector.by theindustrial sectors followed defense Despite workforce centers in the and public administration activities, thefemale toeconomic according workers of female was registered.Intermsofthe concentration a higherof presence women teaching universitystaff education, of femaleprimary andhigher the increase to males whose illiteracy rate in 1994 was only 7.5%. With 20.7% in 1994 but the rate is still much higher compared to 1979 in 48.2% from decreased has illiteracy Female and courses participating insit-insandmarches. training organising leaflets, distributing membership roles, linked to secondary affairs suchas attention offered to men and theygrantwomenmarginal them withthesame to join women inviting attracting and do notfocus in theirpoliticalandmediadiscourseson the obstacles.Moreover,overcome mostoftheparties a most ofthemdonotproposeeffectiveto mechanisms reflect programmes these of thewomen’sunderstanding conventional rolesand women, for spaces of despitethepresence party programmes, within political councils. municipal As forthetreatmentofgenderissues current status. In 1983,theyweregrantedtoparticipatein women strengthen that would laws to enact able were theJordanian of parliamentary elections,six women wereelectedand the history in time first the for 2003, obtained women Jordanian the electoral and running rightsfor parliaments and,in 1974, In members. 886 increases significantly every year, and in 2002 it reached in thesyndicate registered The numberoffemalelawyers Jordanian womeninfocus and will. rights, hopes persons having as independent existence and their positions as leadersinthedecision-making on theiracting thus castsadarkshadow duties, and and rights in men to equal are who partners active influential commitment. Besides,thisimpactsontheirimageas seriousness, continuityand from trueprofessionalism, between studyandmarriage. This drivesthemaway it asatemporarystage women workwhileconsidering and supportmeasures.Manyeducated legislative years withoutthenecessary the houseinprevious outside consequences on the family causedby women labour by thenegative they arehaunted on theotherhand while protector andinthiswaytheguarantorofsocialstability areitsmainstayand the socialstructureandwomen in place first the occupies family the that consider they since roles several their among balance a yet identified call for a change. Arab womenthemselveshavenot women’sof theirnewroles and awareness education well-being, thefamily life requirements, the economic even if societies Arab most in modified been not have women to the house andmento public lifeandattitudes confines roles of distribution traditional the Furthermore, recommendations pushingforwardgenderissues. studies and climateanditsresulting international general their multi-facetedrole,andto take advantageofthe and beings as separate of women the recognition hinder that amongthem,toreformlegislations required balance the roles andachieve to carryouttheirmultiple women templates ofwork. and traditional enable This will practices the administrative alike, andre-considering present, raisingsocialawarenessof men andwomen in relationtothevaluesthey school curricula reviewing paying fullattentionto women’s fundamental rights, gender issuesinthe Addressing Arab countriesmeans this representsonlyaround7%. Women Media Center(AWMC) in Jordan. Mahasen AL EMAM isFounderandDirectorofthe Arab The Anna Lindh Report 2014

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 60 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 61 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Africa, in Europe only30%ofwomenareinmanagerial Africa, inEurope North East and the Middle in 28% is 17%,and type ofjob the salary gap betweenmenandwomenfor the same Europe in 2012), (UNECE, 2009 in Europe in 46% and 2011,male was72%(World was20%while Bank,2012) force, in in thelabour participation female Mediterranean of the shore on thesouthern the contextofouranalysis: the professionalandpoliticalsectors can helpussetting that womenandyouthoccupyin at theplace Looking Sharp realityandpositiveoutlook cooperation, thefutureofitspeopleandsocieties. and womenontheprospectsforEuro-Mediterranean are nowinapositiontorevealtheviewsofyoungpeople we trendsintheregion, of emerging an analysis data, and origin.Basedonnew of theirgeographical regardless affiliation, religious or education of level occupation, of whether students, women, orpeoplewithdifferent kinds differenceand convergence groups, social between of points identify and across theMediterranean divides Statistics canhelpovercomeNorth-SouthandEast-West Women’s Eyes Euro-Mediterranean RelationsthroughYouthand it willchangein5years? Question: Survey Taking everythingintoconsideration,whatwouldyousay, comparedto 5yearsagoyourpresentlifesituation,is? And howdoyouexpect Personal lifeevaluationbyagegroup Chart 9.1 Future expectations(in5yearsfromnow) Present experience(comparedto5yearsago) 15-29 15-29 30+ 30+ European countries confidence intraditionalinstitutionstoaddresssocialproblems,contrastgrowingcitizenparticipation. attached tocuriosity,independence,andculturaldiversity.Atthesametime,authortacklesdiminishing central groups, highlighting how youth dynamism and intercultural openness are supported by the importance exposes optimismtothefuture.EleonoraInsalacopresentsregionalanalysisfrompointofviewthesetwo polling Lindh/Gallup Anna latest the societies, their in face women and people young challenges the Despite 28 40 45 Base: %allrespondents,by socio-demographics(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). 65 41 31 33 21 22 30 21 12 previous 5 years and areeven more optimisticwhen to the is eitherthesameorhasimprovedcompared life situation that theirpersonal consider and women image takes shape.Infact, in 2012,amajorityofyoungpeople positive more a Poll Lindh/Gallup Anna the for interviewed when expressed and women people young Despite this reality, when looking closerat the opinion of and thedependenceofyouthontheirfamilies. jobs of temporaryandnon-standard led totheincrease 4%. also of crisis increase The unemployment adult the to of 26%compared in Europejumped unemployment crisis between2008and2011of youth theincrease in Europe(ILO,2012)andbecauseoftheeconomic East andNorth was 27%intheMiddle Africa andof21% is not rosier since,in2012,therateof unemployment in 2010. parliament, The pictureaboutyouthemployment of members 23% and governments, in2008, in women with only23%of arenotmuchhigher women inpolitics only 14% of them werememberof parliament, in Europeratesof in2012 and 2005), Safieddine, and Sidani, recently beguntojointheranks of managers(Jmaali, positions whilein Arab countrieswomenhaveonly SEM countries 55 54 64 Better 67 The same Eleonora INSALACO 28 30 Worse 17 19 8 Don’t know 16 7 15 Negative, orwithNoeffect? Base Spring’. ‘Arab an What do you think, will be the ultimate effects called of these changes on the relations between Europe and the Arab countries? Will been these changes be: Positive, have which movements social with started changes significant experiencing are countries Arab the of Question:Most Survey their children, and a fair political, judicial and social and judicial a fairpolitical, and their children, dignity, forthemselvesand better economic conditions to the streets and called for freedom, respectfor their of 2011young people,womensincethe beginning went On thesouthernshoreof people, the Mediterranean, negative consequences(Chart 9.2). in bothgroupsof respondents whothinktherewillbe countries sharethis view, against andanaverageof 30% SEM in women of 39% and youth of 45% and Europe in about Arab populations. 50% of youth and 41% of women world in thewestern is spreading which image the new from side mightoriginate from theEuropean especially result of the so called Arab Spring sucha positive outlook and Europe between as a improve Arab countrieswill Both women andyoungpeoplereckonthat relations tough economiccrisis. through a Europe isliving revisions while constitutional of regimes orthebeginning political long established of 2011felt sincethebeginning witheither thefallof the outcomeof the windowofpeople opportunities counterparts mightbe rather thantheirEuropean in SEM expressed bypeople The morepositiveview to Chart9.1). and 66% of young peopleinSEM countries (reference Europeans and 66%inSEMcountries,57%ofyoung This corresponds to the view of 54% of women in Europe compared tothelastyears. improved society hasalready of womenandyouthalsoassessthatwomen’s rolein and 17%evenforeseeingaworsescenario. A majority with only 47% expecting an improvement of the situation European womenshowa higher degreeof scepticism 5 years,only in thecoming improve their lifewill believe in SEMcountries (SEM), and66%ofwomen countries Eastern Mediterranean and Southern in Europe and in looking at the future, since around65%of youth, both Ultimate effectoftheArabSpringonEuro-Arabrelationsbygenderandagegroup Chart 9.2 By AgeGroup By Gender Female 15-29 Male 30+ European countries : %ofallrespondents,bysocio-demographics(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). 41 43 48 50 30 31 31 28 11 10 11 10 18 15 12 11 uprisings havemanagedtoshake. which hasbeenquitewidespreadandthe Arab and Europeanthinkingbuttriesto expose aperception of Westernstatement constitutesalsoageneralisation block “A threat to be carefulabout”. Of course this into onebig men, youthworkersandpensioners and women doctors andengineers, Lebanese, and andEgyptian, people asdiverseMoroccans Tunisian 2001 andthe“War on Terror” andwhichhomogenised which hadbeenbuilt population upsinceSeptember about image the stereotyped to putinquestion Arab them. The strengthof these movementsmanaged have much more in commonthanwhatdistinguishes that people livingonthe two shoresof the Mediterranean western countriesandcontributed to the understanding and other in Europe to whatwashappening and typology system. These socialmovementsintime corresponded countries relying on traditional political parties and countries relying ontraditional SEM in women of 16% and youth of 14% to compared not include TurkeySEM) and17% in Europe, among raise for (percentages we do Arab youthto30%when of youth andaround18%of women inSEM countries basis for positive social change: this is a belief for 21.4% and foremost action asa themselves andtheir individual first trust to appear They development. and expression level of trust in politicalpartiesas vehicles of social ways ofdoingpoliticsandalow with thetraditional and youngmenshowacertainlevelofdisillusionment women explain whyonbothshoresoftheMediterranean change within societies. Arab andEuropean This might force for be adriving will which before and experienced never probably and socialparticipation of expression have acquired more self-confidence and exercised a right Women inthedemonstrations students participating and Social movementsontherise SEM countries 40 39 45 45 Positive Negative The Anna Lindh Report 2014 31 34 30 33 No Effect 14 12 15 14 Don’t know 17 15 10 8

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 62 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 63 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Differences, however, canbenotedatthecountrylevel the longtermchangeoftheirsocieties. to impactin new waysoforganisations to explore need and thattheybecameawareofits limitations andofthe and asasourceofmutualinformation, demonstrations, inthe2011people to mobilise applications, and2012 Arab countries,madeoffacebook,twitterandmobile in the could befoundinthehighuseyouth,especially explanation a possible about socialimprovement: bring to young peoplewhoconsiderthis a useful toolto the percentageofadultscompared it ishigher countries that inSEM however it isworthmentioning media, to social Europe), (Chart9.3).Onthelastpointrelated in SEMcountriesand9%ofwomen10%youth Europe), andsocialmedia(for6%ofwomenyouth SEM countriesand10%ofwomen16%youthin and NGOs(for2%ofwomenyouthin in Europe) youth in SEM countries and21% of youth andwomen such as social movements(for 12% of women and forms ofparticipation confer theirtrusttoemerging society abetterplacetoandwomen live, youngpeople commitment tomaketheir Besides theirindividual around 10%inEurope(Chart9.3). Most efficientwaystocontributesolvingproblems-byage Chart 9.3 Chart compiledbyE. Insalacousingdatafrom Anna Lindh/GallupPoll(©Insalaco, Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). group. age by respondents all of % Base: country? your in problems the solving to contribute efficiently most could you think you do How Question: Survey In Europe Joining socialmovements express politicalviews,... Joining orsupportingan Joining orsupportinga association orafaith... Through myindividual Using socialmediato Joining areligious political party action None NGO 0 5 10 15 20 25 worth noting at the European level also the relatively low level alsotherelatively worth notingattheEuropean institutions. It and internationalis parliament national even thoughthe level of trust has risentowardstheir politicians and parties little trustinpolitical and in politics NGOs. Youngalso showalowlevelofinterest Europeans and associations religious churches, or organisations, groups to recreational as compared of people number for averysmall parties areawayofsocialparticipation about youngEuropeans’political socialengagement, 2007, EurostatReport2009) 2006, Eurobarometer Social Survey to recentstudies(European According movements. to newsocial to theadherence importance 16% ofMoroccans,11%attach more ofJordanians 15% of (27.3%) andGermans(26.1%)while Tunisians, Irish (30.4%), Spanish with together change social for the mostinNGOsasvectors are thosewhobelieve Turks of % the lowestrateamongSEM). registering Young 0.6 Polish to compared Danes of (34.8% action who howeverrateveryimportantalsotheirindividual Turks (32.2%)andquitehighalso among Danes(26.9%) party politics that is the first form of participation for young in to thebelief be madeinrelation could comparisons agreeing. only 5%ofyoungEgyptians Also interesting and action trigger forsocial this asagood considering with 18%ofyoung TunisiansJordanian of young 19% and In SEM Joining socialmovements express politicalviews,... Joining orsupportingan Joining orsupportinga association orafaith... Through myindividual Using socialmediato Joining areligious political party action More than30yearsold None NGO 0 10 20 15-29 yearsold 30 40 of life in Europe ranging from itseconomy (70% in2012 of lifeinEurope ranging relative interest thanadultsinallaspects show ahigher friends andtravelling. Youngerin SEMcountries people or movies,making foreign television books, watching newspapersor foreign cuisine,readingforeign-language culturesmainlythrough to engagewithforeign inclination young Europeans’studies (Eurostat,2009)underlining to 75% in2009). This datais further supportedbyother compared 2012 in (84% countries SEM of lifestyle and life the cultural interest in a major expressed Europeans countries onthe other shoreof the Mediterranean. Young level of interest theyhaveinnews and informationabout the high and independence and they putoncuriosity value Youthfrom the also emerges openness dynamismand 48% Turkey 71%,Morocco52%. in Germany59%,Ireland50%andPoland registered of society. The highestlevelofyouthskepticismwas diversity mighthavea negative impact onthe stability countries and 45% of European youth also consider that SEM from youth of 48% however, (86%); society their for that diversityisasourceofprosperity awareness society andthe rights tominoritygroupswithin equal of totheguarantee by theirlargelypositiveresponse (86%). integration social more is consolidated view This and withintheirsocietieswishtosee in theregion could be motivated bytheirawarenessof the diversity value. On the other hand,SEM younger generations intercultural encounterconsider it an aspiration-driven for fewer opportunities having older generations while technologies the new stages andthrough school early inthe isareality it sincetheir youth whoexperience lives ofEuropean diversity that fact the reflect could to adultsandtheotherwayroundforSEMyouth. This youth compared for European importance lower a slightly to remarkisthatrespectforothercultureshas interesting value forEuropeansandthirdSEM.Whatis most important as thesecond respect forothercultures 60.8% inEurope),andwomenidentify young people and countries SEM in women of 54.6% for (especially Besides the central importancerecognisedto the family region. strong socialbasisforaroundthe future cooperation from the two shores of the constitute Mediterranean a as thelevelofmutualinterestamongpeople Poll aswell from the value mapemerging The Euro-Mediterranean for futurecooperation basis a as diversity to openness and Curiosity are now finding through non-traditionally-structured through social action. finding now are women space ofaction and thebigger in politics women (21%). of low number This maybeduetotherelatively and thehigherbeliefinpotentialof social movements level oftrustwomenintraditionalpartypolitics(11%) priorities. majority showsanimportantlack of knowledge others’ level anda nor attheindividual neither attheinstitutional which couldbedonetoimprovetheirsociety is nothing of social actiona strident minority(~20%)thinksthat there in thepotential believing ofindividuals important numbers theinternational to despitetherelatively and nationalcommunitiesbecause isaddressed bell wake-up final A systems inplace. the current and ahead the challenges assessing when since theymaintainalevelofrealism their approach in committed, optimisticaboutthefuturebutpragmatic The analysisrevealstwosocialgroupssocially an invertedcorrelationbetweenthesetwodimensions. exposed toandthismayexpose intercultural exchanges are alsoless . Comparedtoyouthandmenwomen in SEM cultural lifeandlifestylehasincreasedof 6%) whileEuropeanwomen’sabout theeconomy; interest European culture,5%fortrendsandof religious 9% between 2009 and 2012 (of 4% for SEM women towards however, their overalllevelofinteresthasincreased interest; cross cultural less they show to men comparison Womena bitmoreintrovertedsincein emerge 2012 -47%in2009). culture (68% in 2012 - 62% in 2009) to religion (52,4% in life (68,5%ofyouth),to to thepolitical - 63,2%in2009), Lindh Reporton Intercultural Trends. of the and theCoordinator Anna LindhFoundation Anna INSALACO Eleonora is ProgrammeManagerat the The Anna Lindh Report 2014

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 64 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 65 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 of unemployment (Prentoulis and (Prentoulis of unemployment Thomassen, 2013), European countries affected by austerity and highlevels among in target whentheyspread European residually only and national, primarily have been movements across North Africa. EvenifthefocusofEurope’s protest crisis thanasanoffshoot of the proteststhat arose earlier in thecontextofEurozone analysed more oftenbeen of ‘losindignados’movement has for example, Spain, in on bothsidesof the Mediterranean. The protest effectsMediterranean, andprotestwitnessed of change Spring’ theortrans- have encapsulatedsub-regional, referred toasthe variously Arab Awakeningsor ‘Arab of whatisnow This Surveyapart,notmanyexaminations Mobilisation acrosstheregion Mediterranean space,andperhapsmostimportantly, why. debate aboutwhatmatterstopeopleinandbeyondthe remains in doubt; what it may do is enrich and diversify the contributes toformingasharedvisionoftheMediterranean the waypeopleviewworldaroundthem.Whetherthis now than in 2009 which objectively and subjectively shape responded to. In reality, there are many more contexts context withinwhichthequestionsareposedand interpreted, however, assumesthatthereisacommon part, indicate longer-term trends. How the responses are of adjusting to new circumstances. They may also, in static, representinginsteadaninsightintotheprocess This meansthattheviewsexpressedareunlikelytoremain self-expression. of forms new to open as well as flux of state a in is that totheNorthandSouthofMediterranean, a region, reflects necessarily survey this 2012, of half latter the in aftertheeventsof2011of 2009.Conducted predecessor more immediaterelevanceto what comes next than its of interculturaltrendsis Euro-Mediterranean alsoof Lindh/ about thecurrentstate Poll Surveyreveals Gallup Anna 2012 the What ways. circumstantial and in moretangential seized opinion of public images moment in time to confirm, or even confound, schematic Opinion surveys are extremelyusefulfor capturing a Euro-Med Region A VisionforSocialandCulturalRelationsinthe end thetop-downframeworks,whichrisktocontinuebeingatdistancefromcitizenswhotheyserve. movements in Europe.The author also calls uponpolicy-makers to acknowledge that the time has come to coherent body, explaininghowthesouthern ‘Arab Spring’mighthave inspired the‘indignados’andother brought on by exchange among the actors of the region. Claire Spencer analyses the Mediterranean as one understanding, and knowledge better for appetite growing a reveals Survey Lindh/Gallup Anna latest The some countries Interest innewsandinformationaboutEuropean/ Chart 10.1 and ‘Somewhat interested’ by regions (© Anna Lindh / Gallup Poll 2012). their ... ?Base: about information and have innews you saypersonally interest would Survey Question: Saharan migrantsoff the Italianislandof Lampedusa in bythetragicdeath-tollofsub- migration, unleashed The reneweddebateabout trans-Mediterranean be determined. defined Euro-Mediterranean space, however, remains to years. Whethertheytakeplacewithinamoreconsciously movementsincoming similar andre-inspire, to inspire, in newwaysoutsideformalpoliticalstructures is likely side oftheideathat the Mediterranean,societiescanact highlight haveyet to be fullymet or resolvedoneither they 15”). Whilethesedemandsandthechallenges of current self-interest political establishments(seeManifestoof ‘Movimiento financial perceived the from excluded the economicdemandsofwholepopulations as on andparticipation inclusion on demandsforpolitical protesters havealsobeenfocusedasmuch European protests tookinSpain,Greeceandbeyond. street the formthatyouth-led inspired 2010 December the exampleset by eventsin Tunisia andEgyptfrom late cultural lifeandlifestyle economic conditions religious beliefsand political changes practices Thinking about SEM / European countries, how much % of all respondents ; %ofsum‘Veryrespondents %ofall interested’ 51 68 68 78 67 82 65 85 European countries Claire SPENCER SEM countries political and economic developments on the otherside political andeconomic developments divides, inreceiving newsandinformation about acrossgenerational levels ofinterest,including personal protest movements. high registers data polling The 2012 generational’and ‘new based of theregion’s outlook core region hascomeunderafresh spotlight,giventheyouth- been expectedfrom a period inwhich the Mediterranean understanding. withwhatmighthave This isin keeping and appetite formutualknowledge there isagrowing since 2011, thesurveydatacertainlydemonstrates that In respect of the evolutionofrelations Euro-Mediterranean people withinandbeyondtheMediterraneanregion. and humane,waysofthe addressing movementsof clearly recognisednowistheneedformoreimaginative, been has What 2014). RFI, (i.e., flows migration illegal and control level sofartopolice at aninter-governmental albeit only established, that hasalreadybeen cooperation states, there may be newopportunitiesto build onthe for transiting domestic aswellexternalchallenge problem of sub-Saharan migrationhasbecomea are likelyto remain. Alternatively, and nowthat the the northernandsouthernshoresofMediterranean between links intensified more establishing to obstacles October 2013 (BBC news, 2013), suggeststhat existing Interactions intheEuroMedregion Chart 10.2 Poll 2012). countries? European Base: / SEM from persons) (or person any with met or Question: Survey European countries % of all respondents ; % of ‘Yes’ by country (© Anna Lindh / Gallup SEM countries Denmark Germany Belgium Morocco Albania Ireland Poland Tunisia Turkey Jordan Spain Egypt Italy In the last 12months have youpersonallytalkedto 71 71 72 75 81 79 84 71 71 72 75 81 79 84 mentions byregions(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). Those whotalkedtoormetwithpersonsfromothercountries;%of did youmeetortalktothatperson? Question:How Survey eierna, uh s ooc, hc ae reflected are which Morocco, as such Mediterranean, through business and the tourist destinationsof the southern contacts most register typically overall) (41% Europeans of the Mediterranean. of thenorthernshores interact directlywithothersremains skewedinfavour to Europe, theopportunity of greatermobilitywithin 2011 that in favour be reviewed South-North visaregimeswould from assurances European official Despite overall) . and adistinctwayoflifefood(56% (50.5% overall) positive attributesaccordedto the regionof hospitality than the (31% and23%respectively) Mediterranean the southern and in Europe is consistentlylower turmoil The expanded. image ofasregioninsecurityand the Mediterranean have flows information of as images increased positive that confirms have even and since 2010, the otherhaveprevailed also Survey The Social changesandmutualperceptions Mediterranean -comeintoplay. inthesouthern ofdevelopments the consequences about anxiety European factors –including other in thecaseofEgypt, with localdevelopmentsorwhether preoccupation greater a reflects this whether ascertain in Egypt. It analysisto would requirefurtherqualitative (interest ineconomics)and58%politics) – alone to 62% in Germany interest from 88% range which figures the from discern to hard is practice in (Chart 10.1)Whatthismeans of theMediterranean. Method ofinteraction Chart 10.3 Just metinthestreet,publicspace They liveintheneighborhood Chatting ontheInternet Business orwork Through tourism Other European countries The Anna Lindh Report 2014 17 12 12 19 17 16 33 35 17 37 19 6 SEM countries Base:

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 66 EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 67 cultural andsocio-politicaldifferences to the otherdespiteprevailing or closure animosity as necessity,as well translateintogreater donotalways to the free circulationof peoples for now, but proximity, Arab Spring. The StraitsofGibraltarmayremainclosed the since interest arising identify newareasofcommon to 2011prior Mediterranean to asfromopportunities out ofcrisesonboth the economic sidesof the Western as much has beengrowing cooperation that sub-regional . on theissue no view impact, orgave This suggests Arab relations,while28%combinedthinkithashadno positive (47%) than a negative effect (25%) on European- consider the‘ArabSpring’Spaniards tohave had a market linkshavebeenrisinginrecentyears.More labour and trade, investment where Portugal, and Spain in closestproximitytoeachother, suchasMorocco, societies of Mediterranean perceptions the mutual are in thisrespect data toexplore polling The mostrelevant Mediterranean. bothlittoralsof alternatives, encompassing the regional might now, in fact, be betterevaluatedthroughits sub- North-South cooperation a frameworkforenhancing or indeed intangibility, of the Basinas Mediterranean region. Mediterranean The muchfearedfragmentation, as across,the within, aswell are changing synergies provide aninterestingprismthroughwhichto gauge how in theLevantandGulffurthereastwould developments governing to be appear now from thedynamicswhich Mediterranean (SEM) societies and/or distinguished them on Europeanimagesof Southern andEastern impacted subsequently these eventshave How back tothecentre-stageofregionalsecurityconcerns. jihadism of whichbroughtthethreatal-Qaeda-inspired in Algeria, and the wider tragedy of the Syrian conflict, all 2013, swiftly followed by the In Amenas gas-plantattack from January crisis the Mali Libya, in instability ongoing real currencyoverthecourseof2013,promptedby Spring’of the‘Arab The disappointments gained only democratic transitions. of setbackswhichoughttobeexpectedinlong-term setback to electoral politicsmightbeseeninthe context the and 2013 July in office from Morsi Egypt’s President This perception maysincethe have changed removalof evenly balanced onbothsides of the Mediterranean. remained democratic transitionsthaninresistingchange the Mediterranean’sin are moreengaged citizens assessments ofwhether than negative, positive of theOtherremainsmore the image Even though Chart 10.3). interacted withtheirEuropeancounterparts(Chart10.2, to have 20%) (averaging Mediterraneans southern in the higher numbersof Moroccans (57%)thanother The Anna Lindh Report 2014 relations Ultimate effect of the ‘Arab Spring’on the Euro-Arab Chart 10.4 / GallupPoll2012). be […]Base: changes on therelationsbetweenEuropeand Arab countries?Willthese be theultimateeffectsWhat doyouthink,will Spring’. ofthesechanges an ‘Arab started withsocialmovementswhichhavebeencalled changes Survey Question: Most of the Arab countries are experiencing significant Implication forthefutureofUfM UfM alsoengage insupportingthem. permit andactorsotherthanthe economic conditions and political if thelocal work – theyonly (UfM, 2012) Trans-Maghrebproject acrossNorth Highway Africa transport infrastructuresuchasthe up regional joining –asintheUfM’swhere theyaremakingprogress role new waysofstimulatingcooperation:even galvanise ofinitiativesto easy totheimportance regional overlook times, itis Introubled as itstargetaudiences. as well by itskeystakeholders its importanceisrecognised as insofar only to succeed is likely and for itsinitiatives funding as public as well private sectorbacking raising on and education–seektoimprove.Itisdependent cooperation, aswellyouthandwomen’s employment energy,mandates –onregional infrastructure and water being at a distancefrom the citizens whose livesits various theUfMrisks agencies, and processes governmental process’) whichprecededitfrom1995.Likemanyinter- (or ‘Barcelona Partnership by theEuro-Mediterranean -isthat the UfM is amereshadowof the ambitionsespoused dispel to hard worked have staff and officials received wisdom-whichthelatestofUfM generation circles, one policy-making in Euro-Mediterranean the scopeofquestionsposed(Chart6).Even outside remains of theseaspirations the realisation (up to 85% support) onbothsidesof the Mediterranean; which registerpositivescores and entrepreneurship, respect forculturaldiversityandinnovation increase data onlycapturesthepotentialforUfMto polling provetobe. initiatives andproject-led its regional The the impactsof and visible known a functionofhowwell (UfM) isreally future oftheUnionforMediterranean means inturnforthe What thiskindofdevelopment European countries 10 30 15 Positive % of all respondents, by regions (© byregions respondents, %ofall Lindh Anna 45 Negative 14 SEM countries No effect 32 13 42 Don’t know What societywouldgainfromUfM Chart 10.5 actively shaping theirownnewcontexts than a‘one- actively shaping likely tomeetthe needsandaspirationsofrespondents more are that emerge results variable, and The varying, of diversity, integration gradual thensomuchthebetter. strengths of cultural andlinguistic exchangeandthe alternatives play to the Mediterranean’s historical committees. Ifthe by inter-governmental designed visions andframeworks the endoftop-down be nearing we may region, across theMediterranean movements acceptance havebeenat the forefrontof protest In an erawhenpluralism,inclusion,justiceandmutual and thejoiedevieofitscoastallifestylescuisine. virtues capturedbythesurvey, of openness,hospitality through bythecommon of itscharacteristics,woven has alwaysbeenone of theMediterranean The plurality and prevail. to seesuchvisionsmaterialise leadership by thelackofsustainable swiftly disappointed been have past to create a template or vision for the Mediterranean Most attemptsinthe through. there orarejustpassing who live tothepeoples as aregion,hasfuturerelevant of whethertheMediterranean, to bethebestmeasure arena, bothvirtualandtangible,arelikely Mediterranean The totalsumofefforts made bythosenowactiveonthe shared project?Base: All respondents (© Anna Lindh / Gallup Poll 2012). from sucha aspects doyouthinkyoursocietycangain mentioned Which ofthe for theMediterranean”. ‘Union within aprojectcalled decided to establish closerpolitical,economicandculturalexchanges, has and easternshoreoftheMediterranean, on thesouthern countries Question: YourSurvey country,and the countries withotherEuropean Attachment tospiritualand Individual freedomandthe Youthful dynamism Respect forcultural entrepreneurship Gender equality Social solidarity Concern forthe Innovation and environment moral values rule oflaw diversity European countries 69 74 74 74 79 75 78 81 82 79 80 81 81 83 82 84 SEM countries Africa Programme atChathamHouse. Claire SPENCERisHeadof the Middle East and North size-fits-all’ umbrellaorplan. The Anna Lindh Report 2014

EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS 68 TRENDS IN FOCUS Priority for Egyptian Citizens Priority forEgyptianCitizens Youth DynamismandRegionalExchangeasa trends. questions of the asked framework The general or social ofnational representative is individual, voice (SEM) countries. It remains to beseenwhetherthis and easternMediterranean than therestofsouthern and itcontinuestobeanice place tolivein,evenmore inthe place region (+7pointsthanin2009) Euro-Mediterranean acentral occupies country their that find to continue as theinterviewed alarmism environmental One couldnotyetspeakof levels ofmanipulation. and polarised fragile, if not corruptedbyvariousinternalandexternal uncertain, and fluid feels space public any how illustrates it because significant quite therefore scene. political immediate This interestinthefamilyis is symbolicof mobilisation, markingadistancefrom the and regional seem unexpectedinthecontextofnational (Chart 11.1). This retreat to the organic links,whichcan Survey), tothe2009 (+12 points,compared solidarity tendency issupportedbythe central emphasisonfamily in calmwaters. hepreferstohide precarious, appear This - isfound. of ourinvestigation As all thecircumstances is thefocus - which It isinthiscontextthatthecitizen 2012 asan‘in-betweenyear’ and markedbymultipleconflicts. the following year which wasmorepessimistic,blurred to the hopesandenthusiasmthatitsparked,asopposed with all was morecolourful,ifnottosayeuphoric, which also a‘moderate’one tothepreceding yearcompared freely electedpoliticalregime.Onanotherlevel,itwas was onlyintherhetoric–for a new democraticallyand thebasis–evenifit elections,laying and presidential parliamentary first the saw which period a is It changes. an in-betweenyear, both inrelationto time andto policy as relevant particularly is people’, ‘1848 of spring the to in reference Spring’, ‘Arab for easeorEuro-centrism called been has of what after theadvent 2012, The year others. distant and as near of Europeans issues regional 2012 the common representationsconcerningnationaland in conducted data aboutthe space providesvaluable Mediterranean Poll Lindh/Gallup of theEuro- their perceptions about Egyptians among Anna The climate ofchangehaverevertedtocertainvaluessuchasthefamilyaspaceforstability. diversity oftheregion.Atsametime,authorhighlightshowpeopleexhaustedbyaprolonged enhanced cooperation in the Euro-Med area as a source for dynamism and openness to the cultural a particularmomentoftransition.DinaAlKhawagaexposestheinterestthatEgyptiansshowtowards living citizens with Egypt, for significance upmost of was polling Lindh/Gallup Anna latest the of timing The Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). ‘Most important’most important’ and‘Second answers areshown(© when raisingchildren:? I’d like to know which oneof these six would yousay is most important Question: to sixvaluesonly Assuming thatwelimitourselves Survey 2009 Anna Lindh/GallupSurvey), (Charts 11.2, 11.3). to the compared the internet through for communication exchanges and3pointsless points moreforprofessional ofotherness(13 mutual stereotypesortheenunciation of exchanges aremoreconcrete by nature, far from the else inNorth the lastyears. Africa during These types Egypt aseverywhere in to struggle continues tourism a reflect though even exchanges, net increaseinprofessional also gathered answers The Egypt. including with interestinthefutureofSEMcountries, benevolent, the Euro-Medareaappears respondents, According to the answersprovidedbyEgyptian interviewees’ identity. addressed at the sametimetwocomponentsof the Key valuestoparentsraisingchildreninEgypt Chart 11.1 Respect forothercultures Family solidarity Religious beliefs Independence Base Don’t know Obedience Curiosity : % of all respondents;% of the sum of DinaALKHAWAGA The Anna Lindh Report 2014 1 10 8 9 12 14 22 22 24 29 42 57 2012 63 72 2009

TRENDS IN FOCUS 70 TRENDS IN FOCUS 71 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 all respondents(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). countries? from European (or persons) met withanyperson Survey to or talked Question: Inthelast12monthshaveyoupersonally of Europe is not in evidence. It israther thevoiceof of Europeisnot inevidence. the formercolonisers. At thesametime,an‘idealisation’ of denunciation bitterness orpolitical not revealidentity and exchangesamongtheEgyptian citizens,anddoes openness to trend this affirm to appear would themes, the priority areamong and entrepreneurship dynamism youth space,where of theEuro-Mediterranean objectives rational. The attention granted to the potential common It is also asocietywhichwantsto be practicaland Exchanges withEuropeasagainforyouth a perfectillustration:19pointslesscomparedto2009. is families European and in theEgyptian of socialisation value as thecentral of obedience in thevalorisation drop the virtuesof discovering revoltandof change. The net and thatis ofpolitics a societythatfoundthemeaning values. Ontheotherhand,wecanobserve of shared gives waytotheexpression and disappears day long, of worry constant the or racism,which rejection The all Arab pressdenounces 11.4). (Chart children their of socialisation of theEuropean to thetolerance Egyptians 2009 Survey,with theprevious by areawarded points, incomparison answers onvalues.17additional of series an additional by reaffirmed is Mediterranean, interest ofthepeoples the twoshoresof reciprocal thegrowing illustrates This backdrop,which European countries Interaction ofEgyptianswithpeoplefrom Chart 11.2 2012 2009 91 83 17 9 Yes No Don’t know

Base IF IF YES YES : %of issues promoting interaction,innovationand openness issues promoting come onlyafter themes ofotherness words, theclassic freedoms, theruleof law and gender equality. In other advancement ofcommoninterests relatedtotolerance, andthe spiritofentrepreneurship, for thenewgenerations come ontop challenges of the list, followed by dynamism space. gain fromthisregional Egypt could The ecological that benefits potential the concerning responses the in characterises theareais Euro-Mediterranean sustained that diversity and religious to thecultural outlook serene curiosity.or religious This politicalrealismandthis does not appear as aspacewhicharousesthecultural areas ofinterest,Europe Due totheabovementioned necessary forfuturegenerations. a foremost skills new for learning and exchange of economic space and first knowing is area in Euro-Mediterranean The interested appear who practices. information aboutthebeliefsandreligious 34% only and who lingeredonthe European cultureandlifestyles those of 53% with 2009), in 54% to compared 2012 in context (62% economic the European follow to closely the replies regardingtheinterestsof the interviewees through pronounced isparticularly otherness religious or of identity perception and detached This positive economic exchangesbetweenbothpoles. beneficial the consolidate to hope and reason practical Method ofinteractionforEgyptians Chart 11.3 Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). % of those who talked to or met with persons from European countries(© Survey Question: If yes, howdidyoumeetortalktothatperson? Just metinthestreet/publicspace Just metinthestreet/publicspace 2009 2012 They liveintheneighborhood They liveintheneighborhood Chatting on theInternet Chatting on theInternet Business orwork Business orwork Through tourism Through tourism Other Other 2 20 4 6 10 12 18 18 20 21 21 36 49 Base : Survey provides elements of reflection that allow us allow that reflection of elements provides Survey In thissense,the collected. to the responses according seem to constituteitscompass symbolic well-being and and material labour knowledge, access topractical State. independence It is asociety whoseeducation, the post- that supported the foundationsoflegitimacy It is anextremelyyoungsociety,far from andrelatively 4.8% areolderthan65. finally and old years 64 and 55 between are 6.6% only and old years 54 and 25 between 38.3% old; years 24 and 15 between are 18% old; years 14 and 0 between is is asfollows:32.3%ofthepopulation composition demographic Egypt isacountrywhose a detail. being by interest,isfarfrom This perception,ultimatelyguided a country,and hopes. challenges revealingquitesimilar in Egypt as and interested seem well-intentioned region the Euro-Mediterranean actorswithin the various given, that accompanyit. Through manyoftheresponses focus onthefamilynucleusandmodesofsocialisation or economic insecurity is timidly expressed throughthe and/ political of capacity.feeling and The independence exchanges and particularly confident in their youth with its not limited by identity or religious dimensions,opento The Survey results basically reflect Egyptian perceptions An openandoptimisticprofile to theworld. according toEgyptians Key values to parents raising children in Europe Chart 11.4 most important’ answersareshown(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). Base to parents raisingchildreninEurope:? And thesecondmost important? I’d like to know which oneof these sixdoyouthinkisthemost important Question: Assuming thatwelimitourselvestosixvaluesonly Survey : % of all respondents, % ofthesum‘Mostimportant’: %ofallrespondents, and‘Second Respect forothercultures Family solidarity Religious beliefs Independence Don’t know Obedience Curiosity 5 5 5 4 17 22 21 21 24 37 38 2012 50 50 54 2009 Dina AL KHAWAGA isProfessorat CairoUniversity. shows. here optimism andcomplexityastheSurveyanalysed with targeted officials, remain an inexhaustible source of carried outwiththelaypeople,andnot consultations maybe answers in 2014 would be different; or finally that year and countries; theyear2012wasanin-between and EasternEuropean with theCentral transition who hademergedthemselvesfromalongdemocratic of proximity andsimilarityto the peoplesof Europe, revolts -throughoutthe Arab countries-fosteredasense theadventof factor andthereforetootherness; to thereligious in theirrelation Islam comfortedEgyptians power of the mostimportantcomponentofpolitical in thisregard. are plausible explanations The arrivalto Several space asanareaofactionandinteraction. towards theEuro-Mediterranean outlook and logical ‘Islamists’so-called to power didnotaffect the rational of the that thearrival regime inEgypt,noting Brotherhood the Muslim during in mindthattheyweregathered The displayedresultsareespeciallypositivehaving debated inthecomingyearsanddecades. be will It isinthisperspectivethatpolicy formal policies. to gomuchfurtherthantheanalysisofstructuredand The Anna Lindh Report 2014

TRENDS IN FOCUS 72 TRENDS IN FOCUS 73 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 of migrantsin Germany–the Turkish community– Studies (Kalb,2010)showthat half of the largestgroup restrictive. status of immigration and citizenship law however remains further changesfollowingover pastyears. The present with reforms first introduced Affairs, Home of Minister as which was changed in 1990 when Wolfgang Schäuble the rightofresidencewhentheybecamesixteen,alaw migrants from non-EU countries still had to apply for including free language courses, while second generation comprehensive support from thecommunalauthorities given immediatefullpoliticalrightsofcitizenshipand with German descent, the so-called differences ininclusionarymeasuressincemigrants highest attheendofeighties. This highlightedsevere countries andfromtheformerSovietUnionwasatits of families with German descent from eastern European immigration offoreigners’ (Depesche,1982).Immigration acceptable measuresaretobetakenpreventthe immigration country. Forthatreason,allhumanitarianly parties that ‘the Federal Republic of Germany is not an labour agreementwithItaly, itwasstatedbythegoverning first the signed Germany after years FDP,27 liberal the and CSU / CDU between shows.contract coalition reflection 1982 the historical In short a as recent fairly are In Germany, majorchangesinthemigrationstrategy in pluralism cultural of perspective challenges Major remaining divergencesbetweeneastandwest. in localprojects,thefederalstructureandparticular multicultural encounters,involvement neighbourhoods, diversity. Perceptions alsodiffer according to local cultural attitudes towards general and reportage and lifestyleinanagingsociety,development media WendePartizipative turn), economic (participatory of the engagementcivilsocietywithinso-called include conditions account. Furtherframework into roles of the state and societytowardsculturalpluralism attitudes and should bediscussedtakingthechanging Perceptions ofregioninGermany the Mediterranean Pluralism Inside theGermanExperienceofCultural instability, thereisadefinitesupportfortheequalityofrightstoallminoritiesincountry. social to relation in diversity towards scepticism respondents’ shows polling Lindh/Gallup Anna the While different regions of the country due to the different levels of exposure to groups with migrant backgrounds. are long-standing. The author explains how the attitude of citizens to cultural diversity varies between the migrants of waves the that fact the despite Germany, in recent relatively are pluralism cultural for Policies Aussiedler were were integration issues are amongstthemost important topics strategies, integration developed many citieshave (Robertson-Wensauer, 2000); at the communallevel, theStatus ofEinwanderungsland recognised formally over identified the past15years.In1999 theGermanBundestag be can opinion of shifts important and levels. Substantial and civil societal the institutional contact bothat and formalspacesofsocial informal effortsfor continued supports theneed and toorganize 2009) Stichs, Müssig, (Haug, states German East five the fact that only 2% of the Muslemlivesin population reflects also This promoters. negative as identified are and lackofsocialcontacts cultural barriers Language, is moreskepticaltowardsIslamthanFranceortheUK. (Yendell, 2013).It concludes that Germany asawhole andEastern and Islamophobia Germany withregardtoprejudices Western between gap the verifies study (Robertson-von Trotha, 2010). A recentcomparative effects positive thesis reinforces onattitudesovertime the normanditwouldthereforeappearthatcontact- become has increasingly or experience backgrounds areas, socialcontacts with personsmigrational of Germany, in the Ruhr andinthelargemetropolitan in theSouthandSouth-Westmany regions,especially however increasedsubstantiallyoverthepastyears.In politics of support inclusionaryculturalpluralismhave andactiveeffortsLevels ofawareness and todevelop human rightswasmarginal. context, a onculturalpluralismthe discourse basis of More importantly,societal general and a broader within country and,atalaterstage,withinmigrantgroups. extremist viewsbothwithinthehost of emotionalized contributed tothedevelopment policies integration of active of aclearformulation and phase the postwar in the first generation to the economic recovery of Germany of of migrants to thecontribution with reference particular in (Taylor, 1994), recognition’ of ‘politics a of lack The practice(Robertson-von of political Trotha, 2011). effectsand discriminatory the unintended This illustrates to the‘migration-stop’and asareaction laws of1973. reunification family the of consequence a as migrated CarolineROBERTSON-VONTROTHA

diversity inGermany Views aboutpolitical,culturalandreligious Chart 12.1 or disagree with the following statements? Question: Survey Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). ‘Disagree’: sumof‘Stronglydisagree’ and‘Disagreesomewhat’ answers(© where ‘Agree’:sumof‘Stronglyagree’ and‘Agreesomewhat’ answers,and migrants almost two thirds of the group of over 50 years into thepublic eye. In study of a representative Turkish it came of theQuraninaGermantranslation, free copies democracy.of constitutional Withitsactiondistributing many cases contradictory to human rightsandthe law causes in Germany in are demands and asits rules problems imminent movement Salafi growing The the case(KoordinationsratderMuslime,2012). this tobe context. Only7%hold German societal general to amore series not attributethemurder does of 78% a lossoftrustmajority in theGermanstatealthough with a the population Turkishshow migrantbackground Turkish migrantsbetween2000and2006. The effects on foraseriesof in thetrioresponsible murdersmostlyof go backtothe1990sinEastGermanyandculminated and activities its origins shocked thepublic: genuinely terror neo-Nazi (NSU) in2011,Underground Socialist group National the uncovered first which institutions of the rising threat. The failure of police andstate and ledtotheunderestimation arecomplex and violence crime motivated right-wing extremist viewsandpolitically Trotha, 2012). between intolerant The relationships midst of society cannot beoverseen(Robertson-von of populistsentimentinthe groups andthepotential the Simultaneously developmentof small extremist practical recommendations.(Chart12.1) research-based to give and Migration on Integration launched the Expert Council of German Foundations introduced andat the endoffoundations 2008 renowned institutions to further supportintegrationat all levelswere intercultural tolerance(Merx,2006).Importantnew and hospitality of international the visibility encouraged such astheFootballWorld CupheldinGermany2006 andcentralevents support activeconceptsofinclusion have beeninitiatedinseveralstates;sportassociations Integration Plan,2007)andalsoministriesfor integration (The National the statepolicies level havedeveloped at Städtetag, ministries of theDeutsche on theagenda Cultural andreligiousdiversityis political orreligousbackgrounds should havethesamerightsor Cultural andreligiousdiversity People fromdifferentcultural, important fortheprosperity constitutes athreattothe opportunity toparticipate stability ofsociety Could you please tell me, how much do you agree Could you please tell me, how much do you agree of yoursociety in publiclife Agree Base 86 84 88 61 : % of a all respondents, : % of a all respondents, Disagree Dont Know 86 37 15 12 Lindh Survey support this interpretation: with 92% civic with 92% Survey supportthisinterpretation: Lindh inthe Supplementary questionsincluded 2012 Anna change andpoliticalinstitutional transformation. to cultural opposition the perceptionofmoredeep-rooted common cultural heritage it can also beinterpretedas toa relationship a positive reflect can and ambivalent is to change 12.2) Whereasresistance categories.(Chart with these strongly orsomewhat of respondentsagreeing and 83%in2009)allshowanincreasethepercentage 2009 and79% in 2012) and source of conflict (86% in 2012 in (90% to change resistance 87% in2009), and in 2012 history (91% and heritage common cultural categories differentregion, the in the Mediterranean people Asked whichsetofideasandimagescharacterize easily beaccountedfor. and thiscannot diminished has however the percentage (54%) 2009 to comparison In children. of upbringing the of in account (35 %)tobetaken value most important statement, that‘respectforothercultures’ isthesecond 12.1). (Chart of the in theplacement obvious This commitmentisalso affiliations religious or political cultural, of their independently to everyone applies the law before of equal rights. 88%of respondents agreethat equality the otherhandthereisaveryhighconsensusonissue processeshavetobetakenseriously.of polarization On howevertheeffects involved.Negatively the challenges of interpreted asrecognition can bepositively society’and diversity constitutesathreattothestabilityof religious and to diversity:61%agreewiththestatement‘cultural hand amajorityof respondents areskepticalwithregard surveys oncultural pluralism.On sociological theone as inthealreadymentioned ambivalent Poll aresimilarly Present perceptions of diversity in the Anna Lindh/Gallup significant changes in comparison to the survey in 2009. or even show noticeable to somequestions response analyzed. The be must 2012 the Poll Lindh/Gallup Anna It is within this complex anddynamicbackgroundthat Lindh Anna the in Survey divevsity of Perception towards migrants(SpiegelOnline,2012). impacts onattitudes populist of negative the exploitation uncovered for have astrongpotential circles to migrant attributions the Both mafia. realities ofthisproblemandundifferentiated public and crime organized of and theconstitutionalstateincludedevelopment diversity to cultural challenges Further underestimated support it(UmfrageinstitutsInfoGmbH,2012). find it ‘rather good’and many are also willing to financially 43% good’and ‘very it find olds year 29 – 15 the of 20% In contrast action. Salafist the support not do clearly - generation migration first the to belonging many – old The Anna Lindh Report 2014

TRENDS IN FOCUS 74 TRENDS IN FOCUS 75 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 2012). Poll Lindh/Gallup (© Anna shown are answers characterize’ ‘Somewhat Base strongly,region the Mediterranean characterize or notatall? somewhat to the mindsof different people, andpleasetellme, if you thinkthese Question: Survey to Germans Characteristics oftheMediterraneanregionfor Chart 12.2 experience defined themselves as ‘strong’Europeans. themselves defined experience migration without 54,7% and with 54,2% background: is almostnodifferenceto migration inattitudeaccording was prevalent. An interestingaspectoftheresultsisthat there Europe with identification robust a Freizügigkeit, attitudes to Europe andon mobility withintheEU on their which 2.200respondentswere questioned in 2013 In thisrespect,theSVRmigrationbarometer European integration. two WorldWars of importance political the ensuing and German/ in theaftermathof role is theirhistorical French relations in aspect cultural further A motor. economic in theGermancase–theirroleas and particularly centrality due bothtotheirgeopolitical Union European of the for thefuturedevelopment mutual responsibility and friendship German/French the by explained be can the Euro this and in fourthplace (35%) isnamed Zone. France in crises financial the to due protest political unemployment reachingupto over 50% inSpain,and high unemployment, mostwithyouth especially media coverageoneconomicinstability,considerable Within this regional context there hasbeen (61%), Greece(51%)andSpain(42%),(Chart12.3). when askedabout the Mediterraneanregion,areItaly to thesurveycomemind which, according countries countries. to theEuropean applies The mostoftennamed characterise present conditions of instability andthis that turmoilandinsecurity agreed 88% ofrespondents region. Simultaneously,of changeintheMediterranean to beanimportantcharacteristicofcurrentprocesses seen in democratictransitionwaswidely participation : %ofthesum‘Stronglycharacterize’% ofallrespondents, and Common culturalheritageandhistory Mediterranean wayoflifeandfood I will read out a set of ideas/images that may come may that ideas/images of set a out read will I Resistance tochange Source ofconflict Hospitality 83 86 79 90 87 91 93 95 96 94 2012 2009 shown (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). countries are of allrespondents,%the10mostfrequentlymentioned region? to yourmindwhenyouhearabouttheMediterranean Survey Question: about theMediterraneanregion,inGermany Countries thatcometomindwhenhearing Chart 12.3 is important to ensure that themistakes oftheearlier to ensure is important but also leadsto new challengesandfurther debate. It agenda onto thepolitical back level functional-pragmatic This puts questions of andintegrationat migration a particular emphasisonthe southern EU countries. programmes to newmigrationwith actively encourage training and campaigning initiated industry has German and a guaranteeforandwell-being future development younger andlargermigrantfamiliesarewelcomedas society.to anaging is clearlyleading From thisangle, in Germany development that demographic recognition Germany. Aaspect istheincreasing furtherconditioning with 1.575.717(2012)thelargestmigrantgroupin are unemployed. they to thenon-EU applies This also Turkishpopulation, if benefits social accorded be that unemployedpersonsfromwithintheEUareashould agreement 70% than more of reflection a be also may regions German in many levels unemployment low and position is. economic identification strong European The the level, thehigher The highertheeducational Could youpleasenameallthe countries whichcome Morocco Portugal Albania Croatia Greece Turkey France Spain Israel Italy 12 16 19 20 20 21 22 21 24 30 32 35 42 46 49 51 61 64 79 84 2012 Base 2009 : % to befurtherdeveloped. require strategy ofhuman-rightsrootedculturalpluralism politics withinanoverall ofinclusionary models adequate complex dynamicsofinter-andtransculturalcontexts, society withits Withinachanging and interculturalism. country reflecting the ongoing impacts of multiculturalism effects of‘old’ and ‘new’ migration,Germanyremainsa agingsociety.in anincreasingly Withthesimultaneous of Germanindustry well-being and future development for asaguarantee welcomed now migrant families, larger Afurther diversity. and of younger aspect isthepositiverole conditioning of cultural effects beneficial the of will supportthegeneraltrendtoward recognition and lifestyle ispopular taken. Mediterranean have been goal ofaction,importantstepsinthisdirection recognised is stillinmanyareasnota While diversitymainstreaming cultural pluralismwithinGermancivilsociety. a positiveindicator of the - albeit slow -of normalisation the Mediterranean Sea (Chart 12.4). This can be seen as of shore eastern the southernand bordering countries beliefs andpracticesinthe 71% in2009)andreligious and 2012 in (88% conditions economic 2009), in 84% interest inculturallifeandlifestyle(90%2012 The Anna Lindh/Gallup Polls show an increased personal guest-worker eraarenotrepeated. Smwa itrse’ nwr ae hw ( na id/alp Poll Lindh/Gallup 2012). Anna (© shown are answers interested’ ‘Somewhat Base about their...and information in news have you saypersonally ? and eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, how muchinterest would Question: Survey countries inGermany Interest innewsandinformationfromSEM Chart 12.4 : % of all respondents,%ofthesum ‘Very interested’ and Religious beliefsandpractices Cultural lifeandlifestyle Economic conditions Thinking aboutthe countries borderingthe southern 65 82 71 88 84 90 2012 2009 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)inGermany. at the studies and General the ZAK-Centre forCultural Y.Caroline TROTHA ROBERTSON-VON The Anna Lindh Report 2014 is Directorof

TRENDS IN FOCUS 76 TRENDS IN FOCUS 77 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Neighbours The InterestofMoroccanstowardtheirEuro-Med In general, respondents maintain a good image of the countries such asEgypt, Turkey andGreece. and the Maghreb neighbors, Algeria and Tunisia, thanto to be related moreto proximity to the geographical Spain, appears respondents byMoroccans the Mediterranean Turkeyof amongMoroccans (IEMed,2013).Knowledge and touristattractionof thecurrentcultural - despite are surveyed aspartoftheregion Turkey andGreece of theMoroccans in theminds less associated countries, (39%). position at theend,twoleastcited Always sixth in France and (47%) position fourth in identified is Italy (57%). position position fifth third in only on ranked Tunisia (61%), identified again was Algeria if even inthe neighbors Maghreb inthethirdandfourthposition,while2012, their identified they 2009, In region. the of countries as place first in clearly (80%) Morocco identify Spain(81%)and respondents Moroccans thecountries about this region, about thinking when that cometomind Asked results. 2009 the confirm in 2012 of Moroccans the responses Mediterranean, to the linked of countries With respecttotheissue region: Mediterranean the identification, characteristicsanduses of Perceptions stagnations anddevelopments. ofthemethodused,tointerpret with thelimitations these issuesand attempts, to the extent possible and of Moroccans surveyedin2009 and2012relationto values. of theresults the evolution This paperdescribes about perceptions finally and region the in interactions of perception the Mediterranean, importanceof mutual learning, and identification areas: main four into The Poll enquiry is centered on a set of issues classified in theregion?” and within between societies have animpactonrelations region the in ruptures/convergences the ‘Do question: common and2012,withaunderlying Morocco in2009 in out carried Poll Lindh/Gallup Anna the of waves two oftheresults analysis text presentsacomparative As part of the 2014 edition of the Anna Lindh Report, this a renewedlevelofEuro-Medengagementprincipallyastheresultnewmigratorytrendsinregion. expectations of MoroccanstowardstheUnionforMediterranean process, aswelltheemergence of perceptions towards their European and Southern Mediterranean neighbours. The author highlights the Ait Mous tackles the hopes and perspectives of Moroccan citizens about the coming years, and their Fadma polling, Lindh/Gallup Anna recent most and previous the between variations trend the analysing In 2012). Poll /Gallup Lindh (© Anna shown are characterize’answers ‘Somewhat Base: strongly,region the Mediterranean characterize or notatall? somewhat to the mindsof different people, andpleasetellme, if you thinkthese Question: Survey insist onresistance tochangeasanimportant feature about theirimpact asthey and disillusioned evolutions seem waryfacingthese respondents Moroccan changes (Morocco), asaconsequence constitutional 2011(Tunisia, intermsof regime change Egypt,etc.)and aturbulentyearin shore experienced Mediterranean ‘unsettling’ area. the southern bordering The countries is countries, theMediterraneanalsoreferredto as an also atthecoreof the collectiveimageaboutneighboring are which these positivevalues, highlighting Despite increase in2012(81%from72%2009). and gastronomy’ whichisstillwidelycitedwitha net features is to be addedalsothelifestyle ‘Mediterranean and 89%in2012). (88% in2009 To thesepositive and 89%in2012), historycommonculturalheritage in 2009 (86% it withhospitality and associate region: Moroccans Characteristics oftheMediterraneanregionfor Chart 13.1 % of all respondents, % of the sum of ‘Strongly characterize’and respondents, %ofthesum‘Strongly %ofall Resistance tochange heritage andhistory Mediterranean way Source ofconflict Common cultural of lifeandfood I will read out a set of ideas/images that may come may that ideas/images of set a out read will I Hospitality 88 89 69 81 70 83 72 81 86 89 FadmaAITMOUS 2012 2009 which is cited by 92% (89% in 2009) and innovation and which iscitedby 92%(89%in2009)andinnovation aslight with (93%) increase over the 2009results(87%);social solidarity first comes diversity cultural for respect asfollows: prioritized are expectations high gender equality, of consolidation the rule of law). These at the political level,for greater freedom (individual, finally,youth; of dynamism environment, the for concern terms of social solidarity, innovation, entrepreneurship, level in spiritual andmoralvalues;atthesocio-economic increase respectfor cultural diversity and commitmentto for level aspects fortheirsocietyatthecultural energising more inspire that theUfMwill Thus, theyconsider field. political and cultural socio-economic, the in both state, the Polled Moroccanexpressedbroadexpectations (UfM), Union fortheMediterraneanstillinanembryonic to theircountryofthe When askedaboutthecontribution Mediterranean the for Union the vis-a-vis expectations Wide 81% in2012). to 69% (from 2009 since significantly increased of this has trait mention The conflict. of source a as region the if wecansay,The otherfeature,negative is toperceive (from 72%to81%in2012). of withasharpincreasesince2009 the Mediterranean What MoroccanscangainfromtheUfM Chart 13.2 ‘Maybe’answers areshown(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). Base: your societycangainfromsuchasharedproject? the UfM.Whichoftheseaspectsdoyouthink a projectcalled has joined Survey Question: Yourand SEMcountries countryalongwithEuropean Individual freedomandtheruleoflaw Attachment tospiritualandmoral % of all respondents, % of the sum of ‘Definitely’ and ‘Definitely’ of sum the of % respondents, all of % Innovation andentrepreneurship Concern fortheenvironment Respect forculturaldiversity Youthful dynamism Gender equality Social solidarity 85 89 85 91 86 90 86 90 88 89 87 93 89 92 93 92 2012 2009 remained atthesamelevel(88%)since2009. freedom, istheexpectationfor gender equalitywhich values. Finally, another variablerelatedto the realmof to these expectations towardstheUfMalsoinrelation Moroccans reflecting (85%) 2009 to compared (89%) to of 3% and moralvaluesalsohadanincrease spiritual attachment The (86%). 2009 since 4% of increase as concernfortheenvironment,markingan percentage to the rule of law arecitedin2012(90%)withasame 86% in2009).Expectationsrelatedtofreedomsand and 2012 in their society(90% in dynamism youthful consider that the UfM will havepositiveeffects on linked to youthful dynamism.Moroccanrespondents is movement’) February ‘20 graduates, of unemployed Morocco, particularlyinlate2010 andall2011 (examples in that tookplace movements of social to thedynamics seems alittleshiftedwithrespect The expectationwhich make theireconomymoreinnovativeanddynamic. to contribute citizens thinkthattheUfMwill Moroccan in 2009). and 93% in 2012 the twowaves:92% Thus, (with almostthe entrepreneurship samepercentagein religious, economic andculturalaspects seemmore economic religious, to potentially build anewlifein. This iswhy thecited countries about needs information the reflects interest an increasefrom70%in2009 to82%in2012. This the Finally, 2012. in 84% interest intheEuropeans’ lifestyleandculturallifesaw to 2009 in 60% from 14% Similarly, 2012. in 62% by has alsoincreased conditions interest ineconomic to 2009 in 46% from 16% of to religious beliefs and practices has evolved significantly aspects. related of interestininformation Thus, thelevel concerns theinterestinreligiousandeconomic a newlife. to rebuild since 2009 The clearchange countries since they represent their first ideal destination Moroccans areinterestedinnewsaboutEuropean 2009 (from2%to5%). 3% since 2012 toonly6%.Gulfcountrieshavegained preferred in2009by8%ofrespondents,decreased citizens. to Moroccan interesting Thus, that was America (America, Golf, Asia, Africa etc.)donotseemas attractive destination. choice destinations The remaining results it would appear that Moroccans return to their first the issueof‘returnimmigrants,’fromPoll crisis’with If duringthe‘economic it hasdecreasedsomewhat Moroccans, the attraction to Europe alwaysdominates. of perceptions the on studies various In 2012). in 45% as muchtheydidin2009(from68%to other SEMcountriesseemnottointerestMoroccans (45% 2012 in increase in destinations while in 2009); to only19% compared sharp a with destination this identified have Moroccans life. new a start to place first the as identified is Europe change: significant most The The interestandattractionofEurope The Anna Lindh Report 2014

TRENDS IN FOCUS 78 TRENDS IN FOCUS 79 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Gallup Poll2012). would youstartit? world Question: Survey Over thepasttwo years,62%ofSpanishworkers, were between2011soil quadrupled and2013(Garcia,2013). Spaniards officially registered as residents on Moroccan National Institute of Statistics (SNI), the number of and 2012(Tchounand, 2013). According totheSpanish 2008 by 32%between rate thatincreased unemployment the high crisis and by theeconomic to Morocco,driven Weof Spaniards cantakeasanexampletheemigration Moroccan respondents. by identifiable and possible interaction the Essaouira, etc.). in theseareasmakes This visibility cities (Tangiers,Moroccan Marrakech, Casablanca, of several visible intheso-called‘popular’neighborhoods that is ‘illegal’migrant of the‘middleclassmigrant’and profile the currently is it ‘neocolonial’profile, the to more associated and Europeans, by retired riads purchased of old processes gentrification Beyond one ofemigration. the to expatriation of profile the from going Morocco, in settlement evolution, namelytheEuropeans sociological significant insofar as it provides information on important in 2012. to 21% in 2009,itincreased This resultis from 10% evolved iswithinthesameneighborhood: exchanges. that clearly The onlytype ofinteraction these of space and methods the of identification the in not help does intheirresponse for the‘others’options 3% in2009) (against in 2012 of respondents of 27% results. Indeed,thechoice to giveusclearanddecided about the ways andplacesof interaction donot seem (38%). Ontheotherhand,theiranswers Poll 2009 from Europe(57%),aclearevolutioncomparedtothe claimed to have interactedextensivelywithpeople According to the 2012Poll,Moroccanrespondents Process ofInteractionsintheEuroMedregion appear, accordingtotheseresults,asapriorityinterest. Europe. Oninformationdoesnot the otherhand,political usually causeproblems(integrationandothers)oncein interested intheextentthat these aretheareasthat Preferred placesforMoroccanstostartanewlife Chart 13.3 68

SEM countries 45 19 If you could start a new life, in which country ofthe life, inwhich start anew Ifyoucould

Europe 45 Base: 6

America 8 % of all respondents (© Anna Lindh / Lindh Anna (© respondents all of % 5

Gulf countries 2 1

Asia 0 medinas 2012 1

Don’t know 0 2009 and all respondents(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). countries? met withanyperson(orpersons)fromEuropean Survey Question: Europeans in2012than2009. In with Europeans. terms, Moroccanshaveinteractedmorewith general interaction virtual the influence to of Agency Telecommunications National , doesnotappear Regulation the by figures to according 2011, and 2010 late between 70.44% of subscribers internet since 2011and especially withayearlygrowth of 3G The popularityof social mediainMoroccosince2010 space, internet,tourism)actuallywentdown. public (meeting inthestreet, Other modesofinteraction popular neighborhoods. mechanic, artisan,cook,mason,etc..) and settlingin small jobs(waiterincafes, their luckinMorocco,doing of Iberianswhotry unemployed ‘illegal’immigration managers including Beyondthat,thereisahigh and workersingeneral. migrant’profile class ‘middle the to sent toMoroccobytheircompanies,corresponding the mostimportant inchildreneducation. not considered thesetwovalueswere when 2009 since change clear a constitutes This 2012. in 48% reached personal preferenceasmost important values(29%)and the of list the in last was it when 2009 since significantly position camerespectfor other culturesthat evolved as an importantvalue.Insecond 2009 to52%in2012 independence. of all in from 23% increased This value children education, Moroccan respondents identified first Brought tochoosefromthislistofsixcorevaluesfortheir eastern Mediterraneancountries. and southern for priority the finally and prioritize would them personally,societies andthosetheythinkEuropean to identify andprioritizethosethat seem importantto were asked beliefs andfamilysolidarity).Respondents respect forothercultures,religious independence, values wasoffered(curiosity, torespondents obedience, six among achoice on intheeducationoftheirchildren focus parents that values priority of identification the For in valuesrelatedtochildreneducation Perceptions ofthesimilaritiesanddifferences European countries Interaction ofMoroccanswithpeoplefrom Chart 13.4 43 2012 In the last 12 months have you personally talked to or talked In thelast12monthshaveyoupersonally 57 Yes 62 2009 No 38 Don’t know Base: %of that people in otherSEMcountrieswish to convey that people In terms of Moroccans’ about priorityvalues perception the valuesofreligiousbeliefand obediencerankedlast. (52%). Finally andwithoutbigsurprises, important value with only21%)whilein2009 it was thesecondmost 4th (ranked 2012 in curiosity of value the of decline the exercise of the values educational inEuropeconcerns in 2012 (27%). Another significant change in this ranking was promotedtothethirdmostimportantvalues which and (8%) 2009 in last as classified was which solidarity family regards difference significant A 2012. in position was inthirdposition2009(29%)andsecond that (48%) cultures other for respect by followed (58%), 2009 since change little with (59%), independence again the perception amongsurveyedMoroccanshighlights in Europe, to children to beconveyed In termsofvalues 22% in2009toonly16%2012). in responsesfrom andcuriosity(alsodecreased in 2012) 23% to 2009 in 40% from sharply fell (which obedience 30% in2012.Valuesand are less important considered in 2009 mentioned by33%ofrespondens solidarity of family as thevalue as well in thethirdposition ranked as they emphasized valuesarealways decline, religious with this But even of theirchildren. in theeducation personally, the most important valueto be emphasized was, forthem belief that religious said of respondents education comparedto 2009 (63%). In 2012, only30% of religious beliefs as an importantvalueinchildren the decline was development significant very Another important’answers areshown(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). most ‘Second % ofthesum‘Mostimportant’and respondents, all when raisingchildren? And thesecondmostimportant? oneofthesesixwouldyousayismostimportant I’d liketoknowwhich Question: Assuming thatwelimitourselvestosixvaluesonly Survey children Key valuestoMoroccanswhenbringinguptheir Chart 13.5 Respect forothercultures Family solidarity Religious beliefs Independence Obedience Curiosity 22 16 40 23 33 30 23 52 13 42 63 30 2012 Base: 2009 %of uoen ubign o ter hlrn ae classified here last. are children, their of upbringing Europeans in theMoroccansand fundamental which areconsidered respect forothercultures,andcuriosity,Independence, family solidarity(from 28% in2009to 39% in2012). and 2012), in 52% to 2009 in 41% (from obedience followed by (63%), first ranked clearly is beliefs religious observed in2012comparedto2009. Thus, thevalueof be can answers in changes significant no children, their at theSchoolof GovernanceandEconomics ofRabat. MOUS isProfessor and ProjectManager AIT Fadma The Anna Lindh Report 2014

TRENDS IN FOCUS 80 TRENDS IN FOCUS 81 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 among thethirteen surveyedcountries,almost withthe same time, Spain ranksthirdandfourth, respectively, region. the Mediterranean characterise change At the to in democratic transition andresistance participation 80%) morethanSEMcountries (around66%)thatcivic (around agree or somewhat strongly countries European or somewhat characterisethe region. Mediterranean answer thatthetwocharacteristicsstrongly or region in eachcountry around 70%ofrespondents nonetheless in Europeancountries,andSEMbut conflict in Spain, characteristics are thetwolessmentioned of ‘source and Turmoil region. Mediterranean the in 2012asthecharacteristicsthatbestdescribe cited bymorethan85%in2009and90% life andfood’,commonculturalheritage’ were For Spaniards, hospitality, way of ‘Mediterranean European countries. it was theEuropeancountrymost referenced bynon- Egypt, Moroccoand behind Turkey,that highlighting countries(SEM) Southern andEasternMediterranean the fourth country most mentioned by respondents in in Europeancountries(behindItaly and Greece), and country most Mediterranean mentionedby respondents in around50%oftheirsamples). Spainwasthethird region (onlyGreeceandFrancewerealsomentioned when askedaboutcountriesintheMediterranean Spain to Italyand spontaneously referenced Spaniards In both2009and2012,morethanthreequartersof Spain asarepresentationoftheMediterranean changes. political or social economic, significant exceptionally no in this case, a period inSpain which therehavebeen suchasthreeyears a shortperiod time, inparticular the greatstabilityofsocialvaluesandattitudesover illustrates that finding this is It results. identical almost demonstrates on bothoccasions asked questions eight and Turkey –andacomparisonof the responsesto the in 2009and2012– along withEgypt, Germany, Morocco, Spain is one of the five countries that have been studied Economic Crisis Openness toDiversityBeyondtheSpanish exposes acontinuedopennesstoculturaldiversity,despitethechangingcontextoflastyears. the perception ofSpaniards’tothe values of the countries of the southern Mediterranean. The author also Gallup poll. At the same time, Juan Diez Nicolas highlights how there has been a relevant change related to public opinion on intercultural affairs and values have not changed dramatically since the first Anna Lindh/ Despite the economic crisisin Europe, and historic social changes across the Arab region, trends in Spanish 2009 Survey,economic conditions regarding especially from SEMcountrieswith respecttothe information and citizens’ inSpanish increase is aslight news interestin (66%). the highest SEM, withMoroccoranking There and Europe, in (6%),and above50%inalmostall the lowest Albania highest the (47%) ranking Germany (42%) Spain with and countries European all in 50% whoprovides that though theproportion answeris below would startanewlifeintheirowncountry,respondents would choosean American country. The majorityof 15% who to onlyaround had thechoice,compared country ifthey in oneEuropean start lifeagain would Around threeout of four Spaniards,inbothsurveys, countries (referenceChart14.1). same proportion astheaverage foreightEuropean Spaniards Characteristics oftheMediterraneanregionfor Chart 14.1 2012). Poll Lindh/Gallup (© Anna shown are answers characterize’ ‘Somewhat Base: strongly,region the Mediterranean characterize or notatall? somewhat to the mindsof different people, andpleasetellme, if you thinkthese Question: Survey Mediterranean wayof %of all respondentsof the sumof‘Stronglycharacterize’ and Common cultural Source ofconflict Resistence to life andfood Hospitality heritage change I will read out a set of ideas/images that may come may that ideas/images of set a out read will I 74 68 75 76 87 90 87 93 86 94 Juan DIEZ-NICOLAS 2009 2012 was reversedin 2009(referenceChart14.3). order the although Surveys, Kindh/Gallup Anna both in respect fortheother and of familysolidarity importance the rank second or first either in mentioned Spaniards More than60%of up theirown children. when bringing the about asked value most important the second and most important firstly were Respondents children. up deal withperceivedkeyvalueswhenbringing The lastthreequestionsrepeatedinthe2012Survey Stable value trends and changes in perceptions except Moroccans(57%). SEM countrieswhohaveinteractedwithEuropeans, and certainlyabovetheof proportion respondents in (44%), middle the in less or more ranks it nevertheless slightly abovetheaveragefor all Europeancountries,but who haveinteractedwithpersonsfromSEMcountriesis on theInternet. chatting of Spaniards The proportion it through did or work,to2%who of business because met who 40% than less from ranging Surveys, both in the same them remain for meeting the reasons while the southernor eastern shoreof the Mediterranean, met withanypersonorpersonsfromcountriesbordering proportion oftalkedor Spaniards whohavepersonally the in 44%) to 38% (from increase slight a also is There SEM countries(Chart14.2). European countriessurveyed,buthigherthaninallthe with alltheother and Denmarkislowerincomparison about SEMcountriesinSpain,Belgium changes political and conditions news oneconomic Interest onreceiving but only one intworeligiousbeliefsandpractices. issues, two first the in interested somewhat or very are practices; morethanthreequartersofthesurveysample beliefs and is noincreasedinterestaboutreligious toculturallifeandlifestyle,althoughthere in addition countries inSpain Interest innewsandinformationaboutSEM Chart 14.2 interested’ answersareshown(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). Base: their...?about and information in news have you saypersonally and eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, how muchinterest would Question: the southern the countriesbordering about Thinking Survey Cultural life & lifestyle Economic conditions Religious beliefsand % of all respondents ofthesum‘Very %ofallrespondents interested’ and‘Somewhat practices 50 50 62 75 75 75 2009 2012 when raising children? raising when most important? And thesecond oneofthesesixwouldyousayismostimportant I’d liketoknowwhich Question: Assuming thatwelimitourselvestosixvaluesonly Survey up theirchildren Key valuestoSpanishrespondentswhenbringing Chart 14.3 Spaniards’ havechanged dramatically, opinions with important inraising theirchildren.However, in 2012 more parents inSEM countriesconsidered their opinion, for other’ and ‘familysolidarity’ as the values that, in ‘respect mentioned Spaniards of 40% than more 2009 in SEMcountries.In to parentsraisingtheirchildren thevalues that regarding were moreimportant opinion is agreatdifferencewere askedtheir whenSpaniards But there their children. parents inEuropewhenraising that weremoreimportantto asked aboutthevalues when were mentioned,andalsoinreversedorder2009, The same two values,thoughinproportionsaround50% the SEMcountries,allbutMorocco. that four of higher only and countries European the eight the lowestimportancegivenby ‘independence’, anyof andDenmark,to beliefs’, onlyhigherthanBelgium Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia, aswellto‘religious than higher only to ‘curiosity’, given importance Albania, Yetthe concerning low particularly ranks Spain Denmark. Italy and attached torespectforotherculturesbehind and Turkey,the importance andalsothirdregarding greatest importancetofamilysolidarity, behind Albania the that give the countries ranks thirdamong Spain beliefs. Moregenerally,proportion mentionedreligious about thesame up theirchildren, when bringing value is themostimportant that familysolidarity concurred also from SEMcountries half therespondents though even countries,while fromEuropean the respondents by morethanhalf were mentioned The sametwovalues answers areshown(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). respondents of the sum of ‘Most important’ and ‘Secondmost important’ Respect forother Family solidarity Religious beliefs Independence Obedience Curiosity cultures 11 10 14 11 19 20 22 28 67 61 63 67 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 2009 Base: %ofall 2012

TRENDS IN FOCUS 82 TRENDS IN FOCUS 83 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 images SpanishcitizensholdaboutSEMcountries. and the opinions place in a central occupies religion therefore and lifestyle, in conflicts, social in movements, andpracticesinpolitics,social beliefs to religious news regardingthosecountries makesomereference about SEMcountries.Most provided in theinformation thatmediahasattachedtoreligion greater emphasis attribute thischangeinSpaniards’ perception to the One might their children. SEM countriesgiveinraising with change significant more in that parents of thevalues respect totheirperception a be to appears there between 2009and2012, have practicallynotchanged In thisway, thevaluesandattitudesof Spaniards while ‘respect forother’(Chart14.4) solidarity’30% to‘family only around and obedience, and to 44% and beliefs’ ‘religious to importance more give almost 60%thinkingthat parents from SEM countries countries, accordingtoSpaniards Key valuestoparentsraisingchildreninSEM Chart 14.4 Spaniards seem to be highly relativists, asonly18% seem tobehighly Spaniards together withrespectforcultural diversity. concern for the environmentis the most mentioned gain, in theorderofpreferences, isthatinSEMcountries specifically difference, major only The UfM. a of project result fromthe that would with thesamefourgains agree in EuropeanandSEMcountriesseemto Respondents and inrespectfor entrepreneurship culturaldiversity. and in innovation be gains there would than 80%believe more and for theenvironment, and concern solidarity equality,gains ingender youthfuldynamism,social freedom andtheruleoflaw,more than70%expect while and moralvalues,individual to spiritual in relation gains UfM. More than60%of respondents thinktherewouldbe result fromaprojectforthe that would about thegains appear tobeverypositive in 2012 Spaniards editions, Apart fromthosequestionsrepeatedinthetwoSurvey Openness toculturaldiversity Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). of ‘Mostimportant’most important’ and‘Second (© are shown answers And the second most important? Base: of SEMcountries? in thesocieties children important toparentsraising you sayismost Question: Whichoneofthesesixvalueswould Survey Respect forothercultures Family solidarity Religious beliefs Independence Obedience Curiosity 6 14 29 33 44 58 % of all respondentsof the sum answers (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). sum of‘Stronglydisagree’and ‘Disagree’: somewhat’ and‘Disagree agree’sum of‘Strongly ‘Agree’: where somewhat’ and‘Agree answers, or disagree with the following statements? or disagreewiththefollowing Question: Couldyoupleasetellme,howmuch doyouagree Survey SEM countries ingeneralevaluate positivelyanda to theirpast,andthat worse theirpresentcompared that Spain andItaly are the two countries that evaluate underlined be should It 14.6). (Chart afterwards) five years better be would it that said (48% future the about optimistic 5 yearsbefore),buttheyremainnonetheless than worse was it that 2012 in answered (40% negative national andpersonaleconomicsituationhasbeenquite crisis financial the citizens aboutthe of Spanish the appraisal in 2007 of commencement the since that It is true optimistic. also are Spaniards On thewhole, who disagreeinbothregions. society’ byhalfamongthosewhoagreeand aredivided of diversity constitutesathreattothestability religious and on theassertionthat‘cultural but theopinions diversity isimportantfortheprosperityoftheircountry’, and religious life’, andthat‘cultural to participateinpublic should havethesamerightsoropportunity backgrounds fromdifferentthat ‘people or religious cultural,political Spaniards, like also agree, SEM countries and European than in higher in Albania. Morethan80%ofrespondents a little only countries, of all lowest in Spainisthesecond proportion the and 40%, below cases all in is countries (except in Egypt, 44%), while the proportion in European guidelines thatthereareabsolute believe Morocco) More than 50%ofrespondentsinSEMcountries(80% 14.5) (Chart society’. of stability the to threat a diversity constitutes religious and that ‘cultural assertion with the for theprosperityofSpain’,and72%disagree diversity isimportant and religious agree that‘cultural life’, 79% in public to participate rights oropportunity shouldhavethesame backgrounds or religious political of Spaniards agreethatfrom ‘people different cultural, through theacceptanceofculturaldiversity. Thus, 91% confirmed is relativism This guidelines. absolute no are think there 80% and whatistruth,while and bad good to whatis guidelines agree thatthereareabsolute in Spain Views aboutpolitical,culturalandreligiousdiversity Chart 14.5 Cultural andreligiousdiversity same rightsoropportunityto backgrounds shouldhavethe diversity isimportantforthe cultural, politicalorreligous constitutes athreattothe prosperity ofyoursociety participate inpubliclife People fromdifferent Cultural andreligious stability ofsociety 27 Agree Base: 79 Disagree 91 % ofallrespondents, 72 Dont Know 18 7 Personal lifesatisfactioninSpain Chart 14.6 SEM countries. onthe and Spain,European of democracybetween meaning appear differences significant no Again, case. mentioned by less than 10% of respondents ineach Other responses about the meaning of democracy were treatment. equal and equality 12% mentioning and respect anddignityfor with 20%answering everybody, seems to refer to relativism andacceptanceof diversity speech, of 11%and free elections. answered freedom Adimension second replied 24% freedom, answered spontaneously and specifically 36% ‘freedom’, mainly in SEM countries. Democracy for Spaniards means andrespondents Spaniards, Europeans between be negative. There arenodifferences inthisopinion the and expect themto 25% only Arab countries, and Spring’Europe between on therelation willbepositive known asthe‘Arab the socialmovementsgenerally of effects ultimate the that 2012 in thought 47% Thus, are very values political in favourofdemocracy,clearly optimistic. also are and Spaniards’ point, final a As Hopes forthefuture proportion isbelow50%inbothevaluations. the of Egyptthatistheonlycountrywhere exception countries, withtheonly respondents inEuropean and thefutureroleofwomenintheirsocietiesthan the present are moreoptimisticabout SEM countries in respondents again, Once years. five in role greater they willplaya believe and almostthesameproportion before, years five did they than 2012 in society Spanish in role a greater play think thatwomen of Spaniards With regardstotheroleofwomeninsociety, twothirds Albania. countries, exceptfrom with allEuropean compared present, andtheoptimismisgreaterinallSEM countries be betterthanthe that thefuturewill and Spain,believe respondents inallcountries,withthe exception of Italy of 40% than More more. relatively economies European the affected has crisis financial the that fact the to due with thepast,thismayalsobe in comparisonalthough toEuropeancountriesthepresent greater proportion all respondents(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). The same? in 5years? change expect itwill do you And how compared to 5 years ago, yourpresentlifesituationis: Better, Worse, Question: TakingSurvey would yousay, everythingintoconsideration, Expectations for Present life the future situation 24 Better 48 The same 35 25 Worse 20 40 Don’t know Base: 6 %of European University ofMadrid. Research inSocialSciences andSecurityatthe DIEZ-NICOLASisDirectoroftheChair for Juan becoming moreskepticalaboutthem. parties, are practices basedonpoliticalwhileEuropeans democratic to experience countries arenowbeginning party,due tothefactthatthese somethingthatisprobably a political orsupporting joining and action individual their prefer in SEMcountries action, respondents individual rely more on joiningsocialmovementsandtheir views. political Europeans At thesametime,while based initiative,or using socialmediato express their NGO, a political party, a religious association,a faith an or supporting joining replied less than15% while movements andaction, 16% throughtheirindividual problems inSpain,26%answeredthroughjoiningsocial social solving to contribute to way efficient most the be civil society. To illustrate,whenaskedaboutwhatwould new modelsofmorebasedon democratic orientation, the supporting parties, and political and voting through meaning of democracy, linked to political participation from themoretraditional seem tobedeparting Spaniards The Anna Lindh Report 2014

TRENDS IN FOCUS 84 TRENDS IN FOCUS 85 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 for valuesfellbackontraditionandIslamicconceptions. moral andethicalcode,intimes of crisis, thedemand Since Turkisha secular had failedtoproduce secularism 2009). Kalaycıoğlu, and (Çarkoğlu past moral revered a for changeamongthe Turkish populationwasareturnto that themostimportantdemand 2006 and2007revealed protected andlesscomplex. Twoin surveysconducted more seemed past which of anidealised the moralorder are inerosion. of for therestitution a call There emerged of many feeling Turkish citizensthatmoralandvalues course of have beenfactorsthe globalisation whichenhanced the in lifestyle-images new of influx the and socio economictransformation,corruption, unequal spirituality.Rapidcapitalism, urbanisation,unbridled a revivalof market economyinthe1980s,triggered by theshifttoliberal age, induced to apost-industrial rather anto adaptation modernity. In Turkey, transition from, but a departure however this doesnotmean and spirituality.observed areturnofreligion Quiteoften Baker, 2000). Instead,inmanysocietiestherecanbe and and spiritualbeliefshavenotfaded(Inglehardt to religion would declineparallelmodernisation, religion that predicted theorists fromMarxtoNietzsche While Perspectives onRegionalCooperation The StatusofSocialValuesinTurkeyand The emphasis on ‘the family’or the ‘religious on ‘thefamily’or The emphasis on ‘conservative’values. 2009 to 39% in2012),thereis a rather clearemphasis (from 65%in up children an importantvalueforbringing beliefs’as ‘religious who mentioned decrease ofpeople as thereisaratherradical in 2009, and thatmade 2012 Although therearedifferences betweenthepollmadein 11%only whereas independence stated curiosity. respect forothercultures.17%highlighted emphasising was followedby 29% mentioning obedienceand28% beliefs’as the ‘religious secondmost important valuethis highlighted % oftheparticipants 39 (Chart 15.1).While up children important valuewhenitcomestobringing as themost family solidarity (72%) regard interviewees Trends Intercultural on thatahugemajorityofthe reveals of 2012 Turkish Poll Lindh/Gallup Anna The Key valuesinperspective the emergence of new social actors and demands. Building on the most recent Anna Lindh/Gallup Poll Lindh/Gallup findings, theauthoralsoexplorespotentialimpactofEuro-MediterraneancooperationonTurkey. Anna recent most the on Building demands. and actors social new of emergence the decades of the concept of Turkish identity, between traditional and secular values as well as in relation to mean a shift away from spirituality and religion. Cengiz Gunay explores the development over the last three In Turkey, as in other countries going through a process of transformation, modernity does not necessarily of the community of believers (cemaat). of thecommunity ofbelievers The stateusedits Synthesis the nation was redefined following the concept conservatism. According totheso-called Turkish-Islamic set aboutconciliating Turkishwith social nationalism values they had failedtotransmit religious Revolution 2009). Startingoutfromthe analysis thattheKemalist (Atasoy,foreign’ideologies by ‘divisive values and moral of of thecorruption the 1970sasaconsequence Turkish Kemalism. in polarisation the political They hadregarded to recalibrate military coupof1980hadbeendetermined concepts of rightist intellectualsthe generals of the of policies the Turkish state. Guided bytheideasand of aconsciousshiftinthesocialandcultural background community’as key values should beseenagainstthe important’ answersareshown(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). %ofthesum‘Mostimportant’all respondents, most and‘Second when raisingchildren? And thesecondmostimportant? oneofthesesixwouldyousayismostimportant I’d liketoknowwhich Question: Survey children inTurkey Key valuestoparentswhenbringinguptheir Chart 15.1 Respect forother Family solidarity Religious beliefs Independence Obedience Curiosity cultures Assuming that we limit ourselves to sixvaluesonly,Assuming thatwelimitourselves 10 29 31 28 11 20 17 65 39 62 72 7 Cengiz GÜNAY 2009 Base: 2012 %of nostalgic interpretation of the past should determine of thepastshould interpretation nostalgic (Günay,that theirown 2007).Both sideshaveclaimed a competitionovereconomic andculturaldominance life. in public of elements This battlehasalsoembodied play should Islamists havebattledoverthe rolereligion has been domestically highlydisputed. Secularistsand should play inthepublicsphere which rolereligion identity provided outwarddifferentiation, the question the feelingoftoIslamiccultural belonging animagined of arevivedIslamicidentity.importance increasing While through perception culturalist eyeshasbeenoneoftheresults its and conflict Israeli-Palestinian for the andparticularly the situationofMuslimsabroad parts non-secular ofsociety. Growing sensitizationfor as as well to secular open hasbeen sense, Muslimhood that theyareMuslim(White,2005).In demonstrating themselves asreligious,butwhoareinterestedin identify not primarily media, alsotothosewhowould via themarketplaceand moorings andbecomeavailable identity havecometofrom be dislodgedtheirreligious with anIslamic associated practices culture. Objectsand consumer evolving the in reflected also were identity of to acommonMuslimsphereofculture. These politics spirituality,religious but rathertothefeeling of belonging practice or does notrefertoanincreaseinreligious feeling of Muslim solidarity. A newsenseofMuslimhood The re-definition of the West as the ‘other’strengthened a partitioning Turkey (Günay, 2007). of Westernfears andsuspicions aimed at conspiracies against Turkishentrenched revived deeply membership erosion oftrust in the‘West”. The culturalistarguments from Europeagainst Turkishcaused an membership Iraq WarUS-led emanating discourses andthenegative 9/11,of the wake the in Muslims against discriminations in ex-Yugoslavia.brethren and Anti-Islamic discourses with theMuslim solidarity of growing gave risetoafeeling the clash of Islam, Orthodox ChristianityandCatholicism the tasteof had the Balkans The factthatthewarsin imagined Turkishness, IslamicnessorSecularism. of an characteristics and identity issues emphasised programmes of political partieshaveincrasingly on, the From the1980s (White, 2002). movements the definingfactorinpoliticalorganisationsandprotest identities, and religious replaced economicstruggleas and Kalaycıoğlu, 2009). Competing discourses on ethnic discourse as well as in the rhetoric of politicians (Çarkoğlu and ethnicoriginsbegantogainnotorietyinthepublic in thepublicsphere(Baban,2005).Religious inclusion andtheirstrugglefor of identitypositions multiplication One ofthecharacteristicspost-1980erawas A renewedsenseofMuslimhood society, accordingtothenewRepublicanstateideology. very own secularinstitutionsto ‘re-traditionalise’political to yours?Base: to be goodorbaddepends onthecircumstances.Whichviewiscloser things arerelativeandwhatweconsider there arenoabsoluteguidelines, to whatisgoodandbad,truth. guidelines Others say, that that thereareabsolute believe Question:Somepeople Survey Belief inabsoluteguidelinesTurkey Chart 15.2 religiosity. parties, rathertheentrenchmentofconservatismand political alignments along for strongpolitical indication political polarisation,the results canbeinterpretedasan vary may bad to thecircumstances.Incontextofhigh according is what or good is what that think 46% believe that interviewees thereareabsoluteprinciples, or bad,theresultsratherpointoutthatwhile50%of the absolute principles and rules defining what is truth, good As the Turkishrefers to translationofthequestion of the rather bythewording Turkish text,(Chart15.2). rise ofIslamicconservatismoverthelasttwoyears,but by theextreme 50% in2012canhardlybeexplained to 2010 in 27% from bad and good defining guidelines of people whodeclaredthinkingthat there areabsolute people’sare guiding value judgements. The increase that beliefs truth, referringtoreligious such asabsolute detecting whetherthereisastrongbeliefinsomething about the existence of absolute aimedat guidelines The Anna Lindh/Gallup Poll’s question on the perceptions (Özyürek, 2006). the natureoflegitimatepoliticsincontemporary Turkey Moreover,or alsoothersocial,sexual, environmental of a of unitarian understanding Turkish nationalism. the corset challenged Alevis andRomahaveincreasingly other ethnicand confessional identities suchas Kurds, urban society. Not onlytheIslamistmovement,butalso mainly post-industrial, a morediverseandpluralist of dynamics the explain to suffice not are patterns these culture andIslamictradition,dominated Turkish politics, the dichotomybetweensecular tensions, representing questions. Whereasformanyyearscenter-periphery Turkish societyhasbeendeeplydividedalongidentity Belif ininstitutionsandsocialparticipation There arenoabsoluteguidelines %ofallrespondents(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). 46 4 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 50 There areabsoluteguidelines Don’t know

TRENDS IN FOCUS 86 TRENDS IN FOCUS 87 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 the country(Chart 15.3). in problems solving to way efficient most the are parties clear majorityof people whotend to believe that political dissatisfaction withthe current situation,thereis still a These resultscanbeinterpreted inawaythatdespite things. change an NGO would or supporting joining that 0% believe and action through individual something problems insociety, only 1%thinkthattheycouldchange to solving contribute would socialmovements that joining believe 19% another (15%). While in SEMcountries and to (12%) countries in European than theaverage higher way efficient most the in society.problems to solving contribute is This ismuch party political a joining think that Poll 2012,27%oftheinterviewees Gallup Lindh/ Anna the from gained insights the to According authoritarianism andpaternalism. conservatismorIslam,butagainst directed against libertarian. Secularinspirit,theirmessageswerenot rather slogans anddemandswerelessideological, politicised. highly At thesametime,however, their was actually to beapolitical, often blamed generation university background,alsodisplayed,that the young with a The protestscarriedbyyoungpeople,principally lenses ofbetweensecularistsandIslamists. polarisation that Turkish politicscannotbesimplyseenthroughthe from these developments. The mass rallies unearthed to betaken there aresomelessons but homogeneous, Although, theprotest movement that emerged wasall oftheurbanmiddleclass. among representatives economic growth,therehadalsogrowndiscontent the surfaceofconstant that, under revealed 2013 in June unfolded The Gezi-protestmovementwhich representation incivilsociety. and found local identitieshavebecomeopenlydisplayed Most efficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinTurkey Chart 15.3 to solving the problems in yourcountry? to solvingtheproblems Survey Question: How do you think you could most efficiently contribute Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). Using socialmediatoexpresspolitical Joining areligiousassociationor views, tojoinorsupportcauses Joining orsupportingapolitical Joining orsupportinganNGO Through myindividualaction Joining socialmovements faith basedinitative Don’t know None party 0 16 Base: 1 3 7 19 27 27 % of all respondents (© %ofallrespondents issues are all too often presented as projections of inner- asprojections too oftenpresented are all issues media havea strong domestic focus. Foreign policy in thecountry,polarisation political Due tohigh Turkish interpretation oftheresults,(reference toChart15.5) those whothink it is relevant, this enablesaneasier with affect’equal ‘definitely would it think who those of think itmightaffect isthehighest.Ifwesetnumber of thosewho the number all countries,whereas among so isthelowest the numberofthosewhostronglybelieve gender equality(71%),againacloserlookrevealsthat or (74%) environment the for concern %), (79 diversity of law,rule torespectforcultural as inregard aswell Mediterranean’ freedomandthe in regardtoindividual for the within the‘Union could gainfromcooperation larger numberof people (80%)thinkthat Turkish society - compared withthe 2009 Syrvey - Anna Lindh/Gallupa East. Similarly,the Middle in true fordevelopments while inner-Turkish dynamicsandtensions. This isparticularly of as projections too oftenpresented issues areall policy focus. Foreign domestic strong a particularly has media in thecountry,polarisation political Due tohigh Turkish have relevancefor Turkey andtheirownlives. developments that these – think very interested are who in the developments inEurope,but that only a few – those interest in thewaythatthereisanincreased interpreted who aresomewhatinterestedis relatively highcanbe part inthePoll. taking this regard, Turkey isbottomplacedamongallcountries somewhat interested in political changes (Chart 15.4). In 63% are and developments in economic interested somewhat are 54% whereas interested, very are they that inbothcasesonly12%ofthosewhostated region, acloserlookattheresultsreveals Mediterranean state that they are interested inpoliticalchangesthe and 75% developments are interestedineconomic that they in Europeancountries.While66%declare changes economic and of political the relevance about the doubtsof highlights also The Poll Turkishcitizens Limited interestbuttrustincooperation Turkey Interest innewsandinformationfromEurope Chart 15.4 about their…? information and have innews you saypersonally interest would Question: countries, howmuch Thinking abouttheEuropean Survey Lindh/Gallup Poll2012). interested’ and ‘Somewhatinterested’ answers areshown(© Anna Religious beliefsandpractices Cultural lifeandlifestyle Economic conditions Base: Political changes % of all respondents, % ofthesum‘Very %ofallrespondents, The fact that the number of those The factthatthenumber 65 66 70 75 What TurkeywouldgainfromtheUFM Chart 15.5 the countriespolled. strongly believe in these benefits is the lowest among all larger, is beneficial of thosewho that thenumber reveals look yet acloser Mediterranean the for Union the Survey, the numberofrespondents whoconsiderjoining Lindh/Gallup Anna 2009 the with comparison In (71%). equality gender or (74%) environment the for concern well asinregardtorespectforculturaldiversity(79%), freedom andtheruleoflaw,in regardtoindividual as Turkish societycouldgainfromproject, this cooperation positive: (80%)of 2012 aregenerallypeoplethinkthat the ‘Union for the Mediterranean’, Turkish respondentsin within from cooperation gain asked, whattheycould when for developments in theMiddleEast area. For example, Turkishand tensions. dynamics true This isparticularly shown (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). characterize’sum of‘Strongly characterize’ and‘Somewhat are answers gain fromsuchasharedproject? Survey Question: Whichoftheseaspects do youthinkyoursocietycan Youthful dynamism Respect forcultural ‘Individual freedom spiritual andmoral and theruleoflaw entrepreneurship ‘Gender equality ‘Social solidarity Concern forthe ‘Innovation and ‘Attachment to environment diversity values 72 72 70 74 79 75 59 76 77 77 77 79 72 80 69 71 Base: %ofallrespondents,the 2009 2012 Vienna. for International Affairs andLecturerattheUniversityof GÜNAYFellow at isSenior Institute Austrian Cengiz The Anna Lindh Report 2014

TRENDS IN FOCUS 88 VIEWS FROM THE GROUND

VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 91 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Mediterranean Albania: PerspectivesandPerceptionsofthe Chart 16.1). (reference to any other association has superseded The intensity of political changes over the recent period for commerce. as aspace played that theregion role trade andeconomiccooperation despite the historical development, find not do we region, Mediterranean of the features common identified the among Meanwhile, recently.experienced changes theregion and political are competingwiththeimpact of turmoil,instability on contemporaryviews. However, these associations history stillhasastrongandvisibleimpact admirable hospitality,and interesting life,and goodfood,colourful changes. The traditionalimage of the areaasaplaceof their transition; andthirdly,of political theimplications firstly, region: Mediterranean natural andculturalheritage;secondly, theirdemocratic the of countries For Albanians threetraits mainly characterisethe Optimism despitetheregionalcrisis issue. border/continental sea Greek-Albanian the and Albania to migrationtoGreece,theGreekminorityin Albanian related the twocountries between of tensions episodes in bothcountries,and,thecaseofGreece, instability political crisis and of therecenteconomic consequences the reflect perceptions Albanians’ However, heritage. tourists’historical and of cultural rich and destinations of countries receiving migrants, important Albanian are foundatthetopoflistasmostpopular symbol of Europe andtheWest. BothItaly and Greece a as Albanians by perceived been has it years fifty last on theothersideof Adriatic andbecauseduringthe country becauseof typical Mediterraneanits location the most Italyremains about theMediterranean. hearing the countries Albanians havemostlyintheirmindswhile in additiontotheirhomecountry, Italy andGreeceare vicinity.geographic and the factthat, These linksexplain countries areaffectedMediterranean byethnocentrism The perceptions of Albanians towardsother while theUnionforMediterraneanisconsideredatooltostrengthenacceptanceofdiversity. process and the ‘Arab Spring’movement, suggesting it willhave a positive impact on Euro-Arab relations, towards theUSAandCanada. The authoralsodrawsaparallelbetweenthecountry’sdemocratisation time, as Kosta Barjaba highlights, the economic crisis in Europe is stimulating inclinations of Albanian citizens Albania is a Mediterranean country oriented towards Europe in its value system and lifestyle. At the same The expectations from the Union forthe Mediterranean from theUnion The expectations dialogue inthecountry. has equality gender and communication thepolitical recently dominated that fact the reflect estimations respondents’ and Albania in workforce the of 40% than at work. Womenand segmentation representless their segregation rate,and particularly exclusion social differencesof employmentandunemployment, in wages, their role,level of women, situation mirror theactual At the same time, however, this assessment doesnot similar patternforthefuture. on a to someyearsbeforeandcounting in comparison of therolewomeninsociety,an improvement declaring of transition. the prospects about positive They arealso a period during changes mirrors anaturaltrendofsocial ago andthe very positive expectationsfor the future that years five to compared life present the of perception the Weexpectations. note,infact,adifferencebetween life personal their concerning in theresponses also reflected is this and nature by optimistic are Albanians 2012). Poll Lindh/Gallup Anna (© shown are characterize’answers ‘Somewhat Base: strongly,region the Mediterranean characterize or notatall? somewhat to the mindsof different people, andpleasetellme, if you thinkthese Question: Survey Albanians Characteristics oftheMediterraneanregionfor Chart 16.1 Common culturalheritageand % of all respondents% of the sum of ‘Strongly characterize’and Mediterranean wayoflife democratic transition Resistance tochange Civic participationin Turmoil, insecurity Source ofconflict I will read out a set of ideas/images that may come may that ideas/images of set a out read will I Hospitality and food history 80 83 84 85 90 92 96 Kosta BARJABA and influenced by their economic and financial situation. financial and economic their by influenced and The interestof is motivated in SEM countries Albanians (SEM) countries. in Southernand EasternMediterranean of children in theupbringing a higherlevelofimportanceto religion to thoseoftherest Europe.Whiletheyassign values of an alignment countries showing European Albanian values preferencesandthoseofparentsinother Albanians donot make anydistinctionbetweentheir Attitude todiversity (Chart 16.3). the family, especially intherelationship parents-children within a kindofdemocratisation position, proving lower behavior,as anormofsocial obedience, ranksona to children. isrankedthe Independence secondand on pass to values other among first the ranked is it as the characterise society.Albanian This valueisstillvital, rule oflawandprosperity. Strongfamilytiestraditionally of democracy freedom of speech, free elections,andthe Albanians rankamongthe most important characteristics in transition. countries of EUattitudestowards barometer country (Chart16.2).performancedrivesthe Democratic the in progress to thedemocratic in parallel improved relations EU-Albanian they remember experience, Arab relationsafter the from their Arab Springbecause In general, citizens anticipate the improvement of Euro- entrepreneurship appearassecondaryexpectations. respect while first, equality, gender for theenvironment, and innovation come solidarity diversity, justice, of and theaspects most needed ratethehighest:liberty, order country the the within priorities of scale however the reflects priority benefits potential the among very littledifferencesand positive all are be found can on therelationsbetweenEuropeand Arab countries? be theultimateeffectsWhat doyouthink,will Spring’. ofthesechanges an ‘Arab started withsocialmovementswhichhavebeencalled changes Survey Question: Most of the Arab countries are experiencing significant ‘Negative’ answers(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). ‘Positive’and the‘Negative’ answers, effect: sumof‘Very negative’ and where the‘Positive’all respondents, effect: sum of‘Very positive’ and relations forAlbanians Ultimate effectoftheArabSpringonEuro-Arab Chart 16.2 Positive 21 24 Negative 10 45 No effect Don’t know Base: % of important’answers areshown(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). most ‘Second %ofthesum‘Mostimportant’and all respondents when raisingchildren? And thesecondmostimportant? oneofthesesixwouldyousayismostimportant I’d liketoknowwhich Question: Assuming thatwelimitourselvestosixvaluesonly Survey children Key valuestoAlbanianswhenbringinguptheir Chart 16.3 curiosity forthereligionsaroundthem. in a multi-religious country, donot Albanians have much stems fromthefact of religionthatliving underestimation beliefs asthefourth. religious interest and the third The quality of life of their people.Politicalchangesrankas and the of thesecountries conditions on theeconomic primarily why theirinterestinSEMcountriesisfocused around them economically and financially. This explains judge theworld Power Parity),people Purchasing by (measured 62% of around level a poverty with In of theregion, of thepoorestcountries one Albania, Academy ofSciences of Albania. University of Tirana and Associate Memberof the isProfessorattheEuropean BARJABA Kosta Respect forothercultures Family solidarity Religious beliefs Independence Obedience Curiosity 8 11 29 30 38 78 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Base: %of

VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 92 VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 93 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 shores of the Sea inanother frame. Mediterranean In the southern andeastern (s) fromacountry bordering said thattheyhavemetortalked toone(ormore)person of lifestyle. On the other hand, (24%) of those questioned these countriesandislimited tofoodandthetestimony of knowledge significant a produce not does interaction result ofatourist and business displacement. Thus, the witthSEMpopulationsismainlythe of theBelgians that theinteraction theSurveyresultsshow In addition, ontheMediterranean. a lackofbasicknowledge again respondents. by theBelgian countries) This revealsonce (10 of23 mentioned countries areindeed Mediterranean (SEM). Lessthanhalfofthe eastern Mediterranean and distantly bythesouthern Italy andFrance,followed to Spain, mainly the Mediterranean link Interviewees significant changesoccurringintheregion(Chart17.1). on the of knowledge a lack shows on thisissue,which no opinion have of respondents that 12% remarkable It isalso for thefutureofEuro-Arabrelations. positive percentage (37%)believesthatthesechangesare and the Arab countries. Another part of Belgium, similar Europe for relationsbetween are negative of thechanges (39%) thinkthattheconsequences interviewed Belgians Spring ratherdemonstratetheirconcern.Most of the with the the countries following Arab Mediterranean Arab their relationship and democracy regarding of Belgians the answersgivenandwhatwejustsaid.Expectations in Belgium, we find that there is some coherence among on Interculturaltrendsandsocietalchanges Foundation the Surveyresultsof analyzing When Lindh Anna When theBelgiansseeMediterranean the impact on migratory flows that these events will have. consequences essentially structuredaroundthepolitical opinion. public European in is This apprehension of uneasiness a feeling stimulates movement continued the today surrounding hopes; yettheuncertainty had raised on thesouthernshoreofMediterranean spread aroundtheworld. which occurred The uprising 2011Since of crowdsin theimages TunisCairo and Belgium: CivicActionCenteredonSocialIntegration information ontheMediterraneanotherpresentsachallengeforcivilsocietyworkingagainstprejudice. insufficient dialogue, cross-cultural to openness and population diverse Belgium’s Despite immigration. knowledge of Belgian citizens about the Mediterranean, associating their southern neighbours mainly with may impact onNorth-South relations are notnecessarily positive. The authors explain the limited While allofEuropewaswatchingas the ArabSpringbroketofruition, the expectations of howdevelopments Ahmad AMINIANandMarjonGOETINCK Will these changes be: Positive, Negative, orwithNoeffect?be: Positive,Negative, Will thesechanges these changesonthe relations betweenEuropeandthe Arab countries? havebeen which movements called an‘ArabSpring’.What do youthink,willbetheultimateeffects of social with started changes significant Question:Mostofthe Arab countriesareexperiencing Survey answers (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). ‘Negative’and answers, effect: sumof‘Very negative’‘Negative’ and respondents, where‘Positive’ effect: sum of‘Very positive’ and ‘Positive’ relations forBelgians Ultimate effectoftheArabSpringonEuro-Arab Chart 17.1 It was in the context of migration after WorldIt wasinthecontext ofmigration War IIthat countries tostartanewlife. rather thanthesouthernand easternMediterranean Belgians choose mostly the Western or European area and ethicsinthesecountries. Ittoseethat is interesting appreciate the importance of family solidarity, spirituality agitation, insecurity, source of conflict). But Belgians still most negativecharacteristics(resistancetochange, history andcommonculturalheritagebeforecitingthe food, hospitality, Mediterranean such aslifestyleand characteristics positive first the cite respondents region, the characteristicsof Concerning theMediterranean Issues ofmigrationandsocialcohesion population. immigrants of nearly half a million people, i.e. 4.5% of its of anetentry saw thearrival Belgium the lastdecade, as over of origin from SEMcountriesandtheir fact, one must think aboutcontacts between immigrants Positive 11 12 39 Negative 37 No effect Don’t know Base: All Belgians Characteristics oftheMediterraneanregionfor Chart 17.2 and reach a valuable expression. Cooperation projects Cooperation expression. reach a valuable and develop various strategiesto circumvent the obstacles identity resources,culturalactors of foreign origincan coexist. Startingfromtheirown expressions cultural diverse where a country in action is anessential diversity migrants andyouthimmigrants inacontextof cultural society deservetobeaccentuated. Identityrecoveryof the Belgian within networks collaboration and information of the development and wealth for creating diversity of cultural together arereported,thepromotion of living integration social specific of difficulties of lot a if Indeed, (Chart 17.3). religious diversity as a threat to the stability of society and cultural consider Belgians of (46%) that noted be the prosperityof their society. However, it shouldalso view,diversity isimportantfor theculturalandreligious life. Intheir inpublic to participate same opportunities have thesamerightsand should or religious political think thatfrom people different cultural backgrounds, for other cultures, the vast majority of Belgians (86%) who composeit.Inthecontextofrespect individuals ofthe oforigins diversity the by influenced profoundly a society are within and rejection unemployment radicalism, discrimination, Problems riseaboutreligious and Europe. in Belgium debates of manypublic Migration andthe issue of integration arethe center of livingtogethertakesplace. 50th the of commemoration and of allimmigrations and thecelebration anniversary the 2014, In economy. of Moroccan workforcefor the needs of the Belgian concluded Belgium withMoroccoontherecruitment a bilateralagreement 1964, February 17 In Belgium. in inBelgium, and Moroccans forming thecommunities developed mainnon-European Turks of flows migration 2012). (© shown are characterize’answers Poll ‘Somewhat Gallup / Lindh Anna Base: strongly,region the Mediterranean characterize or notatall? somewhat to the mindsof different people, andpleasetellme, if you thinkthese Question: Survey % of all respondents% of the sum of ‘Strongly characterize’and Common culturalheritageand Mediterranean wayoflifeand I will read out a set of ideas/images that may come may that ideas/images of set a out read will I democratic transition Resistance tochange Civic participationin Turmoil, insecurity Source ofconflict Hospitality history food 59 61 61 63 84 90 90 Foundation Network inBelgium. Marjon GOETINCK is the Coordinator of the Anna Lindh Omar Khayam. AMINIANisthePresidentofCentre Culturel Ahmad answers (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). sum of‘Stronglydisagree’and ‘Disagree’: somewhat’ and‘Disagree agree’sum of‘Strongly ‘Agree’: where somewhat’ and‘Agree answers, statements: Base: or disagreewiththefollowing Question: Couldyoupleasetellme,howmuchdoagree Survey knowledge ofEuro-Mediterraneancountries. mutual thought andaction,tostrengthenthedeep provoke awareness, raise to media and learning of field fora need in the and equality work ondiversity and dynamic critical the highlights finding This information. of and adistinctlack due tocertainignorance by prejudice demonstrates the dominance of an exoticvisiontinted The projected imageonSEM countries andtheirhistory cost tomakecollaborationswiththemassmedia. the cause of diversity. It is therefore necessaryat any aware of already access andisnotlimitedtothepublic has public that awide in theseprojectsistoensure challenge significant Astereotypes. mutual deconstruct between youngBelgiansandimmigrantshelpto in Belgium Views about political, cultural and relgious diversity Chart 17.3 People fromdifferentcultural,political constitutes athreattothestabilityof or religousbackgroundsshouldhave important fortheprosperityofyour “Cultural andreligiousdiversityis the samerightsoropportunityto “Cultural andreligiousdiversity participate inpubliclife society” society” Agree The Anna Lindh Report 2014 46 Disagree 73 % ofallrespondents, 86 Don’t know 51 23 10

VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 94 VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 95 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 buy theQuran in Denmarkandamongyouth thecartoon to began for instance people More dialogue. Danish-Arab grewwiththeneedfor interest intheSEMregion general a conflict, intercultural of climate a of spite in that shown creating enemyimages. Analysis, however, haslater of a trend further fuelled in 2005 crisis The cartoon limited amountof migrants actually residinginDenmark. the politicalsceneat dominated thispoint,despitea polarisation. In the case of Denmark the fear of migration 9/11 the with began millennium The progress. political towards resolution conflict a focusonsocio- and dialogue, intercultural increasing intensified from evolved It understanding.has intercultural steps ofincreasing significant several through gone has SEM the of people society,Danes and between relation theintercultural civil oftheDanish are. Nevertheless,fromaperspective effortsand development actual interculturaldialogue likely tothan be associatedwiththeword“Mediterranean” Africa. Beaches andholidayrelaxationareprobablymore East andNorth with theMiddle for increasingdialogue therefore notbemistaken should region Mediterranean destination. Awarenessof the Dane the average among of asaholiday often thought and from Denmark far regionisgeographicallyaway The Mediterranean Increased awarenessintimesofconflict socio-political development. by effortsthis pathtodayisfurthermarked In addition, for effortsdialogue between the people of these two areas. increasing towards and resolution conflict beyond going is, asthisarticleargues, SEMrelations stage ofDanish- into theircurrentstateofaffairsdeveloped . This “step”or region” andsocietiesamongDaneshave Mediterranean “the of management, perceptions how upon reflects shortly resolution article this conflict for model staircase on the and peopleinDenmark.Building organisations institutions, andnon-governmental by governmental taken been have dialogue increasing of steps significant of time,several over thepasttenyears.Withinthisperiod remarkably has increased (SEM) region Mediterranean Awareness amongDanesof the South-Eastern Societies Denmark: AGrowingAppetitetoKnowtheArab successfully launchedinrecentyears,againstthebackdropofvariousepisodesinterculturalconflict. been have that initiatives dialogue significant several presents author The region. the in changes political in today interested also are Danes that fact the highlight to Poll Lindh/Gallup Anna the on draws Herboldt decade -fromSeptember11th to the‘CartoonCrisis’–have provoked interest in theMENAregion. Anne Danish citizens have a limited knowledge about the Mediterranean, but developments during the last an important specificity in the process ofincreasing process andbetween Denmark inDenmark dialogue intercultural the in specificity important an project, however,development and dialogue captures gender equalityanddemocratic reform. This intercultural for andtheirstruggles Arab networkoffemalebloggers of an supported thedevelopment has simultaneously and stereotypingbetweenDenmark andtheSEM and conflict intercultural of climate a challenged has project Blogger’ the ‘Danish-Arab workshops andexhibitions, Danish bloggers. Yet through publicmeetings, debates, than stronger andmorefocusedintheircommunication learn fromDenmark,astheyareinmanywaysmuch bloggers from the MiddleEast have nothingobviousto from this that project is theacknowledgementfemale the Arab women blogger network. Among thelearning successfulprojectsis One amongtheaforementioned Blogging forchange their projectsaswell. oftheseactorsand and aprocessofprofessionalization among thewiderangeofactorsinvolved, understanding, in a simultaneous process of increasing intercultural organizations, institutionsand people hasresulted and Danish The moredirectcontactbetween Arab union-workers, students, bloggers and manymore. artists, lawyers, projectsbetween term collaborative of long- the establishment tofacilitate continues in 2013, anniversary its10-year celebrated The programme,which Denmark andtheMiddleEastNorth Africa (MENA). between and mutualunderstanding partnerships processes throughdialogue, reform anddemocratization the programmehassupported Programme. Since2003 Partnership cartoon crisis,launchedtheDanish-Arab The Danishgovernmenthadalreadyin2003,beforethe people fromtheSouth-EasternMediterranean. and migrants projects with collaborative towards change effortsto turntheir increasingly began Denmark forsocial in and people institutions, organisations governmental non- and Governmental religion. studying and Arabic crisis resultedinanincreasedcuriosityfor learning Anne HERHOLDT collaboration between Denmark and the MENA-region Denmark between collaboration and contact direct more to conflict and polarisation from in Denmark. Yetof incidents course theaforementioned efforts anddevelopment for democratization dialogue, agenda to be embracedby the ongoing collaborative forward thisnew has pushed progress and political of the in thewake movements for social Arab uprisings pressureofthedemocratisation The continuous for theMediterranean(Chart18.2). distinctive as particularly Danes the polled among mind transition isamongtheideasandimagesthatcometo hospitality andturmoil,civicparticipationindemocratic that alongside noticeable it isparticularly Mediterranean, from theSouth-Eastern and people Dane the average distance andlimitedcontactbetween geographical the and Arab countries. Takingthe into consideration having a positive effect on the relations betweenEurope as changes significant the regards 70% Almost region. the ultimateeffectsin the developments ofthe recent to optimistic withregards that Danesareremarkably 2012, changes. just asinterestedinpolitical The Pollreveals of Poll Lindh/Gallup Anna the to according are, (Chart18.1) vacations. through SEM countries Yet they of cultures and people may mostoftenencounter Danes The newagendaofsocio-politicalprogress putting socio-politicalprogressatthetopofagenda. significant itself oftheregion movements social emancipatory most The dialogue. step, however, has most recently been takenby the increasing of steps to and Arabs Danes increased directcontactrepresent and collaboration, between conflict escalating of political progress. The course of events, fromastage andamutualbeliefinsocio- contact, collaboration of direct and theSEMcountries-simpleimportance Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). who talkedtoormetwithpersonsfromSEMcountries%ofmentions(© Survey Question: countries inDenmark Method ofinteractionwithpeoplefromSEM Chart 18.1 They liveintheneighborhood Just metinthestreet/public Chatting ontheInternet Business orwork Through tourism How did you meetortalktothatperson? Howdid Other space 4 19 12 16 38 41 Base: those the Mediterranean region strongly, somewhat or not at all? minds of diff erent people, and pleasetell me, if you think thesecharacterize the to come may that ideas/images of set a out read will I Question: Survey Danes Characteristics oftheMediterraneanregionfor Chart 18.2 Foundation Network inDenmark. ofthe HERHOLDTisCoordinator Anna Lindh Anne characterize’answers areshown(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). all respondents%ofthesum‘Stronglycharacterize’and‘Somewhat conflict. spite oftheexistencevariousepisodesintercultural topromote have beentakenplaceoverthelastdecade,in dialogue initiatives significant several perspective been acrucialstepfor intercultural dialogue.From this differences betweentheDanish and Arab cultures has Taking the step to meet and deal with prevalent conflictual process. resolution conflict a in participate to willingness enemy images,to direct contact,andthe collaboration of thecreation to the polarisation, from going conflicts of and thedown-scaling clear stepsfortheup-scaling resolution management.Withinthesemodels,thereare follow the stages identified in the global models for conflict Mediterranean wayof Resistance tochange Civic participationin heritage andhistory Turmoil, insecurity Common cultural Source ofconflict life andfood democratic Hospitality 71 74 76 79 81 91 94 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Base: % of % of

VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 96 VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 97 Anna Lindh/Gallup Poll 2012). are thewordsthatcometoyourmind? Base: Question: Survey democracy inEgypt Words thatcometomindwhenthinkingabout Chart 19.1 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Egypt: Thecrucialroleofcivilsocietyintransition political parties and organisations, but also extreme butalso and organisations, parties political right toestablish the rehabilitated elections, presidential and by parliamentary characterised period transitional former PresidentHosniMubarak,thecountryentereda of down stepping after the In Egypt,immediately yet. achieved have notbeen objectives revolutions popular in Yemen,and the stability Bahrain, Syria, and Libya, of 25thJanuary2011,Revolution andthe revolutions Tunisia withthefallofBen Ali regime,theEgyptian in revolution first the of eruption the since passed have human dignity. Despite thefact that almost threeyears along withviolationsof marginalisation, humanrightsand and socialjustice,thehighratesofpoverty freedoms of public provoked bytheabsence revolutions and mobilisations brought aboutbythepopular Arab countriestodayweneedto refer to the changes To understandthecontextof the current situationinthe Respect forotheropinions Democracy doesnotexist Equality, equaltreatment Respect anddignityfor Freedom ofspeech Peace andstability Rights, civicrights civil societiestotheSouthandNorthofMediterranean,touchinguponequalitydemocraticrights. abasis, cultural diversity.Thiswillprovide the author argues, for arenewedinterculturaldialogueamong with its particular focus on contributing to social development through promoting dialogue and protecting no exception. Ayman Okeil shares the experience of the Egyptianx Network of the Anna Lindh Foundation, Countrywide actorsoftheArabSpringhavenowfoundthemselves in atransitional period, andEgyptis Safety, security When somebody is using the word democracy,the word is using somebody When what everybody in general Freedom Justice 6 8 9 9 11 12 14 14 36 41 % of all respondents (© %ofallrespondents (Chart 19.1). 2011:dignity human justice, and bread,freedom,social since voiced forthesamedemands with peoplecalling period thetransitional back tosquareoneandprolonging social tensionintheEgyptianstreets, taking thecountry many, the recentand events increased polarisations coup’many people,anda‘military to others.For according revolution’2013 onthebackofa‘popular to according Mohammed Morsiendedwithhis overthrow on30thJune polarisation. political rule ofPresident The one-year internal and international action. The first pertaining first The to thecapacityofCSOsdirectlycontribute action. international and internal their to regard with entities, non-partisan and for-profit, in Egyptareregisteredasvolunteer,(CSOs), which not- an activeroleofcivilsocietyorganizations demanded the pastthreeyearshas The situationinEgyptduring The evolutionofthe Anna LindhNetwork Anna Lindh/Gallup Poll 2012). in yourcountry? the problems to solving Survey Question: How do you think you could most efficiently contribute Most efficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinEgypt Chart 19.2 Using social media to express political views, tojoinorsupportcauses Joining or supporting a political Joining a religious association Joining orsupportinganNGO Through myindividualaction Joining socialmovements or afaithbasedinitative Don’t know None party ByAyman 2 5 5 Base: 12 35 27 7 8 % (© All respondents OKEIL disagree with the following statements: with thefollowing disagree Survey tell me,howmuchdoyouagreeor you please Question: Could Lindh/Gallup Poll2012). diversity inEgypt Views aboutpolitical,culturalandreligious Chart 19.3 dialogue and acceptanceof dialogue the other (Chart 3). Since of that respects the values community democratic towards amore by memberstoservethetransition its coordination andthe role that could beplayed be offeredcould to what vision during totheNetwork current country’s reality, a clear Maat hasdeveloped the of Egyptian membersandan understandingthe with meetings and several discussions Based ondeep Network inEgyptJune2013. of the Head to become elected that was Rights Human and with thesupportofMaatforPeace,Development, the ruleoflawandbasicfreedoms. today This continues of and beliefs,theacknowledgment societies, religions, cultural diversity,pluralism, between respect mutual by theacceptanceof values, represented governing and humandialogue,committedto the Foundation’s social to related fields in region Euro-Mediterranean the of between thepeople anddialogue of understanding to achieve theFoundation’s objectives for the promotion Bibliotheca working the Networkhasbeen Alexandrina, Since of the coordination the initial under its beginning, membership. growing and affiliates, CSO 152 Network standsoutwithits National of theEgyptian Foundation’scivil societyNetwork,therole region-wide Within thiscontext,andtheworkof Anna Lindh collaborations (Chart19.2). European countriesto establish fruitful exchangesand of other background of thecultural knowledge Arab and CSOs adequate acquired the from benefit to important in Egypt. At thishistoricjuncture,itisparticularly promote social,economic,andpoliticalmobilisation and toolsto experiences to exchange and areable countries Euro-Mediterranean with neighboring schemes cooperation relates tothoseCSOsthathaveestablished oftheother.acceptance and dimension The second thevaluesof social cohesion byspreadingdialogue the democratictransitionprocess,andpromote advance to demands, revolution of thepopular achievement People fromdifferentcultural,politicalorreligousbackgroundsshould Cultural andreligiousdiversityisimportantfortheprosperityof have thesamerightsoropportunitytoparticipateinpubliclife Cultural andreligiousdiversityconstitutesathreattothe 25 78 82 Agree Base: 57 % (© respondents All Anna Disagree stability ofsociety 7 your society Don’t know 4 17 16 13 Foundation Network inEgypt. Ayman CSOs ingeneral. ontheexistenceof opinion ofpublic led toaquestion which handling and political coverage by media fuelled in thecountry,illegally activities and practiced anissue headquarters some accusedofhavingestablished CSOs, with of Egyptian funding to foreign sensitivity cooperation. international the growing This included on negative impactofmediaandopinion-leadership awareness aboutthe importance of this agenda, to the of community from thelowlevel ranging challenges, its establishment, theNetworkhasbeenfacingkey other Euro-Mediterraneancountries. the with cooperation of benefits the as well as CSOs, issues, andtheirperspectivesonthe traditional roleof to contributeactivelythesolutionoftheircountries to ourgoalsandthatrefersthebestwaysforcitizens strictly related on issues information valuable provides those goals, especially when the Anna Lindh/Gallup Poll theeffortsThe Surveyresultsshallguide toachieve of independence, and culturalreligiousidentity. the principles without compromising social integration to further partnership equal and social, economic, strengthen thebasisforandcultural, mutual collaboration level to intended reformprocessatthenational dimension isstronglypresentinthe Mediterranean The NetworkwillalsomakesurethattheEuro- sides orgettinginvolvedinpolitics. a basis of neutrality andobjectivenesswithouttaking allow ittoplaythisroleon experiences accumulated itsspread,and member organisations, geographical 19.3). of its The currentnetwork setup,thecapabilities the politicalandculturaldiversityincountry(Chart protecting population, the Egyptian among dialogue social transition processthroughitsfocusontherequired partner andpositivecontributortothedemocratic The Networkshallcontinuetofocusonbeinganactive Euro-Mediterranean and dimension dialogue Social OKEIL of is Coordinator the Anna Lindh The Anna Lindh Report 2014

VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 98 VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 99 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 been declining, whilethe attractiveness of other groups has associations in traditional a result,membership aremoreopen. recent civilsocietyorganizations As group asthecenterofactivities, manyofthemore show astrongfocusonboth thelocalcontextand associations (Chart 20.1).While traditional population. German the of structure age older the reflect also may causes (11%), amoremodernformofparticipation. This or tosupport views, tojoin to expresspolitical media NGO (13%). social than using All oftheserankhigher an party (20%),joining apolitical or supporting joining social movements(25%), joining group participation: positions inthe ranking occupied by diverse forms of in thecountry,problems to solving with the threetop contribute to ways efficient most the rated respondents when Survey, Lindh/Gallup Anna the in reflected also von-Trotha,(Robertson civic engagement 2009). A fact associations accountsfor approximately 50%of total across Germany,new associations andactivism through 1988). Today,of 15,000 everyyearseesthefounding per 100citizens,or20familymen,(Weber,association with aratioofone people’, ‘association his timewere MaxWeberas early1910, of statedthatthepeople commitment that has its origins in Germanhistoryand in Germancivilsociety,organization a formofsocial form of as adominant can beregarded Associations Commitment intheGermanCivilSociety Germany: EvolvingFormsofCitizenActivism Foundation triestofindanswersthesequestions. Gallup Poll2012, theGermannetworkof the Anna Lindh Lindh/ the Anna into look a With commitment? its about What pattern? this into fit society civil German the does How a stateofmobilization. in been increasingly has 2011,It seemsthatsince sanctions. society theglobal as political implemented cost-cutting measures stringent against protests by followed crisis, financial the in role ofthebanksandtheir against thepower demonstrated the road,protestersalloverworld Further down most countriesofNorthern East. Africa andtheMiddle Tunisiamonths over whichwouldspreadinthefollowing with aprotestmovementin The year2010ended Caroline Y.ROBERTSON-VONTROTHA,SwenjaZAREMBAandMarcoIANNIELLO the AnnaLindhFoundationistappingintocivicengagementasatooltobroadenmutualunderstanding. of Network German the Mediterranean, the of knowledge limited but interest cross-border increasing of more flexible working structures and often originating as a response to specific issues. Against a backdrop on based movements social support to choose people many nowadays, that, argue authors The findings. survey Lindh/Gallup Anna latest the in evidenced as life, association of tradition significant a has Germany Lindh /GallupPoll2012). to solving theproblems inyourcountry? Survey Question: How do you think you could most efficiently contribute Germany Most efficientwaysofsolvingproblemsin Chart 20.1 Wutbürger /Kurbjuweit (‘angry citizens’) and accuse them protesters is highly controversial. Their critics call them in theBlackForest,toname onlytwo. The roleofthe the protests against the establishment of a national park or project railway 21’, inprotestagainstacontroversial founded inresponseto current eventssuchas‘Stuttgart reasons forthe riseofcitizens’of thepossible initiatives and flexible decisions. fast reactionstoactualpolitical This isone on based are initiatives citizens’ termed, according to German law, associations haveto be long- therefore notboundtoofferWhile, orientation. lifelong course afterawhile,andare change fromtheiroriginal or of thefactthatthesemovementstendtodissolve point intime–regardless at agiven current situation movement which meetsthevaluesandneedsof their their membership.Insteadtheyseemtowishjoina themselves toonegroupforalifetimeorevenbequeath suggests thatmanypeopledonotintendtodedicate Thus Germans’ preference for joining socialmovements cooperation hasincreased. based ontheideaof voluntary workandcross-border Joining areligiousassociationorfaith Using socialmediatoexpresspolitical Joining orsupportingapoliticalparty views, tojoinorsupportcauses Joining orsupportinganNGO Through myindividualaction Joining socialmovements based initative Don’t know None Base: 12 11 13 20 25 5 5 9 All respondents (© Anna respondents All Germans Characteristics oftheMediterraneanregionfor Chart 20.2 interaction for Germans, who answer:‘through tourism’ intercultural about themainmethodofpersonal question the in reflected is fact This destinations. travel popular shore are of andEastern Mediterranean the Southern for Italy’) (Waetzoldt, 1927). Today, also thecountries the notionofso-called the EuropeanSouth,whichpractice hasledto coining of dreamingand–whenaffordableto – oftravelling countries. Mediterranean They have a strong tradition Germans tendtoassociateitwiththeNorthern the Mediterranean, about thinking Furthermore, when and food (95%) as well as Hospitality (94%) (Chart 20.2). respondents way oflife Mediterranean ascribe totheMediterranean: characteristics first the by appears, it as from thetourismsector,connotations carries primarily the Mediterranean that inGermany The surveyshows Understanding sharedopportunitiesandchallenges opportunities toparticipateinpubliclife’. backgrounds shouldhavethesamerightsor religious from differentasking whether‘people or cultural,political rate(88%)intheSurveyquestion, agreement the high citizens’offercould initiatives to interpretation apossible for civicinvolvement. opportunities The natureofsuch referendums, andmore out formorecivicparticipation, are speaking and (Supp, 2010) citizens’) (‘courageous initiatives havedubbedtheirmembersMutbürger of these context. Incontrast,supporters greater social the to takeintoconsideration failing while backyard’) (‘not inmy theirprivatesurroundings to preserve wish that they issues, and to local is limited that theirinterest those include these initiatives facing Further accusations processes. fundamental democraticdecision-making of rigid thinking,anti-progressive action,andof ignoring / GallupPoll2012). are shown(© characterize’answers ‘Somewhat Foundation Anna Lindh Base: all? strongly,region the Mediterranean characterize or notat somewhat to themindsofdifferentand pleasetellme,ifyouthinkthese people, come may that ideas/images of set a out read will I Question: Survey Common culturalheritageandhistory Mediterranean wayoflifeandfood characterize’and All respondents,%ofthesum‘Strongly Civic participationindemocratic Resistance tochange Turmoil, insecurity Source ofconflict Hospitality transition Italiensehnsucht 86 88 90 91 92 94 95 (‘desire countries inGermany Method ofinteractionwithpeoplefromSEM Chart 20.3 cultural, andcivicrespect. across thisareainapolitical, dialogue by intercultural offered opportunities as theconsiderable crises, aswell financial the of consequences the or reduction poverty suchasmigration, aspects involved: bothchallenges of theregion’ssituation the particular all youth–with withothers,or of statesandtheirinterdependencies situation the currentpolitical heritage, cultural the shared – beitabout among theGermanpublic, of thisregion and thevisibility the knowledge activities onspreading its of focusing has setitselftheobjective Foundation of the the Germannetwork In consequence, Lindh Anna (48%) (Chart20.3) Karlsruhe Institute. and GeneralStudies atthe the ZAK-Centre forCultural Network inGermany. Swenja ZAREMBA of the Germany.in Network Foundation Lindh Anna Caroline Y. ROBERTSON-VON TROTHA Survey Question: Howdidyoumeetortalktothatperson? Survey mentions (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). from SEMcountries,%of of thosewhotalkedtoormetwithpersons Just metinthestreet/publicspace They liveintheneighborhood Chatting ontheInternet Business orwork Through tourism of is Co-Coordinatorthe Anna Lindh Marco IANNIELLO Marco Other The Anna Lindh Report 2014 35 48 9 7 8 8 is Coordinator is an editorat Base: %

VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 100 VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 101 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 will formapoliticalpartybeforethenextelections. that thisgroup believed created, anditisgenerally been party, a newpoliticalgroup,the ‘Reform Alliance’ has from thegovernments’and theirexpulsion parliamentary circumstances. As to a result oftheiroppositionthislaw certain under abortion allowing 2013 in was passed law years. While abortionremainsillegalinthe country, a referendums havebeenheldon the topicduringthose Five over thepast30yearsisissueofabortion. most ‘traditional’ valuethathasbeendebatedinIreland by theerodingofpowerCatholicChurch. The created been has vacuum see thatahuge who groups to beginning bea priority valueby some smallreactionary is now religion prosperity inIreland,while increased of clericalsexabuseand most notablytherevelations is duetoanumberofreasons, religion to organised The dramaticchangeinrecenttimestheattitude values (43%)(Chart21.1). of traditional on thefamilyasaguardian reliance higher the and of children intheupbringing beliefs of religious low rank given byrespondents(17%)to the importance in the the is demonstrated and changed has now but this Ireland, in values traditional of guardian significant a as have beenseen would In thepast,Church the Catholic populations. with thoseofsouthernMediterranean people ofIrish values the priority in convergence Lindh/Gallup the findings Anna the through see to interesting is It Against Intolerance Ireland: InterestintheArabRegionasaTool how religion can be used as atoolto createdivision can beused religion how has demonstrated that Irishhistory to note also important areafraid and feelthreatened.Itis a result,people where extremist views areconsidered the norm. As Islam, particularly other religions, about knowledge and (Chart 21.2).Onereasonforthis isthelackofeducation diversity canbeathreat majority considerthatreligious of diversitywithintheircountry,implications a slight (59%); however,cultures to the concrete considering when importance significant a other the valueofrespecting future generations teaching attach also people Irish Respecting othercultures about thefuture,andeagertoresolvethroughtheirindividualactionproblemsfacedbycommunity. economic crisis affects the present life situation, the author highlights how people remain generally hopeful diversity important,whileretainingacertainreservetowardsunfamiliar values. Despite thefactthat of the guardian of traditional values. Ann Luttrell underlines how Irish citizens consider cultural and religious As aresultofchanging attitude towardstheCatholicChurchinIreland,familyhas taken over therole their...? about have innewsandinformation you say youpersonally would Survey Question: much interest about theSEMcountries,how Thinking (© Anna Lindh/Gallup Poll2012). ‘Somewhat interested’ answersareshown Challenges ofdiversityfortheIrish Chart 21.2 when raising children? raising when most important? And thesecond oneofthesesixwouldyousayismostimportant I’d liketoknowwhich Question: Assuming thatwelimitourselvestosixvaluesonly Survey Ireland Key valuestoparentswhenraisingtheirchildrenin Chart 21.1 answers areshown(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). respondents, of the sumof ‘Most important’ and ‘Secondmost important’ an immigrantone reachedits peak in 2006at the height The evolution of Ireland fromanemigrantsociety into between people. same rightsoropportunityto backgrounds shouldhavethe cultural, politicalorreligous a threattothestabilityof Respect forother for theprosperityofyour Family solidarity Religious beliefs participate inpubliclife Independence Base: People fromdifferent Cultural andreligious Cultural andreligious diversity isimportant diversity constitutes Obedienc Curiosity cultures % of all respondents ofthesum‘Very %ofallrespondents interested’ and society society 48 59 10 17 22 36 Agree 51 85 AnnLUTTRELL 90 Disagree 41 Base: Don’t know 8 4 % ofall 8 7 6 business, andmorerecently, charitableorganisations. big institutions, financial banks, parties, political - levels life onall towards associative cynicism andsuspicion for them, decisions ithasbroughtwithahugedealof or leaders, politicians educatorsto religious maketheir rely on and actionsnolonger for theirowndecisions seen asapositivetrendwithpeopletakingresponsibility to way best the solve socialproblems(Chart21.3).Whilethiscanbe as action individual his/her to points theAnna lifeandamajority associative the advantageofjoining sees people from of minority a only emerges that is Poll Lindh/Gallup that finding interesting An affect theireconomic,social andeducationprospects. that morewomenwillhavetostayathomeandthis that lackofaffordablealso mean will care provision child for jobsandpromotions,womenalwaysloseout, and years. Ais that inthecompetition explanation possible in thenext worsen will for women feel thatthesituation that slightimprovementscanbeseen. And yetsome for thisisthattheyfeelthingscan’tgetworseandalso a reason the future.Possibly in improve will the situation for concern. Yet, 59% ofIrisharehopefulandbelieve 1800s) constitutereasons (Ireland inthemid proportions situation fact that emigration from Ireland is reaching famine-time The unchanged). among youthandthe high unemployment regarding it consider (34% five previous years the in than worse situation current their considering 32% with situation financial current their of evaluation have anegative thatpeople it isunsurprising country, the by owed debt financial large the of view In Impact ofthefinancialcrisis society. within contemporaryIrish relationships inter-cultural and inter-personal practices forimproving management Interculturalism furtheroutlineskeyculturaldiversity a crucialpartofthisprocess. their representativesbeing process withconsultationminorityethnicgroupsand seeing integrationasatwo-way ‘interculturalism’, modelwhichIrelandespousesis The multicultural (TheIrish per 1,000people Times, November2013). highest netinwardmigrationlevelinEuropeat22.2 of Ireland’sthe showing boom, withIreland economic inclusiveness and throughtheeducationsystem. intolerance through governmentpolicies towards Effortsreligion. and culture to address made arebeing lack of tolerance for differences – inclothing,customs, is the system; another welfare Irish social generous the from benefiting and jobs ‘stealing’ for blamed being One is the rise of racism inIreland as ‘foreigners’ are scenariosto have broughtsomeveryworrying thefore. and globally Events overthepastfewyearsinIreland Call foractionagainstintolerance ALF Advisory Council. ALF Advisory Foundation NetworkinIreland andamemberofthe Ann LUTTRELL to solving the problems in yourcountry? to solvingtheproblems Survey Question: How do you think you could most efficiently contribute Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). Most efficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinIreland Chart 21.3 the issues. addressing the institutionsthatare greater trustin build and to and notasawayofcausinggreateralienation, of othercultures, and appreciation better understanding is tousethisinterestasawayofcreating The challenge cultures. known hitherto little interest in a great created have ofinstantcommunication, with theavailability in the of therecenthappenings Arab countries,together another,one get toknow and down. break thebarriers All tomeetface they havebeengivenopportunities music, art,theatre),andmoreespecially,(cinema, when familiarity throughtravel,exposureto cultural events and a betterunderstanding have people that when show society hasanimportantroleinthisasreports Civil Using socialmediatoexpresspolitical Joining orsupportingapoliticalparty Joining areligiousassociationor views, tojoinorsupportcauses Joining orsupportinganNGO Through myindividualaction Joining socialmovements faith basedinitative isCoordinatorofthe Anna Lindh Don’t know None The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Base: 7 2 2 12 14 17 18 27 % of all respondents (© %ofallrespondents

VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 102 VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 103 important’answers are shown(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll 2012 most ‘Second % ofthesum‘Mostimportant’and respondents, all when raisingchildren? And thesecond mostimportant? oneofthesesixwouldyousayismostimportant I’d liketoknowwhich Question: Assuming thatwelimitourselvestosixvaluesonly Survey The Anna Lindh Report 2014 of MediterraneanAffairs Italy: TheTragedyofLampedusaandtheCentrality children Key valuesforItalianswhenbringinguptheir Chart 22.1 to be characterizedbyan“exotic”approach,asort but thisinterestappears aspects ofthisarea cultural Maghreb andtheMashreqprimarilyreferstosocio- As itappearsfromtheSurvey, the interestin Diversity asavalueandthreat and distant. of North Africa, constitute our direct neighbors, as others case specific the in which, and sea same the border also and perceivetheMaghrebMashreqareas,which many people associate the Mediterranean with Europe have of“theMediterraneanarea”.Itcanbeassumedthat interesting abouttheconceptualframeworkthatItalians Egypt (11%) for example. This data reveals something with those on the southern Mediterranean shore, such as number ofthemassociatesittoothercountries,especially Mediterranean regionwithItaly(81%),whilejustasmall Euro-Mediterranean region.Mostrespondentsidentifythe the geographicallocationofthiscountry, attheheartof Italian survey sample is very interesting the and influenced by among out carried Poll Lindh/Gallup Anna the from The perceptionoftheMediterraneanareathatemerges Respect forothercultures civil societyorganisationsarefocusedondeepeningknowledgeoftheotherandcombattingprejudices. the intercultural map. Through initiatives promoted by the Italian Network of the Anna Lindh Foundation, reveal how the Lampedusa tragedy brought home to Italians the particular place their country occupies on in Italyremains limited, interest in relatedissues of diversity anduniversal rights isgrowing.The authors countries Mediterranean Southern of knowledge while that confirms Survey Lindh/Gallup Anna latest The Family solidarity Religious beliefs Independence Obedience Curiosity 11 15 16 26 56 65 Base:%of or ethnic minorities inthecountry.or ethnicminorities even Nonetheless, same rightsto should beguaranteed cultural,religious and alsotothefactthat87%ofItaliansthink (57%)(Chart22.1), oftheirchildren in theupbringing convey therespectforotherculturesasacentralvalue diversity andtheneedto to cultural Italians recognize can offerthat to theimportance an explanation also to othercultures of exposure level high The relative chatting throughtheinternet(6%). (25%) andonlyaminorityby in thesameneighborhood place (28%)or tourism, meetinginthestreet,apublic (40%), business through mainly was this and 2012, in respondents declaredtheyhadan intercultural encounter shore of the Mediterranean in 2012 (30%). In total 44% of from theother to meetpeople that Italianshad modality most mentioned for thesecond that tourismaccounts of understanding thevisitedplaces;andweshouldnote cultural for in-depth not allow does East which Middle also acertainkindoftourismtoNorth Africa andthe but media news find could we neighbors Mediterranean the southern about perception of suchabiased origins toquoteEdwardSaid. of “orientalism”, Among the answers (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). sum of‘Stronglydisagree’and ‘Disagree’: somewhat’ and‘Disagree agree’sum of‘Strongly ‘Agree’: where somewhat’ and‘Agree answers, statements? or disagreewiththefollowing Question: Couldyoupleasetellme,howmuch doyouagree Survey diversity inItalyityItaly Views aboutpolitical,culturalandreligious Chart 22.2 is importantfortheprosperityof political orreligousbackgrounds “Cultural andreligiousdiversity “Cultural andreligiousdiversity should havethesamerightsor People fromdifferentcultural, Elisa ADORNOandMicheleCAPASSO opportunity toparticipatein constitutes athreattothe stability ofsociety” your society” public life 46 Base: %ofallrespondents, 85 87 48 10 8 6 6 5 to solving the problems in yourcountry? to solvingtheproblems Survey Question: Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). Most efficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinItaly Chart 22.3 an emblematic example of this. is abridge Lampedusa andtheislandof is intercultural laboratory” Lampedusa It’slocation makesofItalya“natural geographical knowledge oftheregion. superficial a to related often issues, complex face field necessary.and in this work professionally Those who urgent counter orcorrectinformation, appearsnowadays and cooperation context, asinternational intercultural the in fieldwork the Therefore, stereotypes. false create to reality.that or beliefs Itisoftentheresultofclichés does notalwayscorresponds in general, Mediterranean However, the perception of these countries, andof the through themedia- printed orelectronic- can accessit. the Mediterranean hasbecomefrequent.Everybody, of shore the southern concerning information Spring, and Arab Countries.Inparticular, after the Arab Today, it isveryeasytogetnewsaboutMediterranean Civic engagementtocombatstereotypes and joiningsocialmovements(13%)(Chart22.3). what theyaction(25%) can dothroughtheirindividual to importance attach muchmore their society(6%)and parties in political to effectively solvethe problems of trust little Italians how reveals result which Poll another (2%). process by is furthersupported This observation of participation peopleinthepoliticaldecisionmaking identified sense, butverylittlewiththe with “freedom”,inabroad mainly seems (66%) Italians of majority the respect of human rights. The concept of democracy for and the ofdemocracy forthepromotion its implications positive for relations impact onthefutureofEuro-Mediterranean a have will it that believe (44%) respondents “Arab Spring”,many with referencetotheso-called constitute a threat to internal stability(Chart22.2). Lastly, also could this that reckons (48%) population the of half cultural diversityfortheprosperity of the country(85%), impact of of thepositive is areaware if thispopulation Using socialmediatoexpresspolitical Joining orsupportingapoliticalparty Joining areligiousassociationor views, tojoinorsupportcauses Joining orsupportinganNGO Through myindividualaction Joining socialmovements How do you think you could most efficiently contribute faith basedinitative Don’t know None Base: 17 2 3 5 6 13 25 29 % of all respondents (© %ofallrespondents ihl CAPASSO are Coordinators of the Anna LindhNetwork inItaly. ADORNOandMichele Elisa issues oftheEuro-Mediterraneanregion. and interestaboutthecomplexsocio-cultural knowledge toraisepeople’sapproach “bottom up”methodological the ItalianNetworkimplementthroughan“open”and an ideaofthevarietyactivitiesthatmembers The abovementionedprojectsaremeanttogiveonly conflicts and in case of social, ethnic or political conflicts. non-violence for conflict resolution, both in case of armed and dialogue on based practices on reflect and identify Workshopsto Mediterraneo by Fondazione organized dialogue workis represented by the for “Dialogue Peace” as usersornotoftheveil. Another positiveexampleof analysed bythesewomen, and related direct experience Mediterranean, on the issue of the veil benefiting from the inItalyandcountriesofthesouthern women, resident citizens andMuslim Italian and debatebetween dialogue the Mediterranean.”. The projectcreatedaspacefor the NorthWest, initiated “Aninquireabouttheveilacross – Institute other cultures,ParalleliEuroMediterraneanof Within the overall scopeofthe deepening knowledge better futureinEurope. and not only as the first harbor for people in search for a of Lampedusa, asalandrichof culture andopportunities, of migrants,therespecttheirrightsandre-launch integration the for strategies identify, new and reflection Promotion, topromote and Civil of Social Association by directly coordinated Lampedusa,” Arci -Independent Step one networking. “Mediterranean activities cultural in 2012and2013, a seriesof international debatesand organized, Euromediterraneo, Dialogo per il italiana Rete Lindh FoundationNetwork, newly constitutedasRIDE the contemporary history of migration, theItalian Anna Because oftheimportancethatIslandhastakenin and stories,centuriesofculture. of peoples a crossroads is also Lampedusa often nameless. island, on the buried and manyhavebeen a resultofshipwrecks tragedies. as Channel Thousands havediedintheSicilian is also,however, andcollective the sceneofpersonal years the “door to life,” asmigrantsreferto it. The island between Europeand Africa andhasbecomeinrecent The Anna Lindh Report 2014

VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 104 VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 105 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 But like many southern andeasternMediterranean enterprise. independent and a public is fundamentally interests areformulatedand expressed,civilsociety arena outsidethefamilyand the state where group problems? for solving medium are auseful As the CSOs Why isthereskepticismover whetherJordanian for confrontingthecountry’s problems(Chart23.1). (34%), actions vehicle society isnotseenasaprimary civil organised individual and (15%), activism media to participating insocialmovements(13%), the effectiveCompared for theseendeavors. channels (7%) to be associations orreligious initiatives based (3%) andfaith- organisations like non-governmental society civil conventional find respondents of 10% only thecountry’sto solving challenges. At thesametime, contribute efficiently could they which in ways identified respondents Jordanian of 78% Poll, Lindh/Gallup Anna ameliorate problemsfacingthe country. In the 2012 to feelempowered generally the region.Jordanians participation inJordanand stereotypes ofpolitical impact ofthemselvesandto the organisationsbreaking Foundation, isthereforecriticaltothesubstantive advertising theseactivities,asdoesthe Anna Lindh activity. associational conventional and and Promoting range of social andpoliticalissuesthroughpersistent expend alargeamountof resources to address awide (CSOs)inJordan Despite this,civilsocietyorganisations Belief insocialparticipation Development Jordan: NewOpportunitiesforCivilSociety as riotousanderratic. Arab countrieslabeledaseitherweakandineffective or in activism of social image The resultisastereotyped eventssuchasstrikesandprotests. or tocontentious are two-fold,referringeithertoactivities election-related perceptions of regime change.Consequentlycivilsociety or about democratisation to bring terms ofitsability in isoftenunderstood uprisings, to theregion-wide relation in particularly activism intheregion, no exception.Social in the nature ofpolitics changing is Arab world,andJordan on the isatthecentreofdiscussions participation Civic on people’sexpectationsforthefuture,andoffersnewopportunitiesscaling-upcivilsocietyactivities. and contributingtoeconomicwellbeingforthesociety.Economic growthinthecountryimpactsfavourably intensely, and withvisibleresults, on issuessphere, such asgenderequality,youthparticipationinthepublic working been have Jordan in CSOs argue, authors the Meanwhile, riots. street or processes electoral to As a result of recent social developments in the Arab region, civil society activism tends to be associated AndrewSPATH,ZinaISHAQ,JuanCARABALLO-RESTO engaged, however,engaged, among atomiation remains thecivically of community this Within population. fixed of arelatively composed are participants partners, and resembles asocietyofitsowninwhichthestakeholders, in Jordan. The civilsocietysectorintheKingdomoften answered, inpart,natureofcivilsociety by thebounded society effectivenessof civil The question is also over theindependenceofactivitiesandagendas. problem perception a similar engenders sponsorship CSOs. Foreign for Jordanian own setofchallenges support, butthisposesits to government alternative Foreign donorsaretheprimary their independence. of raisingquestionsabout many societalorganisations, anddirectfunding and thesponsorship requirements bureaucratic onerous life through in societal prevalent phenomenon. recent relatively Alternatively, thestateis membership insecondaryassociationslikeCSOs is a constitute alargeamountofcommunalactivity, active activity. familial) and (personal relations As primary associational for independent poses challenges Jordan countries, the pervasiveness of the familyand state in to solving the problems in yourcountry? to solvingtheproblems Survey Question: How do you think you could most efficiently contribute Anna Lindh/Gallup Poll2012). Most efficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinJordan Chart 23.1 Joining areligiousassociationorfaithbased Using socialmediatoexpresspoliticalviews, Joining orsupportingapoliticalparty Joining orsupportinganNGO Through myindividualaction Joining socialmovements to joinorsupportcauses Don’t know initative None Base: % of all respondents (© %ofallrespondents 2 3 6 7 13 15 34 21 and even models for efficient organisational management. possibilities for collaborative civil societyorganisations The boomof increases Jordanian entrepreneurship rights. andemployee related toconsumeradvocacy potential sourcesof funding and targets of initiatives be furtheredinthe country, businesses serveas both the frameworkofcorporate responsibility, amodelto opportunities forits increasing impact.Particularlyin the growing Jordanianprivatesector, civil societyhas interest inthegrowthofnationaleconomy. Alongside Jordanians’ reflects conditions economic on focus The (Chart 23.2) to interactwithEuropeans. way forJordanians leading constitutes the (36%) or work business and countries with otherEuro-Mediterranean from cooperation gain diversity,for cultural society could forwhatJordanian ranks second,onlybehindrespect entrepreneurship and life. Innovation (71%) overotherareasofEuropean interest is ofparamount economies European about reportthat surveyed Jordanians obtaininginformation civil societyactivity. andsustained ripe forrenewed The sector createsanenvironment and entrepreneurship the growthofJordan’shardship, economic private increased politicalparticipation.Despiteunderlying with progresstowardmodernisation revolution” linking like thelateKingHussein,hascalledfora“white the Kingdom’s King economic development. Abdullah, in thecontextof be understood The surveymustalso personal andsocialprogress. for options observe viable that respondents suggests resource to be tappedby societal organisations,andit for thefuture. is animportant optimism This general for women bothinthe recent past and inexpectations of women insocietyasrole 78% perceiveanexpanding on therole respondents ofJordanian mirror thefeelings their situation five years in the future. These observations on outlook have apositive 77% years while preceding than in 58% saythattheyliveinbetterconditions Specifically,improvement. future for hope and situations Ain theirlife report progress majorityofrespondents of life. an upwardtrajectoryintheirquality observe of civicgroups,thesurveysuggeststhatJordanians attention the workand requiring challenges social Despite and civilsocietyopportunities Economic growth: a basis for people’s optimism toward thegovernorates. is however,changing, as directtheirwork organisations the capital Amman andotherselecttowns. This condition geographic issueas CSOs have little reachoutsideof initiatives. onsimilar working partners a This isalso potential among coordination impedes scarce resources vying for organisations among Competition agendas. shared toward collaboration with littledirect organisations European countries Jordanians’ Interestinnewsandinformationabout Chart 23.2 culture. lies at the heart of incubating both national andregional of equal opportunity–inthenextgenerationJordanians of cooperation,participation,and civil society–dialogue, of Jordanian socialprogress–its youth. Infusingthevalues Jordan’s reformandattractsthemostimportantsegment recent years,civilsocietyactivitiesareavibrantpartof in in Jordan.Escalating development trends ofsocial The Anna Lindh/Gallup Poll sheds light on the status and interactions guaranteedbyactivecitizenship. civil sustained through ameliorated best are and (34%) economic –remainaconcernforsomerespondents social differences – whetherethnic, religious, orsocio- diversity (85%)insociety.cultural andreligious Underlying for demonstrate anappreciationcivilequality(95%)and fordiversity.an appreciation and polled The Jordanians activities inJordanbodewellforsocialcapital building and society organisations amount ofcivil The extensive Lindh/ GallupPoll2012). ‘Very interested’interested’‘Somewhat and (© shown are answers Anna their...?about information and have innews you saypersonally interest would Question: countries, howmuch Thinking abouttheEuropean Survey is avisitingProfessor attheUniversityofPuerto Rico. National Network in Jordan.Juan CARABALLO-RESTO Zina of the ISHAQ isCoordinator Foundation Anna Lindh Andrew SPATH Religious beliefsandpractices Base: Cultural lifeandlifestyle % of all respondents, bycountry;%ofthesum respondents, %ofall isaFulbrightresearchfellow inJordan. Economic conditions Political changes The Anna Lindh Report 2014 53 65 67 71

VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 106 VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 107 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 at Play Morocco: GroupAffiliationsandIndividualActions appropriate. Collective actions,regarlessof their nature, be themost action would state thattheir individual ways to solve the problems of the country, Moroccans since withregardto remains individualistic, effective towards traditional norms (Chart 24.2). Moroccan society thepositiontotake when considering determinism andthis maydenoteacertain absolute guidelines in theexistenceof majority ofMoroccansbelieve scale presented,alarge the priorityvalue Despite over childreneducation-beingplacedfirst(Chart24.1). completely, with traditionalvalues - which indicatecontrol (SEM) countries,theorderchanges Mediterranean identifying thekey values of other Southern andEastern to comes it when and 30%) beliefs religious and 42%; 52%; respectfor children (independenceothercultures for theirown priority values the same identify Moroccans to notethat Itisinteresting are presentbutnotdecisive. concepts ofsolidarity,and obedience beliefs religious and respectfor independence othercultures. The priority context, Moroccans recognisetworecurringvalues: of identification the to in theEuropean of children in theeducation values comes it as soon As Individual prioritiesandsocialbeliefs or throughbusiness. sphere, or meetinginthepublic the sameneighbourhood in in theircountrybyliving and diditmainly Europeans todirectlyinteractwith of Moroccanshadtheopportunity practices evenless.It57% is worthnotingthataround not provokethesamelevelof interests, andbeliefs cultural interests come second. Political changesdo interests and on economic based when more logical sharing thesameculturalheritage.Socialboundsare closer andwithwhomweeventhinkof are historically morethanthosewho who areclosertousgeographically those whoarein the North thanthoseintheSouth, to theEast- and Spain to identify Itiseasier Algeria. - North the to explanation: the provide Borders reflex. thatcomestomindon to aMoroccanitisSpain region It is surprising that when wespeakof the Mediterranean on bringingcivilsocietyleadersclosertotheirsouthernneighbours,fromwhomtheyhavedriftedapart. values of respectforothers. In thiscontext,theMoroccanNetworkofAnnaLindhFoundation is focused society divided, withcitizens preferring tochoose individual action to collective social acts, despite shared a reveals Khalil Jamal Spring. Arab the of consequences the judge Moroccans which with cautiousness the The Anna Lindh/Gallup Survey findings demonstrate closer bounds with Europe, which may explain in part as if the of experience several Arab countries doesnot some questions peopleshowacertainlevel of closure that on and as non-negotiable that somepointsappear mayseem opinions review, contradictory, initial we realise more closely but ifwelook On elements various reflection. offersof Poll Lindh/Gallup Anna The specified. (Chart24.3) importantbutwhosemeaningroleisnot is considered an improvement of women’s role insociety, a rolethat even betterinthenext5years. They alsorecognised better than5yearsagoandthattheyexpectitwillget was that theirlifesituation declared 2012), respondents to October out (September When theSurveywascarried diversity mayposeathreattosociety(51%). society,that this consider people on theotherhand while is arightandimportantfor groups and political religious ofdifferent thattheparticipation that itisbelieved cultural, seeing disparate, are nonetheless diversity perspectives a ratherfatalistic approach - there isnosolution.Cultural seem tobeineffective, and forsome–whodemonstrate most important’ answersareshown(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). Base: to parents raisingchildreninEurope? And the second most important? oneofthesesixwouldyousayismostimportant I’d liketoknowwhich Question: Survey for Moroccans Characteristics oftheMediterraneanregion Chart 24.1 % of all respondents of thesum‘Mostimportant’and‘Second %ofallrespondents Respect forothercultures Family solidarity Religious beliefs Independence Assuming that we limitourselvesto six values only, Obedience Curiosity 19 20 21 27 48 59 Jamal KHALIL not touch on traditions or alter the beliefs proclaimed by not touchontraditions oralterthebeliefsproclaimed butas far asitdoes may beforfreedom ofexpression that of the group and sometimes even dissolved. He/she with consistent is it that so perception first his review to forced himself finds day, the see can representation a Thesocial levels. actor,of aconcept, implementation assoonapractical varying to influences multifaceted generate affilitations Group first. the wraps and frames of expression. just level ofpositioning The second group. He can say for example that he/she is for freedom size ofthis and of theshape,orientation regardless membership, group his/her to referring without society of itself thatcanbelocatedandmakesarepresentation actor social the concerns first The positioning. of levels that theyfollowacertainlogic. The posturesaretwo the twocannotworktogether.closer, Looking wesee and omega, wewantalpha may seemparadoxical: attitudes personal some ontheground, current situation the prismof society under the Moroccan Observing Understanding differentlevelsofpositioning become accustomedtowaiting,wearewillingwait. it according to the same backgroundandsincewehave but wedonotinterpretitinthesamewayorunderstand it. Wechange, has been the factthatthere recognise to adoptorreject observe itsoutcomesbeforedeciding and elsewhere scenario of acertain the implementation Spring, asortofmirrorgamestartedsothat we waitfor of the our ownsituation,and,sincethebeginning Arab with tothecomparison leads in othercountries situation and wishes. to theirbackground The analysisofthe according and changeswhichcanbeunderstandable changes fortangible waiting attached totheirposition remain hopesandthatpeople we sharenon-identical yet offerfor realopportunities hope. It seems eventhat to yours?Base: to be goodorbaddepends onthecircumstances.Whichviewiscloser things arerelativeandwhatweconsider there arenoabsoluteguidelines, to whatisgoodandbad,truth. guidelines Others say, that that thereareabsolute believe Question:Somepeople Survey absolute guidelines Moroccans’ perceptionsabouttheexistenceof Chart 24.2 %ofallrespondents(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). There areabsoluteguidelines There arenoabsoluteguidelines 19 2 80 Don’t know Base: The same? changein5yearsfromnow? And howdoyouexpectitwill to 5yearsago,yourpresentlifesituationis:Better,compared Worse or Question: TakingSurvey would yousay,into consideration, everything Moroccans’ personallifesatisfaction Chart 24.3 dynamics inastatusquo. instability of individuals cantransformanycollective are not immune to this variety of positioning. Positional movement by asocial that maybecreated dynamics elusive. leaves thepossibilityofbecoming The social environment an This alone. or group the build within neither is he/she where can He/She group. the within adapt can he/she and way certain a in things perceives or simultaneously diachronically. Only the individual activated be can They conflicts. internal without live to bring theointmentneeded The twolevelsofpositioning his/her affiliationgroup. CICSN. of theSouthNorth InternationalCooperation Center Jamal KHALILisasociologistandVice President Present –comparedto %ofallrespondents(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). Expectations -in5 years fromnow 5 yearsago Better The same The Anna Lindh Report 2014 61 82 Worse 34 Don’t know 8 9 5 2

VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 108 VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 109 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 From culturalhomogeneitytomulticulturalism Poland: DiscoveringtheMediterraneanOther discourses and absences, in representatives of sexual and absences,inrepresentatives discourses of the dominant kinds ofotherness, on theperipheries The newmulticulturalismisa search forthe‘Other’inall down onlyto differences.respecting national orreligious in the present conditionsmulticulturalism must not boil quickly; incredibly society that changes mobile pluralist, definition of multiculturalism proves insufficient in today’s spectrum of‘othernesses’life. inpublic The traditional of awhole the presence manifests itselfthrough which societyuptoanewmulticulturalism, Polish it opened because Europe, butalso Central across revolution 1989 wasnotonlydueto a breakthroughthepolitical otherness. of ourown with theself,andtoacceptance dialogue than external. more internal to a Thus, thismustlead – andothernesshereisoften otherness isinevitable society.with of adialogue Inthiscase,thebeginning test for a real and is minor or nations of otherreligions situation inwhichthelivingpresenceofrepresentatives margins anddeprivedof the right to their ownvoice. A with alldifferenceshomogeneous, to the relegated War II. A newsocietyemerged–ethnicallyandreligiously was destroyedasaresultofWorldPoland Multicultural of variousdenominations. Greek CatholicChurch,OldBelievers,andProtestants the Islam, theEasternOrthodoxChurch, and Judaism of of RomanCatholics,adherents Commonwealth Armenians, Karaim,Roma,Czechsandothers. The Ruthenians, Jews, Lithuanians, Tatars, Hauländers, categories. terms and of Poles, The Commonwealth of Commonwealth manycultures – to use contemporary a of manynationsandreligions, Commonwealth we could saythat the wordmeansPolish-Lithuanian ‘Commonwealth’? Toword the behind briefly,most it put with theoutbreakofWorldended War II. What lies which world, multi-religious and the mythofamultiethnic Commonwealth, so deeply rootedinourconsciousness: One ofPoland’smyths isthatofthePolish mostbeloved a discovery of the Mediterranean other who is, for now, unknown by the majority of citizens of the country. Network of the Foundation is focused on addressing emerging issues of internal dialogue, and promoting followed by a more recent opening to otherness in public life following 1989. In this perspective, the Polish era. The authors explain the emergence of a homogenous society in the second half of the 20th century, War World pre-Second the to associated myth a minds peoples’ Polish in largely remains Multiculturalism Robert KUSEKandJoannaSANETRA-SZELIGA minorities, theelderly, peoplewithdisabilities,women. absent from our local and Polish culture,nomatterhow absent fromourlocalandPolish are predominantly the elementscreatingthislandscape that notice to not difficult be would it civilisation, Muslim by its southernandeasternpart,dominated Arab- the region,andespecially contemporary Mediterranean However, if we lookcloselyatof the culturallandscape Sea. borders wereextendedtoreachtheMediterranean its 2004, in Union European the entered Poland When in agivencountry. to dialogue related problems addressing and identifying networks ofthe that consistsin Foundation Anna Lindh the goalofinternational this waywewanttorealise manifest themselvesmostprominently.and dialogue In areas whereourlocaldilemmasconcerningotherness in those our roleistopresentandengageourselves and institutionsfromalloverthecountry. We knowthat which todaycomprisesofoverahundredorganisations by thePolishnetworkof the Anna LindhFoundation undertaken activities various by confirmed is order new a harmonioussociety. of a forthediscovery The need of ‘otherness’kinds way tocreate is theonly Poles among Weand acceptanceofvarious that openness believe Civic engagementtoacceptotherness respondents (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). from SEMcountries? or metwithanyperson(orpersons) Question: Survey countries Interaction ofPoleswithpeoplefromSEM Chart 25.1 In the last 12 months, have you personally talked to talked you personally Inthelast12months,have 73 26 Yes No Base: Don’t know %ofall n ‘oeht neetd ases r son ©An Lindh/Gallup Anna Poll 2012). (© shown are answers interested’ ‘Somewhat and their…? about have innewsandinformation you saypersonally would Question: Thinking aboutSEMcountries,howmuchinterest Survey countries Poles’ InterestinnewsandinformationaboutSEM Chart 25.2 of the ‘Arab Spring’ on the European-Arab relations. survey, Poland is theleastoptimisticabouteffects project. Finally,in the thatparticipated countries outofall for theMediterranean” from the“Union gains potential (Chart 25.2), andaredoubtfulaboutthe Mediterranean) characterise the citizens of the southern andeastern that beliefs or religious changes political conditions, and 88% have littleornointerest in lifestyle,economic from the countriesof the southernshore(between70 information and news interest in limited have food); we region (andprimarilyassociateit Mediterranean with stated, As already thePolesknowverylittleabout our everydayreality. Southern Mediterraneanpeople arehardlypresentin but the Mediterranean, of theSouthern the countries may suggestthatwesometimesdotravelandvisit a citizenoftheSouthinpublicspace. This result encountered they that confirmed 26%) of (out 15% Only and work. modes ofinteractionaretourism,business 25.1). Sea(Chart the Mediterranean And thedominant thesouthernandeasternshoreof countries bordering to met having personallyortalkedto a personfrom of the South as only 26%of those polledconfessed of thecountries also revealsourlimitedknowledge Rome and Athens, notinCairoor Tunis. The Survey still beatsin For us,theheartofMediterranean Sea (SEM). and easternshoresoftheMediterranean on thesouthern that lie and France,nottheones Spain Italy, Europe: countries ofsouthern the means Greece, ‘the Mediterranean’of thePoles the majority still region Survey,for the Survey.to Lindh/Gallup According Anna relations. This view is supported by the results of the Aand optimisminEuro-Mediterranean lackofknowledge historical, politicalandpsychologicalburden. with a seems slowand,furthermore,isencumbered mutual permeationormeetingsbetweenthetwocultures conceived. broadly At thesametime,processof Cultural lifeandlifestyle Base: Economic conditions Political changes Religious beliefs and practices % of all respondents, %ofthesum‘Veryrespondents, % ofall interested’ 59 72 82 84 ‘Negative’ answers(© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). ‘Positive’ answers, andthe ‘Negative’ effect: sum of ‘Very negative’ and the ‘Positive’where all respondents, effect: sumof‘Very positive’ and the and Europe between on therelations Base: Arab countries? be theultimateeffectsWhat doyouthink,will Spring’. ofthesechanges an ‘Arab started withsocialmovementswhichhavebeencalled changes Survey Question: Most of the Arab countries are experiencing significant in Poland. the Coordinatorsof Anna LindhFoundationNetwork Robert KUSEKandJoanna SANETRA-SZELIGA are Anna LindhFoundation. Network ofthe the priorityofPolish work remains towards otherhumanbeings.InlightoftheReport,this natural humanproclivityfor distrust and oftenhostility on. Itisakindofactivitythataimstotamethe worked wearebornwithbutanattitudethatmustbe a quality Weotherness. is not tolerance since of workhere speak valorises attitudes and tolerant promotes the region, further the be field. The kind of work that provides information about definitely work in our us tointensify it encourages and analysed should region Mediterranean This concern of the Poles withthe future of the suffer fromtheeffects ofthe‘ArabSpring’ (Chart 25.3). relations betweenEuropeandthe Arab countrieswill Solidarity the Polish that the movement, themajorityofPolesbelieve of variant southern specific a as Ministry ofForeign Affairs,portrayed was generally which the Polish mediaandthe support offered by the Polish Despite apositiveimageof this socialmovementin relations forPoles Ultimate effectoftheArabSpringonEuro- Chart 25.3 Positive 17 10 39 Negative The Anna Lindh Report 2014 33 No effect Don’t know %of

VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 110 VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 111 mentions areshown (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll 2012). Base:%ofallrespondents; the10 most frequent referring to)? what arethewordsthatcometoyour mind(whatdoyouthinktheyare Question: Survey in Spain Characteristics oftheMediterraneanregion Chart 26.1 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Networking Spaces Spain: TheEvolutionofAssociativeLifeandShared public administration considering that thesestreams considering administration public active membersof political partiesorintegratedinthe and executivesbecame of civilsocietymanagers proportion the late70sandearly80swhenalarge life. This isthebraindrain whichtookplacebetween associative marked themostrecenthistoryofSpanish that has the stateofwellbeing and of democracy arrival A peculiar connection canbenotedbetweenthe late to democracy(Chart26.1). important andnecessaryroleintheprocessof transition much weakerthanbeforeandcivilsocietyplayedan governmentwas in the1970swhenauthoritarian of the period repressionanddictatorshipuntilits rebound has beenparalysedduring although thisphenomenon The pathofassociativelifeinSpainisbroadandfertile, Equality, equaltreatment Corruption, crime,deceit Participation inpolitical Respect anddignityfor Rule ofthemajority Freedom ofspeech Peace andstability Large inequalities, favouring therich Network oftheFoundationisworkingtowardscreatingafar-reachingplatformforsharedprojects. Spanish the context, this In sector. third underfunded severely a in resulted has crisis financial the though author highlightshowSpaniardstodayhavebeguntorealisetheimportanceofself-organisation,even place inthe1970s,buttheirpositiondiminishedwithdevelopmentofgovernmentinstitutions.The Civil societyorganisationsinSpainplayedanimportantrolethedemocratictransitionprocessthattook Free elections everybody When somebody is using the word DEMOCRACY,the word is using Whensomebody decisions Freedom 3 3 3 4 7 11 12 20 24 36 primary roleofdemocraticinstitutions. by the because oftheconfusiongenerated organisations within the to thelossofcriticalcontentandobjectives dramatically,have declined ability tomobilise in addition collective interests. Since then,themilitancyand of associationsintheirrolerepresenting leadership loss of with aconsequent institutions by government arrival of democracy, citizens beganto feel represented toachieve quality of life of citizens. As a matter of fact, with the appropriate be most their goalsofsocialtransformationandtoimprovethe would influence of a management basedonobtainingpublic fundshas addition, the lack of visibility inthe political sphere and influenced strongly and created a strategic fragmentation.In by thedemand resources of transfer the on this way the old altruisticmilitancy. This model based in the sectorreplacing has popularized professionals workers. paid have become for The constantdemand workers and volunteer professionalised, sector hasbeen of projects. implementation and funding society The civil for chances in increase exponential an produced which assistance development official ( after the resolution of the United Nationsin1972), to Product National race towardsthe goal of devoting 0.7%of the Gross in as Euros, million 2009. This wastheresultofaconstantandcommitted 4,351 reached budget state the During theyears of plenty, the subsidies provided by associations reducingtheircapacityforaction. burdenof and generatedadisproportionate workon increased the difficulty to report about the grants obtained the bureaucratic requirements of the administration the most sensitive affairs of the country. In addition, with or dealing oftheorganisations positioning political with thedonorsoveraclear prioritise therelationship public administration. This often dependence leadsto since theygetalmostalloftheirgrantbudgetsfromthe andmunicipalities, governments and autonomous on theState stronglydepend organisations In Spain, The workingmodelofsocialorganisations Maria-Angels ROQUE to solving the problems in yourcountry? to solvingtheproblems Survey Question: How do you think you could most efficiently contribute Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). Most efficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinSpain Chart 26.2 to the people and nottheeliteofgovernors. Inaddition, to thepeople power the decisional of giving the idea around revolve upcitizen platforms,inmanycases, which arebuilding rights. These newexpressionsof citizen mobilization, works, or else requiringthe guarantee of basic human economic andsocialchanges, taxingthe government according tocommoninterests: raisingpolitical, status. track andsocial are organised These people Movement, whichgatherspeopleofdifferent origin, of thistrialistheIndignatos expressions emblematic Oneofthemost social mobilisation. of organized onemightaswelltalkofaresurgence As aconsequence difficult forcitizenstorelatewiththeirgovernors. to provide to its basic necessities andthis is makingit democracy,of thesystem isperceptiveoftheweakness of beginning the since time first the society,for Spanish disaffectionunmatched surgeofpolitical amongcitizens. such asthe European Parliamenthasledto an institutions now runtheworldorderortosupranational sovereignty of the State compared to the markets that of loss perception that thesocial be noted should it citizens. Inthisregard, among reactions generated imposedbyBrussels Public andsocialausteritypolicies of several entitiesof or disappearance thethirdsector. a restructuring,reduction we arewitnessing of funding, every year.exponentially decreasing of thislack Because been have Spain in aids development - crisis financial theburstofglobal - theyearfollowing 2010 Since The consequencesofthecrisis social transformation. for tool a as insignificant quite organisations society civil and impactedonthepublicimaginarywhichconsiders base social a of consolidation the reduced significantly Using socialmediatoexpresspolitical Joining areligiousassociationor views, tojoinorsupportcauses Joining orsupportingapolitical Joining orsupportinganNGO Through myindividualaction Joining socialmovements a faithbasedinitative Don’t know None party 18 10 10 14 16 26 3 3 Base: % of all respondents (© %ofallrespondents Foundation Network inSpain. Maria-Angels ROQUEisCoordinatorofthe Anna Lindh identities andcommonengagements. of shared the development involve a commonproject Workingassociations. building and a network through and movements, citizenship lies inlinking the challenge work where and political cultural a long-term This implies for debate andmorefrequencyof information exchange. criteria,morespaces articulation, moreunifying greater visibility of member organisations. Members calledfor theparticipationand Lindh network(June2013)highlight carried outamongthemembersofSpanish Anna the latestSurvey through to thedatacollected according autonomous, willcoexist. Areas for improvement, new formsones,muchmore and by clientelism, and strengths,whereoldforms associative life,marked and to adapt toaverycomplexnewscene,fullofopportunities members network by identified limitations the ties. egalitarian is toovercome The futurechallenge its membersonthebasisof between relationships a working model for networking based onhorizontal the to develop has theability Foundation Anna Lindh of Network It isimportant,therefore,thattheSpanish major projects,iscentral. and for dialogue through platforms,meetings countries, among entitiesand and collaboration ways ofarticulation tostrivetowardsacommongoal,lookfor the need of actors.Inthissense, to agroup coherence give and closer together to createadiscourse,bringpositions with theability leadership important, asitisinstitutional increasingly importance ofnetworkingisbecoming of socialactionpractices. reorganization Today, the Weand areinanerafullofsocialupheaval The importanceofnetworking cover theirexpenses.(Chart26.2) without independently, objective, funds to public to obtain in order their action conditioning specific a reach to themselves organise who people between collaboration these movements endorsetheconceptofvoluntary The Anna Lindh Report 2014

VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 112 VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 113 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Engagement Tunisia: LayingtheBasisforaSustainableCivic towards democracy. as themostsuccessfulcountryinitsdifferent steps in landscape Tunisiathat manyobserversmightdescribe we canunderstandthedynamicsthat led to the current that someeventsareundergoing, change bewildering the and of thisdynamism It isimportantthatinlight heritage. post-independence that breakswiththeentire for amodel societal continuityandothersarecalling are more pragmatic. Some seekto ensure a level of others and Someareideological others areliberal. currents, and movements. Someareconservative and political societal of several the emergence allowing region, the geo-strategyofEuro-Mediterranean revolutionary the areaandshaped movements thathaveinvaded first the since passed have years Three New spacesfordialogueandassociativelife led to the of development the situationon ground, cultural andartistic creativity. have These associations and in various fields: civic engagement and governance, in thedifferentassociations governoratesofthecountry boom of morethan5,000 with the creation since therevolution, associative significant a witnessed has Tunisia by largely Tunisianthe country.youth throughout Indeed led began, impulse spontaneous and At thattime,alarge oppressive system. a corrupt, and family mafia a of benefit the to Tunisians of the majority with asystemthathasmarginalised break boost theeconomy, and they mayencounter butalso its wounds, required to join forcesagainstthedangers themselves facingacountryinneedoffrom healing The dayaftertheexitofdictator, Tunisiansfound freedoms. of humanrightsandtherespect universal principles rights toasystem women and introducing basedon in thewhole vanguardist equal Arab region,providing and modern most the of one as qualified constitution a of society groupsinthesceneledtodevelopment other civil and social of somepolitical, The involvement the northernMediterraneanshorealsooffersarenewedperspectiveforTunisiainitsEuro-Medrelations. individual actiontopursuethecommongood.Ahighlevelofinterestamongcitizenstowardspeopleon authors highlighttheprogressmade for women’sequalityandanestablishedbeliefamongTunisians in their the polling, Lindh/Gallup Anna recent the on Building citizens. country’s the for space public of reclaiming In thepost-2011Tunisiancontext,aproliferationofcivilsocietyassociationshaslaidbasisfor answers (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). sum of‘Stronglydisagree’and ‘Disagree’: somewhat’ and‘Disagree agree’sum of‘Strongly ‘Agree’: where somewhat’ and‘Agree answers, or disagree with the following statements? or disagreewiththefollowing Question: Couldyoupleasetellme,howmuch doyouagree Survey diversity inTunisia Views aboutpolitical,culturalandreligious Chart 27.1 Openess toculturaldiversity the samerightstoparticipateinpubliclife.(Chart27.1) differenthave should orientations ethnicandreligious of that people believe 93% ofrespondents indeed Tunisiansthrough otherSurveyresults is evenclearer a lotabouttheprioritiesof Tunisians. The opennessof says this and aspects, religious in interested are 47% cultural aspectsandpoliticalexchangesinEurope. Only Mediterranean. 70%ofareinterestedin respondents shore ofthe on thenorthern taking place the debates about informed and educated increasingly a population, modelismoremotivatedamong pluralistic socio-political and urgent issues. The desire for a democratic and of some very opendebates, focusing oncurrent the emergence has allowed environment Mediterranean of openness The cultural Tunisiato itsEuro- in motionthecivicengagementprocess. public spaceforandmutualrespect,setting dialogue of appropriation anunprecedented before, allowing breaking thebymost passivity experienced Tunisians constitutes a threat to the Cultural and religious diversity opportunity to participatein should have thesamerightsor political or religousbackgrounds cultural, different from People important fortheprosperityof Cultural and religious diversity is Anis BOUFRIKHAandMeriemJERBA stability ofsociety your society public life Agree 39 Base: Disagree 81 93 % ofallrespondents, 60 Don’t know 17 6 respondents (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). in 5yearsfromnow? they beplaying what rolewill a greaterrole,thesameorlesserrolethantheydid5yearsago? And Question: Survey will haveabigrolein Tunisian society. (Chart27.2) and had have that women believe of respondents 65% through statistics.Infact This iswellandtrulyexpressed proof of activism infavourof gender equalityin Tunisia. complementary to men. Its isthegreatest elimination the Tunisianwere that women constitution stipulating about thedraft the mobilisation particularly Article 28of battles foughtbythe of themajor Tunisianwas woman country men.One their with side to went through, present duringthe most important phases that the nation those of Tunisian societyalso. Tunisianwere women to defendtheirrightsand threatened, weremobilised Tunisian women,whorich in achievementsbutfeeling components ofcivilsociety. Aof majorpresence of differentprofessionalisation to amoreremarkable Dynamics andopennesstoothershasledovertime newly created. for constitute abasis Rights, which Tunisianassociations for Human Rights,CAWTAR, Arab Institute for Human namely struggles civic the UGTT TradeCenter, Union the of TunisianLeague field the in presence major civil societyand with controlled by largeorganisations by led mobilization of advocacyand process Tunisian a long rightscrowning human of universal the principles aclear in reference inthe Tunisianto constitution ofbelonging resulted finally rights human universal with across thecountry. This linkof the Tunisian cultural freedoms thatbroughtmorethan50,000signaturesfrom of constitutionnalisation the Tunisian pact of rights and human rights. An example isfor the mobilisation of universal the defense and freedomsthrough of therights out byactivistsforthecause that carried from The genderadvocacybattlewasnotseparate A determinationforcivicengagement Women’s roleinTunisiansociety Chart 27.2 Expectations -in5yearsfromnow Present -comparedto5yearsago rae role Greater Doyouthinkthatwomeninyoursocietytodayplay 63 65 Lesser role The same 15 18 Base: 13 Don’t know 16 % ofall 10 Training and Research). Project mangeratCAWTAR (Centerof Arab Women for Foundation Networkin Tunisia. MeriemJERBA Anis BOUFRIKHAisCoordinatorofthe Anna Lindh Survey Question: Most efficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinTunisia Chart 27.3 Anna Lindh/GallupPoll2012). to solving the problems in yourcountry?Base: ever nottogobackintime. hope forabetter Tunisia,than but alsomoredetermined full oflifeand of manyyoungpeople notice thepresence throughthestreetsof freedom, walking Tunis, onecan stability ofinstitutionsandtherulelawasguarantor still much remains to be done by Tunisians to confirm the Even if was approved. of freedomanddignity principles in the through theircivicactivities,aconstitutionenrolling 27.3). of Thanks tothecommitment ofhundreds Tunisians (Chart action in individual believe of respondents 38% fragile giventhe lack of group organization,notingthat free and democratic new Tunisia,remains this movement the Despite theimportantroleofcivilsocietyinshaping have apositiveeffect ontheEuropeanneighbour. that the believe respondents Tunisianwill revolution of 44% Also country. the of future the about optimistic with 71%ofrespondents optimism ofthoseinterviewed the and thisexplains pre-uprisings, to thedictatorship witnessed since2011 are nowsafeguardsagainsta return All thisdynamismandthemovementsthat Tunisiahas Using socialmediatoexpresspolitical Joining areligiousassociationor views, tojoinorsupportcauses Joining orsupportingapolitical Joining orsupportinganNGO Through myindividualaction Joining socialmovements a faithbasedinitative How do you think you could most efficiently contribute Don’t know None party The Anna Lindh Report 2014 3 11 16 16 38 4 6 6 % of all respondents (© is

VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 114 VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 115 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Turkey: GrowthandExpansionoftheThirdSector Gallup Poll2012). world wouldyoustart it? Question: Survey Preferred placestostartanewlifeforTurks Chart 28.1 new lifethey would doit either intheirowncountryor among Turkish peoplewhostatethatiftheycouldstarta northern shore.However, thistrendisnotwide-spread to the toemigrate aspirations stimulating and instability people’sincreased East have Middle of insecurity sense Arab traditions. However, in recent years, conflicts in the Eastern and Middle the Byzantine,Ottoman,European, of that havebeenderivedfromthecross-fertilisation set ofelements a diverseandheterogeneous combines In the Turkishculture Mediterranean imaginary Perceptions oftheMediterraneanregion are livingthroughaneconomiccrisis. countries many Mediterranean when in theregion, power be could 20% increase Turkey’sgrowth and economic position. At thesametime,oneofreasonsfor be effectedcould answer bythecountry’s geographical mentioned and 50%in2012 in 2009 Turkey. Suchan 30% of region, Mediterranean Turkish respondents When askedaboutthecountriesassociatedwith author alsohighlightstheexpectationsofTurkishcitizensforon-goingimprovementsinfuture. the growthofTurkey’svoluntaryandcommunitysector.Drawingoncomplementarypollingevidence, to thanks also years, recent in increased have exchanges and relations Euro-Med how highlight to findings geographical country’s Survey Lindh/Gallup Anna the the upon draws author The diversity. by cultural of history rich their influenced amd position, strongly is culture Mediterranean towards imaginary Turkish SEM countries Gulf countries If you could start a new life, in which country ofthe life, inwhich start anew Ifyoucould Don’t know America Europe o al epnet ( na Lindh/ Anna (© respondents all of % Base: Other Africa Asia 1 0 1 1 2 12 17 67

Necdet SAGLAM and Tevfik Başak 15% to43%in2012. rate of business orwork-relatedinteractionrosefrom or bychattingontheinternet,and neighbourhood, in thesame tourism, byliving or work,through business 2009 and2012, Turksmet mainlyfor andEuropeans expenditure, and thus leisure andrecreation.Between of 8% inlinewiththe expected growthinconsumer in 2016,by increasing a compound annualgrowthrate the number of outbound trips forecast to reach 16million in theirfreedom of movement. This reality clasheswith grievance for many young Turks who feeldiscriminated to thestrict requirements forvisastoEurope,achief people fromEuropeancountriesandthis might bedue Turkey2% of andEurope,only Turkishmet respondents Despite thevariouslevelsofbetween cooperation destination. (Chart28.1) desired Europe asasecond keeping period, previous countries. by 5%comparedtothe This rateincreased (SEM) one oftheSouthernandEasternMediterranean ago and are confident that it will improve even more in more even improve will it that confident are and ago their lifebettertoday than5years consider respondents When askedaboutpersonal lifesatisfaction,62%of whether theywerecommitted byaminorornot. of foresees lifesentencesfor crimes,regardless honour to been applied have Turkey’snow code, which penal againstwomen). In on violence recent years,changes in thelegislation this despitethepositivedevelopments age (all at ayoung forced intomarriage of girls number crimes committedagainstwomenisontherise,as to 18 - 19% of the total MPs. Meanwhile, the number of amounted offemaleparliamentarians the number when Turkish todayismuchsmallerthanin1937, Parliament half oftheEUaverage,andnumberwomenin of Turkish womenintheworkforceis30,1%lessthan rate theparticipation However, officers. army officers, lawyers, judges, journalists,pilots,diplomats,police Today, Turkishdoctors, are bankmanagers, women future Social satisfactionandexpectationsforthe ERSEN

increased between2011 and2012. security,services andjudicial transportation education, services, social satisfaction frompublic The overall most happy.that madeindividuals are thevalues healthy graduates. to theSurvey,According familylifeandbeing education higher of 67,4% to compared 2012 in happy positive resultsfor60%ofprimaryschoolgraduates increase inpeople’s perception of happiness, registering an about brings of education, level On average,agrowing a slightdropofamong thefemalepopulation). happiness 2011in unhappiness declairing (with in 2012 and10,2% to 62,1%in2011,compared with9,9%ofindividuals in of individuals Turkeywas 61%, happiness declairing by Survey conducted Turkstat in 2012,the percentage 32% of the answers. According to the LifeSatisfaction the next 5 years. Negative outlooksconstitutearound relative successof democracy in Turkey, could betraced those otherrights. maintaining An of explanation the and measurable,offers achanceforsecuringand however, the advantage of being bothunambiguous for civic, human and minorityrights.(Chart 28.2) It has, takes no direct accountof considerations respect of law, a definition limited to its formal aspects and which of diversity,recognition the rule and self-determination, a stablecountry, prosperity, peaceandstability, equality,treatment andfreedomofspeech, equal For Turks, democracy denotesfreedom,freeelections, diversity Expansion of the third sector and openness to mentions areshown (© Anna Lindh/GallupPoll 2012). are referringto?)Base: what arethe words that come to your mind? (whatdoyouthinkthey Question: Survey democracy inTurkey Words thatcometomindwhenthinkingabout Chart 28.2 Equality, equaltreatment Recognition ofdiversity Freedom ofspeech Self-determination Peace andstability A certaincountry was mentioned Free elections Rule oflaw Prosperity When somebody is using the word DEMOCRACY,the word is using Whensomebody Freedom % ofallrespondents;the10most frequent 11 12 13 15 21 23 24 25 33 64 the stabilityofsociety. even iftheyconsiderthatdiversityconstitutesathreatto the samerightsor opportunity to participate inpubliclife, backgrounds shouldhave orreligious cultural, political that Turkish peoplebelievethat people from different show which results, Poll the by reflected is This conflict people. a of case the with Kurdish initiative and peacebuilding resolution is as democracy, of favour in media etc.,havebeenlaunched but someotherinitiatives thought, freedomofdemonstration,restrictionsonthe to improve democracyintherealmof the freedomof rights. There are still issues that need to be resolved for human respect and of freeinstitutions the functioning have beenconducive,infavourablecircumstances,to that mightwell back totheIslamicandOttomanheritage developed centresenjoyamorevibrantciviclife. and urban where in theextentofcivicengagement, the comparisonsrevealdifferencespopulation. Regional remained detachedfrom the strive of a largeportionof the civilsocietymovementin expansion, Turkey has As such,despitegoingthroughaneraof transition and in civilsocietyactivities. degrees to varying participate in Turkey, different where only and regions groups social Turkey. Civic engagementhasa narrow yet deep nature 2014, January in Foundations from 4.734 and associations 99.029 are there data to According entities. legal as CSO and foundations associations only recognizes such asplatformsandinitiatives,thelegalframework Although thereexistvariousmodelsofengagement, grow and these operatewithincreasingsophistication. society. to CSOs continues of emerging The number democratic new roleasacriticalelementinanemerging and civil society (CSO) organizations havetakenona momentum ofgrowthandexpansion on aheightened Over thepasttwentyyears, Turkey’s thirdsector hastaken together respectingoneanother. Romani andZazas Greek, Jewish,Kurdish,Laz, Azerbaijani, Pomak, history,Throughout the Abkhaz, Armenian Lindh Foundation Networkin Turkey. Tevfik Foundation Turkish Network.Withthecontribution of Necdet AA ERSEN BAŞAK SAGLAM of is co-Coordinatorthe Anna Lindh

‎ ethnic and religious groups lived ethnic andreligious as Coordinator of the asCoordinator Anna The Anna Lindh Report 2014 ‎ , Bulgarian,

VIEWS FROM THE GROUND 116 ANNEXES 1.3 Ifyoucouldstartanewlife, inwhichcountryoftheworldwouldyoustartit? 1.1 CouldyoupleasenameallthecountrieswhichcometoyourmindwhenhearaboutMediterranean 1.Representation oftheMediterraneanregion living theirlife,howtheythinkabouteachother, andwhattheythinkabouttheMediterraneanregion”. “Weintroduction: the following started with The Questionnaire in differentpeople how in areinterested are countries Poll themarginoferrorhasbeen+/-1.4%ata95%confidenceinterval. phone penetration was high, a dual sampling frame was used (fixed and mobile telephones). For the Anna Lindh/Gallup In selectcountrieswheremobile sampling). (RDD) wasused(one-stage Random-Digit-Dial interviewing, telephone The Survey useda random samplewith1,000completedinterviewspercountryamongthe general population.For landline andmobilephones,inlinewiththeGallupsurveyphilosophy, that-is-to-say: centred oninterviewsconductedviaComputer methodology The polling Assisted TelephoneInterview (CATI) on Methodology oftheSurvey Morocco, Poland,Spain, Tunisia, and Turkey. of 13,000people13countries,namely Albania, Belgium,Denmark,Egypt,Germany, Ireland,Italy, Jordan, The followingQuesitonnairewasadministratedbyGallupEuropeduringSeptemberandOctober2012,toasample Opinion pollquestionnaire Annex I 1.2 Different peoplehave different thoughtsaboutwhattheMediterraneanregionrepresents.Iwillreadout • randomrespondentselectionuseseitherthelatestbirthdaymethodorKishgrid. • qualitycontrolproceduresareusedto validate that correct samples areselectedandthat the correct personis • thequestionnaireistranslatedintomajorlanguagesofeachcountry; • thetargetpopulationincludesallindividualsaged15andolder; • thesamplerepresentsallpartsofeachcountry, includingallruralareas; randomly selectedineachhousehold; region? a set of ideas/images that may come to the minds of different people, and please tell me, if you think these think you if me, tell please and people, differentcharacterize theMediterraneanregionstrongly, somewhatornotatall. of minds the to come may that ideas/images of set a H – Turmoil, insecurity F -Resistancetochange E -Hospitality D -Commonculturalheritageandhistory C -Civicparticipationdemocratictransition B -Sourceofconflict A -Mediterraneanwayoflifeandfood

ETC. LIST OFCOUNTRIES ASIA EUROPE AMERICA AFRICA [Refused] [Don’t know] Not characterizeatall Somewhat characterize Strongly characterize

9 8 3 2 1 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 1 2389 1 2389 1 2389 1 2389 1 2389 1 2389 1 2389

ANNEXES 118 ANNEXES 119 3.2 Howdidyoumeetortalktothatperson? [IF YES IN3.1.] 3.1 Inthelast12monthshaveyoupersonallytalkedtoor metwithanyperson(orpersons)fromcountries 3. Interaction 2.1 Thinking aboutthecountries borderingthesouthernandeasternshoreofMediterraneanSea/European 2. MutualInterest 1.4 Your country, withother Europeancountriesandtheonsoutherneasternshoreof The Anna Lindh Report 2014 bordering thesouthernandeasternshoreofMediterranean Sea/Europeancountries? Would yousayare: ROTATETOPICS A-D)? their (READ about information and in news have you saypersonally much interestwould how countries, AND project? oftheseaspectsdoyouthinkyoursocietycangainfromsuchashared for theMediterranean.’Which ‘Union within aprojectcalled and culturalexchanges, economic to establishcloserpolitical, has decided Mediterranean, D -Politicalchanges C -Religiousbeliefsandpractices B -Culturallifeandlifestyle A -Economicconditions H -Respectforculturaldiversity G - Youthful dynamism F -Concernfortheenvironment E -Genderequality D -Socialsolidarity C -Individualfreedomandtheruleoflaw B - Attachment tospiritualandmoralvalues A -Innovationandentrepreneurship [Refused] [Don’t know] Not interested Somewhat interested Very interested [Refused] [Don’t know] No Maybe Definitely [Refused] [Don’t know] Other Just metinthestreet/publicspace They liveintheneighbourhood Chatting ontheInternet Through tourism Business orwork [Refused] [Don’t know] No Yes

9 8 1 2 3 9 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 9 8 3 2 1 1 2389 1 2389 1 2389 1 2389 1 2389 1 2389 1 2389 1 2389 1 2389 1 2389 1 2389 1 2389 4.3 And whichoneofthesesixwouldyousayismostimportanttoparentsraising childreninthesocietiesof 4.2 And whichoneofthesesixdoyouthinkisthemostimportanttoparentsraisingchildreninEurope 4.1 Inbringinguptheirchildren,parentsindifferent societiesmayplacedifferent emphasisondifferent values. 4. Values andmutualperceptions countries borderingthesouthernandeasternshoreof Mediterranean Sea? European societies? important whenraisingchildren? you sayismost one ofthesesixwould only I’d liketoknowwhich to sixvalues that welimitourselves Assuming And thesecondmostimportant? And thesecondmostimportant? And thesecondmostimportant?

Respect fortheother cultures Family solidarity Independence Religious beliefs Obedience Curiosity [Refused] [Don’t know] Respect fortheothercultures Family solidarity Independence Religious beliefs Obedience Curiosity [Refused] [Don’t know] Respect fortheothercultures Family solidarity Independence Religious beliefs Obedience Curiosity [Refused] [Don’t know] Respect fortheothercultures Family solidarity Independence Religious beliefs Obedience Curiosity [Refused] [Don’t know] Respect fortheothercultures Family solidarity Independence Religious beliefs Obedience Curiosity [Refused] [Don’t know] Respect fortheothercultures Family solidarity Independence Religious beliefs Obedience Curiosity

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The Anna Lindh Report 2014

ANNEXES 120 ANNEXES 121 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 5.2 Comparedtotheirpresentroleinyoursocietywhatdoyouthink:5yearsfromnowwomenwillbe 5.1 Doyouthinkthatwomeninyoursocietytodayplayagreater-thesame–orlesserrolethantheydid5years 5. Values andmutualperceptions 4.4 Somepeoplebelievethatthereareabsoluteguidelinestowhatisgoodandbad,truth.Others 6.2 And howdoyouexpectitwillchangein5years?Itbe… 6.1 Taking everythingintoconsideration,whatwouldyousay, comparedto5yearsagoyourpresentlifesituation, 6. Expectationsforthefuture 7.1 Whensomebodyisusing thewordDEMOCRACY –whatarethewordsthatcomestoyourmind?(what 7. Expectationsfordemocracy playing agreater-thesame–orlesserrole? ago? Which viewisclosertoyours? to begoodorbad. say,on thecircumstanceswhatweconsider thingsarerelativeanditdepends that therearenoabsoluteguidelines, is… they referring to ?)

[Refused] [Don’t know] better [Refused] [Don’t know] Lesser role The same Greater role [Refused] [Don’t know] Lesser role The same Greater role [Refused] [Don’t know] what weconsidertobegoodorbad and itdependsonthecircumstances There arenoabsoluteguidelines,thingsrelative OR what isgoodandbad,truth There areabsoluteguidelinesto [Refused] [Don’t know] worse? the sameor better [Refused] [Don’t know] worse? the sameor

8 7 9 8 2 1 9 8 1 2 3 9 8 1 2 3 9 8 1 2 3 9 8 1 2 3 9.1.How doyouthinkcouldcontributeinsolvingtheproblemsyourcountrymostefficiently? 9. Civicengagement 8.1 Couldyoupleasetellme,howmuchdoagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatements: 8. Challengesofdiversity C. Culturalandreligiousdiversityisimportantfortheprosperityofyoursociety? B. Peoplefromdifferent cultural,politicalorreligiousbackgrounds A. Culturalandreligiousdiversity to participateinpubliclife constitutes athreatforthestabilityofsociety should havethesamerightsoropportunity [Refused] [Don’t know] None Through myindividualaction political views,joincauses Using socialmediatoexpress or afaithbasedinitiative Joining areligiousassociation Joining socialmovements Joining orsupportinganNGO Joining orsupportingapoliticalparty [Refused] [Don’t know] Strongly disagree Disagree somewhat Agree somewhat Strongly agree Other 3,pleasewritein: Other2, pleasewritein: Other1, pleasewritein: control overthegovernment,etc. Political accountability, Having aparliamentwherepeoplearerepresented Separation of(legislative,executive,judiciary)powers Weak leadership/lotsofbadcompromise Large inequalities,favourstherich Participation inpoliticaldecisions Respect anddignityforeverybody Rule ofthemajority Recognition ofdiversity Rule oflaw Freedom Social conflicts/division Peace andstability Prosperity Free elections Freedom ofspeech

4 122 121 120 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 1 2 3 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

The Anna Lindh Report 2014 1234589 1 234589 1 234589

ANNEXES 122 ANNEXES 123 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Chart 2.4Mostimportantvaluestorespondentswhenbringinguptheirchildren Chart 2.3Views aboutpolitical,culturalandreligiousdiversitybygenderagegroup Chart 2.2InteractionsintheEuroMedregionbyagegroup theMediterraneanregion Chart 2.1 Top 10countriesthatcometomindwhenhearing about Chart 1.13Mostefficientwaysforsolvingproblemsinsociety Chart 1.12Ultimateeffect ofthe Arab SpringontheEuro-Arabrelationsbycountry Chart 1.11 Ultimateeffect ofthe Arab SpringontheEuro-Arabrelationsbysub-region Chart 1.10Personalexpectationsforthefuture Chart 1.9Currentpersonallifesatisfaction Chart 1.8Opinionontheexistenceofabsoluteguidelines Chart 1.7Mostimportantvaluestorespondentswhenbringinguptheirchildren EconomicconditionsandPoliticalchange Chart 1.6InterestinnewsandinformationaboutSEM/Europeancountries: Chart 1.5InterestinnewsandinformationaboutSEM/Europeancountries Chart 1.4Methodofinteraction Chart 1.3InteractionsintheEuro-Medregion democratictransitionandResistancetochange Chart 1.2CharacteristicsoftheMediterraneanregion:Civicparticipationin Chart 1.1CharacteristicsoftheMediterraneanregion EUROMED INTERCULTURAL ANALYSIS Index ofCharts Annex 2 Chart 7.2 Women’s rolein society byagegroup Chart 7.1Whatsociety cangainfromtheUfMbyagegroup Chart 6.3ًWomen’s roleinsocietyandexpectationsforthefuture Chart 6.2Words thatcometomindwhenthinking aboutdemocracy Chart 6.1Ultimate effect ofthe Arab SpringonEuro-Arabrelations by country Chart 5.4Mostefficient waysofsolvingproblemsinone’ Chart 5.3Mostefficientwaysofsolvingproblems inDenmark Chart 5.2Mostefficientwaysofsolvingproblems inPoland Chart 5.1Mostefficientwaysofsolvingproblems inone’ Chart 4.4Mostefficientwaysofsolvingproblems inone’ Chart 4.3Political,culturalandreligiousdiversity Chart 4.2Opinionoftheexistenceabsolute guidelines Chart 4.1Mostimportantvaluestorespondents whenbringinguptheirchildren bycountry Chart 3.3Comparingvariablesonreligiousvalues andrespectforculturaldiversity andEurpein20092012 Chart 3.2 Attitudes toreligiousvaluesandculturaldiversityinSEM in2009and2012 Chart 3.1InterestinnewsandinformationaboutSEMEuropeancountries SEMcountries:actualvaluesvs.perceived Chart 2.5MostimportantvaluestoparentsraisingchildreninEuropeanand

, asabasisforsocialprosperity

s society

s society s societybycountry

43 55 54 51 51 50 48 46 46 45 43 42 41 37 36 35 33 32 30 29 28 24 23 23 22 22 21 20 19 19 18 18 17 16

Chart 15.5Whatcan Turkey gainfromthe UfM Chart 15.4Interest innewsandinformationfromEurope Chart 15.3Mostefficient waysofsolvingproblemsin Chart 15.2Beliefin absoluteguidelinesin Turkey Chart 15.1Keyvalues toparentsbringinguptheirchildrenin Turkey Chart 14.6PersonallifesatisfactioninSpain Chart 14.5Views about political,culturalandreligiousdiversityinSpain accordingtoSpaniards Chart 14.4Keyvaluestoparentsraisingtheirchildren inSEMcountries, Chart 14.3KeyvaluestoSpanishrespondents, when bringinguptheirchildren Chart 14.2Interestinnewsandinformationabout SEMcountries,inSpain Chart 14.1CharacteristicsoftheMediterranean regionaccordingtoSpaniards Chart 13.5KeyvaluestoMoroccanswhenbringing uptheirchildren Chart 13.4InteractionsofMoroccanswithpeople fromEuropeancountries Chart 13.3PreferredplacesforMoroccanstostartanewlife Chart 13.2WhatMoroccocangainfromtheUfM Chart 13.1CharacteristicsoftheMediterraneanregionforMoroccans Chart 12.4InterestinnewsandinformationfromSEMcountriesGermany regioninGermany Chart 12.3CountriesthatcometomindwhenhearingabouttheMediterranean Chart 12.2CharacteristicsoftheMediterraneanregionforGermans Chart 12.1Views aboutpolitical,culturalandreligiousdiversityinGermany Chart 11.4 KeyvaluestoparentsraisingchildreninEuropeaccordingEgyptians Chart 11.3 Methodofinteraction Chart 11.2 InteractionofEgyptianswithpeoplefromEuropeancountries Chart 11.1 KeyvaluestoparentsraisingchildreninEgypt EVOLUTION OFTRENDSINFOCUS Chart 10.5SocietycangainfromtheUfM Chart 10.4Ultimateeffect of Arab SpringonEuro-Arabrelations Chart 10.3Methodofinteraction Chart 10.2InteractionsintheEuroMedregion Chart 10.1InterestinnewsandinformationaboutEuropean/SEMcountries Chart 9.3Mostefficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinone’ andagegroup Chart 9.2Ultimateeffect ofthe Arab SpringonEuro-Arabrelationsbygender Chart 9.1Personallifesatisfactionbyagegroup bygenderandagegroup Chart 8.5 Youth andperspectiveonwomen’s rolefutureinsociety bygenderandagegroup Chart 8.4 Youth andwomenperspectiveonwomen’s currentroleinsociety Chart 8.3Women’s futurerolebycountry Chart 8.2Women’s currentrolebycountry Chart 8.1Women’s roleinsociety byagegroup Chart 7.3Mostimportantvaluestorespondents,whenbringinguptheirchildren

Turkey s countrybyagegroup

Turkey

The Anna Lindh Report 2014

68 67 66 66 65 63 62 61 59 59 58 58 57 56 88 87 87 86 85 84 83 83 82 82 81 80 79 79 78 77 76 75 75 74 72 71 71 70

ANNEXES 124 ANNEXES 125 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Chart 28.2Words that cometomindwhenthinkingaboutdemocracyin Turkey Chart 28.1Preferredplacestostartanewlifefor Turks Chart 27.3Mostefficientwaysofsolvingproblems in Chart 27.2Women’s rolein Tunisian society Chart 27.1Views about political,culturalandreligiousdiversityin Tunisia Chart 26.2Mostefficientwaysofsolvingproblems inSpain Chart 26.1Words thatcometomindwhenthinkingaboutdemocracyinSpain Chart 25.3Ultimateeffect ofthe Arab SpringonEuro-ArabrelationsforPoles Chart 25.2Poles’ interestinnewsandinformationaboutSEMcountries Chart 25.1InteractionofPoleswithpeoplefromSEMcountries Chart 24.3Moroccans’ personallifesatisfaction Chart 24.2Moroccans’ perceptionsabouttheexistenceofabsoluteguidelines Chart 24.1CharacteristicsoftheMediterraneanregionforMoroccans Chart 23.2Jordanians’ interestinnewsand informationaboutEuropeancountries Chart 23.1MostefficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinJordan Chart 22.3MostefficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinItaly Chart 22.2Views aboutpolitical,culturalandreligiousdiversityinItaly Chart 22.1KeyvaluesforItalians,whenbringinguptheirchildren Chart 21.3MostefficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinIreland Chart 21.2ChallengesofdiversityfortheIrish Chart 21.1KeyvaluestoparentswhenraisingtheirchildreninIreland Chart 20.3MethodofinteractionwithpeoplefromSEMcountriesinGermany Chart 20.2CharacteristicsoftheMediterraneanregion,accordingforGermans Chart 20.1MostefficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinGermany Chart 19.3Views aboutpoliticalculturalandreligiousdiversity, inEgypt Chart 19.2MostefficientwaysofsolvingproblemsinEgypt Chart 19.1Words thatcometomindwhenthinkingaboutdemocracyinEgypt Chart 18.2CharacteristicsoftheMediterraneanregionforDanes Chart 18.1MethodofinteractionwithpeoplefromSEMcountriesinDenmark Chart 17.3Views aboutpolitical,culturalandreligiousdiversityinBelgium Chart 17.2CharacteristicsoftheMediterraneanregionforBelgians forBelgians Chart 17.1Ultimateeffects ofthe Arab SpringontheEuro-Arabrelations Chart 16.3Keyvaluesto Albanians, whenbringinguptheirchildren for Albanians Chart 16.2Ultimateeffects ofthe Arab SpringontheEuro-Arabrelations Chart 16.1CharacteristicsoftheMediterraneanregionfor Albanians VIEWS FROMTHEGROUND

Tunisia

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 109 108 108 107 106 105 104 103 103 102 101 101 100 100 99 98 97 97 96 96 94 94 93 92 92 91 16 15 14 14 13 12 11 10 10 BBC News,(2013). Asad, T. (2003).FormationsoftheSecular. StanfordUniversityPress. En arabe:www.arabthought.org. entre Moietl’Autre dans lapressearabe.Lesmanifestationsdel’interaction Arab Thought Foundation,(2011). desculturesdanslemonde(résumé).L’imageRapport surledialogue del’Occident 1 October2013. Available: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/07/2013759105248478.html. Q & Sadiki. with Larbi Interview (2013). Al-Jazeera, A: der Geldwäscher/GermanyisregardedasanEldoradoformoneylaundering. Alfano, S. (2012). Interview with the Head of the EU-Anti-Mafia-Commission Sonia Alfano: Bibliography Annex 3 explained/index.php/National_accounts_–_GDP, accessed1October2013. accounts andGDP.Commission, Eurostat. National European explained/index.php/International_trade_in_goods, accessed1October2013. European Commission,Eurostat.InternationalTradehttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_ Available: inGoods. eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Migration_and_migrant_population_statistics, accessed1Oct2013. statistics. and migrantpopulation Commission, Eurostat,Migration European http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa. Available: Report. Union. Analytical Available: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_202_en.pdf European Commission(2007).Young Europeans. A survey among young peopleagedbetween15-30 inthe European lettres, pp.336. Enzensberg, H.M. (2013). Cultureoumiseencondition? Davie, G.(2000).ReligioninModernEurope. Management Review20(8),pp.581-594. Jamali, D., Sidani, Y., Safieddine, A. (2005). (2010). Chemin, A. Casanova, J.(1994).PublicReligions. Lectures, Literature1901-1967.Frenz,H.Ed.(1969). Amsterdam: ElsevierPublishing Company. (1957). Camus, A. 6 October 2013. Retrieved http://www.businessinsider.com/europes-next-big-crisis-democracy-2012-10?op=1#ixzz2h8h51mHs. Boesler, M. (2012). Berger, P. (1999).TheDesecularizationoftheWorld. Berger, P. (1999).TheDesecularizationoftheWorld. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24380247. ‘The REAL Eurozone CrisisIs About MuchMoreThanDebt’ Business Insider. 20 October. Available: Speech at the Nobel Banquet attheCityHallinStockholm,December10,1957. at theNobel Speech Mères porteuses:LeComiténationald’éthiqueopposéàlalegalisation.Monde. Italy boat sinking: Hundreds feared deadoffLampedusa. Italy boatsinking:Hundreds UniversityofChicagoPress. Constraints facingworkingwomeninLebanon:aninsiderview. OxfordUniversityPress. EerdmansPublishing. EerdmansPublishing. What isnextfor Arab Democracy? trad.parBernardLortholary.de l’allemand Paris: Lesbelles Available: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_ Available: , Arab Thought Foundation,pp.116– 92. SpiegelOnline BBCNews,3October2013. Available: Deutschland gilt alsEldorado Deutschland (Online), English Al-Jazeera The Anna Lindh Report 2014 In:FromNobel Women in

ANNEXES 126 ANNEXES 127 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Huntington, S. P. (1991). 6), pp.106-108 Haug, S.,Müssig, Stichs, (Saale) (Forschungsbericht in Deutschland.Konferenz. Halle Leben A. (2009).Muslimisches Hamadé, M.(2010).Retoursàl’èreglaciaire? German Common Action Blog,(2012.2013). Available: http://annalindhstiftung.blogspot.de/. rfi.fr/afrique/20130719-maroc-sont-ces-nouveaux-migrants -Spanish-shoots-crisis/ Garcia, C. (2013) Morocco: newrefugefor Iberian migrantsdrivenbythecrisis, 29 August 2013. Available: http://www. Documentation française,pp.270. Fellous, G. (2010). Fargues, F.C. (2012). Fandrich, and Fargues, F. andFandrich,C.(2012).Migrationafterthe Arab Spring. Eurostat, (2009)Youth inEuropeReport, European SocialSurvey2006http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/ in theLightof Arab Spring (2012). EUROMEDSurveyofexpertsandactors, Institute oftheMediterranean, European and-regions/countries/turkey/, accessed1October2013. Commission, European civile etdelaprimauté constitutionnelle). (2009). Messarra, A. 600. pp. Orientale, Beyrouth: Librairie islamo-chrétien). et dedialogue d’amitié libanais (Groupement de Gladic Publication (2013). Messarra A, Marshal, T. H.(1950).CitizenshipandSocialClass otherEssays. Mannheim, K.(1990). Laroche, J.(2012).Labrutalisationdumonde(DuretraitdesEtatsàladécivilisation). Science Report2013,ChangingGlobalEnvironments.Paris: UNESCOPublishing. G. ChangeandSustainableDevelopment. Lachapelle, (2013).PoliticalScience,GlobalEnvironmental Kurbjuweit, D.(2010). Migration inEuropa.ReihefürGemeinschaftskunde,Geschichte,Deutsch,Geographie,KunstundWirtschaft, p.3 & EUROPA.für Europa,in:DEUTSCHLAND alsHerausforderung und Integrationsprozesse Kalb, J.(2010).Migrations- 131–158. Union. the European (2006). Miszlivetz Ferenc J. and Jensen, International LabourOrganization,(2012). University Press,pp.1–30. Fattah, M.A.(2006). September2012. Les droitsdel’homme:menace. Une universalité Democratic Values intheMuslimWorld. La culture citoyenne dans une société multicommunautaire : leLibanenperspectivecomparée, La culturecitoyennedansune sociétémulticommunautaire La mémoire des dialogues nationaux libanais (25 ans de dialogue pour la consolidation de lapaix pour laconsolidation (25ansdedialogue libanais nationaux des dialogues La mémoire In PeterWagner, ed., Society.of Civil The Languages New York,Book, pp. Oxford:Berghahn Le problèmedesgénérations,1928,trad. Der Wutbürger. DerSpiegel. Trade.http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries- Turkey.and Regions: Countries Available: The ThirdWave: intheLateTwentieth Democratisation Century. , June2012,pp.296. Available: www.iemed.org. Migration after the Migration Arab Spring. Beyrouth:Fondation libanaisepourlapaixcivile permanente,4vol.,série « EuropeanCommission,pp.174. The Second Renaissance of Civil Society in EastCentral Europe – and in – and Europe in EastCentral Society of Civil Renaissance The Second Fast Facton Youth EmploymentChallenges. L’Orient Littéraire.Beyrouth. Nr. 41,pp.26–27. Lynne Rienner. GérardMauger, Paris:Nathan. MigrationPolicyCentreResearchReport. abig: abig Uiest Press. University Cambridge Cambridge: PréfacedeBoutrosGhali.Paris:La Migration Policy Centre Research Report Research Centre Policy Migration Montréal:Liber. ILO, Geneva. Euro-Mediterranean Policies Euro-Mediterranean Oklahoma:Oklahoma In World Social

Miszlivetz, F. (2012a). Documents »,no25,26,27,28,LibrairieOrientale,(enarabeetdessynthèsesenfrançais). Pianta, M., Marchetti, R. (2007). Globaljusticemovements.The transnational dimension. com/1analyses/ce-bon-vieux-pessimisme-francais-12740/ Http://www.delitsdopinion. Available: 2013. September 16 Olivier, P.français. (2013).Cebonvieuxpessimisme 2013-en OECD, outlook-2013-en . OECD, (2013). InternationalMigrationOutlook2013. Mudde, C.(2007).PopulistRadicalRightPartiesinEurope. Mudde, C.(2007).PopulistRadicalRightPartiesinEurope. http://www.movimiento15m. Available: ‘indignados’. Spanish the org/2013/07/que-propone-el-movimiento-15m-el.html. of demands of ‘manifesto’ The 15M, Movimiento New York:Palgrave-Macmillan. Miszlivetz, F. (2012b). Lost in Transformation: the Crisis of Democracy and CivilSociety. In: Global CivilSociety2012, New York, Oxford:PeterLang,pp.181–195. Voluntary Activities 1999–2004 Trotha,Robertson-von C. Y. (2009). Band 7derSchriftenreihe„Kulturwissenschaft interdisziplinär Robertson-von Trotha, C RechtsextremismusinDeutschland undEuropa.Rechtsaußen– (2012). Rechts ‚Mitte‘? politische für Landeszentrale Deutschland Vielfalt leben undgestalten, Auflage); erweiterte und überarbeitete 2. 2011:(ed.) Frick Baden-Württemberg/Lothar Bildung Schriftenreihe der 1 (Band Gesellschaft Robertson-Wensauer, C. Y. (2000). group wrongdoingaffectattitudestowardunrelatedminorities. 2013: A. Jesse H./Allpress, Jonas Rupert/Rees, 99-111;Brown, pp. 2010, 53), Heidelberg Heidelberg Hochschule und beleuchtet(SchriftenreihederPädagogischen ethnologisch pädagogisch Schön/Veronika Strittmatter-Haubold (ed.): Die Perspektive des Anderen. Kulturräume anthropologisch, philosophisch, Trotha,Robertson-von C. Y. (2010). ZAK. Available: http://www.zak.kit.edu/downloads/Vorwort.pdf Trotha,Robertson-von C. Y. (2011). 352946327927. www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140103-le-maroc-lance-une-campagne-regularisation-papiers/#./?&_suid=139283380707305532 RFI, (2014). http://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/marina-prentoulis-lasse-thomassen/legacy-of-indignados. Prentoulis, M., Thomassen, L.(2013). 8 October. Lost: Democracy Pianta, M.(2013). Global JusticeMovements. A Cross-National andTransnational Perspective. International MigrationOutlook2013,OECDPublishing. Le Maroc lance une campagne de régularisation des sans-papiers. de régularisation une campagne lance Le Maroc The MultipleCrisesofEurope. . BerlinSocialScienceCenter 2013:WZBriefZivilengagement. Federal Ministry ofFamily Federal Women and Citizens, Affairs, Senior YouthMonitor 2009. The Financial Crisis in Europe and the Role of Civil Society.of Civil and theRole Crisis inEurope The Financial Society of Civil Journal Multikulturalität - Interkulturalität? Probleme und Perspektiven der multikulturellen und Perspektiven - Interkulturalität?Probleme Multikulturalität Rechtsextremismus inDeutschlandundEuropa.Rechtsaußen–‚Mitte‘?. Plurale Identitäten in der globalisierten Stadtgesellschaft, Identitäten inderglobalisierten Plurale The legacyoftheindignados. Heft2–2011 Zeitschrift für die Praxis der politischen Bildung. Integrationsland Integrationsland Bildung. der politischen Praxis Zeitschrift fürdie In Léonce Bekemans,ed.,A InLéonce Value-DrivenEurope. Brussels, ED ulsig Aalbe http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/migr_ Available: Publishing. OECD Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress. Cambridge UniversityPress. PoliticalPsychology, 34(3),pp.387-407 vial: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/migr_outlook- Available: OpenDemocracy, 13 August 2013. Available: Nie wieder: group-based emotions forin- Nie wieder:group-based Boulder:Paradigm,pp.29–51. RFI, 3 January 2014. Available: http:// In: D. della Porta, ed. The Anna Lindh Report 2014 in: Fadja Ehlail/Henrike Fadja in: The

ANNEXES 128 ANNEXES 129 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 televises%20turcs%20au%20moyen%20orient%20FR.pdf http://www.iemed.org/observatori-fr/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/iemed-2013/Yigit%20feuilletons%20 (2013). Yigit, A. Ost- undWestdeutschland, in:GertPickel/OliverHidalgo.ReligionundPolitikimvereinigten Deutschland Yendell,(2013) A. development-indicators Worldindicators. development (2012). World Bank Soziologie undSozialpolitik, Weber, M. (1988). Union for the Mediterranean, (2012). for theMediterranean, Union repräsentativen BefragungvonTürkeninDeutschland. Info GmbH(2012) Umfrageinstituts Thomas, S.(2005).TheGlobalResurgenceofReligionandtheTransformation ofInternationalRelations. www.yabiladi.com2013. Available: 29 August Tchounand, R. (2013). Immigrationof Spaniards to Morocco increasedby 32% between2008and2012.yabiladi.com, Taylor, C.(1994).Multiculturalism:ExaminingThePoliticsofRecognition. Supp, B.(2010).DieMutbürger. DerSpiegel.Nr. 42,pp.42–43. Princeton UniversityPress. (1949). Jr. Williams, Studies inSocialPsychologyWorldWar II: The M. American Soldier. Vol. 1 Robin Adjustment during Army Life. and Star, A. Shirley DeVinney, C. Leland Suchman, A. Edward A., Samuel Stouffer, asp Solzhenitsyn, A. Schmitter,Disintegration? C. (2012).European Philippe A Way Forward. Journal of Democracy 23 (Issue 4), pp. 39-48. Salem, P., Kadlec A. (2012). Libya’s Troubled Transition. Salect, R.(2013).Latyrannieduchoix, Sadiki, L.(2014).TheRouteldgeHandbookofthe Arab Spring.London: Routledge. Waetzoldt, W. (1927). http://www.socialwatch.org/sites/default/files/indignados2012_esp.pdf Van Reisen,M., Stocker, S., Carr, G. pxweb/quickstatistics/readtable.asp?qs_id=43&lang=1 for Europe,UNECE,(2012). Nations Commission United maghreb-motorway-axis/. http://ufmsecretariat.org/the-completion-of-the-central-section-of-the-trans- Available: 2012. February 10 Secretariat, Turkish TV shows in the Middle East, Harvard address, Harvard address, June8,1978. Available: http://old.nationalreview.com/document/document060603. Muslime unerwünscht? Zur unerwünscht? Muslime Akzeptanz desIslamund dessen Ein VergleichAngehörigen. zwischen Rede auf dem 1. inFrankfurt Deutschen Soziologentag1910. in: ders., Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Das klassischeLand.Wandlungen derItaliensehnsucht. Tübingen pp.431–449. Los indignados hacen laspreguntascorrectassobreelfuturo deEuropa. Los indignados Deutsch-Türkische Lebens- und Wertewelten und Lebens- Deutsch-Türkische zueiner - Ergebnisbericht 2012 Completion of the Central section of theTrans-Maghreb section of theCentral Completion Motorway Axis. trad.del’anglais.parSylvie Taussig, Paris: Albin Michel,pp.213. Yearbook IEMED of the Mediterranean,pp. 312–315. Available: UmfrageinstitutsInfoGmbH The CarnegiePapers. vial: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world- Available: vial: http://w3.unece.org/ statistics Europe.Available:Gender Paperback Leipzig:Seemann. Palgrave. Princeton: Available: UFM Biographies Annex 4 Kosta BARJABA André AZOULAY Ahmad AMINIAN Mahasen AL-EMAM Nabil AL-ARABI MOUS Fadma AIT Elisa ADORNO unemployment, povertyandsocialexclusion. in 13 books,published and internationally,Albania onmigration,ethnicrelations,youth, of Sciences of Albania since2011. Professor Barjabahasauthored12andco-authored of Government in2005,andhas beenanelected Associate Memberof the Academy received aMasterinPublic Administration from Harvard University’s Kennedy School University of Professor ofSociologyand Public PoliciesattheEuropean Tirana. He initiatives fordeepeningreconciliationbetweenJewsandMuslims. the many East and in theMiddle just peace to alastand chances his inputtogivereal of the the executivecommitteeof‘Foundation for andiswell-known Three Cultures’, investments growth. reform processandforeign economic Azoulay isalso Presidentof Hassan II of Morocco andof His MajestyMohammedVI, he played a central roleinthe President ofthe Foundation. Anna Lindh of HisMajestythelateKing As Counselor between cultures,andphilosophyofteachingnon-violence. mediation education, of intercultural philosophy in courses training delivering civilizations Omar KhayamCulturalCentre. among for severalyearsonthedialogue worked Aminian and Presidentof at FreeUniversityofBrussels(FUB).Heisalso co-founder secularism and Center forStudiesofreligions of BrusselsandresearcherattheInterdisciplinary and philosopher.historian religious Islamologist, at theCity mediator Heisschool first womentobeelectedtheJPUgeneralassembly. ofthe chairman consultant, forFreeMediaUnion,afree-lancewriter andeditor,secretary council training andwas amongthe media an UNESCO as certified also is Al-Emam as ajoutnalistandchiefeditorworkingat variousweeklynewspapers. experience She isa media specialistandexpertonwomenissuesintheMiddleEast, with extensive Founder andDirector of the Arab Women MediaCentre(AWMC) in Amman, Jordan. International Relations. of theUseForcein of theProhibition the Principle Committee onEnhancing Special of theUN Chairman and wasappointed took partintheCampDavidnegotiations, tothe delegation of theEgyptian head Taba Previously,negotiations. dispute El-Arabi Nations, and to theUnited ambassador MinisterofEgypt,Egyptian formerly Foreign of of theLeague Secretary-General Arab States. Ahe was diplomat, and judge trained avec quinzepenseursduMaroc’ (WithD.Ksikes,2014). Dialogues ‘Le métierd’intellectuel. include publications Recent and migration. citizenship transformations, on issuesrelatedtosocialmovements, socio-political experience networks, withresearch to national from local nationalism of Moroccan the emergence (EGE). She holdsa PhD inpoliticalsciencefrom Hassan II University in Casablancaon de Rabat’et d’Economie de Gouvernance at the‘Ecole project manager Professor and in interculturalmediation. projectsandinvolved international managing cooperation, development in international sheisanexpert management, projects a Masterforcultural and inarcheology a degree Westwww.mediteu.org.platform of theweb the coordination including –‘Paralleli’, With InstituteoftheNorth with theEuro-Mediterranean projects, incollaboration Runs several Trainer in the field of social and European planning on behalf of various Italian organisations. The Anna Lindh Report 2014

ANNEXES 130 ANNEXES 131 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Štefan FÜLE TEVFİK BAŞAKERSEN Dina EL-KHAWAGA Juan DÍEZ-NICOLAS Andreu CLARET RESTO Juan F. CARABALLO- Michèle CAPASSO Anis BOUFRIKHA Representative ofhiscountrytoNATO. nation’s asthePermanent appointed before being Ambassador totheUnitedKingdom the Ministry in Prague,andas Czech Ambassador to Lithuania. Hehadservedasthe to the UN, of theCzechRepublic Mission as FirstSecretary of Permanent serving has heldseveralpositionswithin theMinistryof Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic, Policy.Neighbourhood andEuropean forEnlargement EU Commissioner Hepreviously legislation improvement,andsocialentrepreneurshipdevelopment. non-profit the in building sector, for NGOs, public sector-civil societypartnership,legalreformandlobbyingtax capacity as such subjects on reports and significant articles a of written number has he entities, different to legislation foundation and association member.of Foundations as aCouncil served he on expertise his from providing Aside Secretary Generalof of Third SectorFoundation Turkey2008-2011, (TUSEV),between and the Arab ResearchSupportProgram(ARSP). based in Paris whereshenowrunstwo programmes: SocialMovements Working Group; political sciences at CSELD. Joinedthe Arab ReformInitiative(ARI), a researchcenter the FordFoundationandOpenSocietyFoundation, and directedtheunitof including organisations, cooperation international in working in Paris.Shespentalmostadecade Professor,Studies the Institute of Political and University fromCairo degrees withgraduate Intercultural Dialogue,chairedbyRomanoProdi. European Union).Hewasalsoamemberofthe2003High-Level Advisory Groupon Arab Trans-Social andPolitical Transformations inthe Arab World (FP-7 program ofthe of Madrid,UNED, and theComplutenseofMadrid. At present he is Deputychair for the ofMalaga, the Universities University ofMadrid.Over35yearshehaschaired Autonomous inSocialSciences and SecurityattheEuropean Director oftheChairforResearch of theBoardDirectorsforFoundationFuture. cooperation. Heis in North-SouthrelationsandMediterranean also a specialised member (IEMed), Mediterranean basedinSpain,andasananalystofaffairsinternational has Central Institute ofthe of theEuropean Director was also Claret Catalonia. and America he hasbeenDirectoroftheSpanishNews Agency (EFE)forSub-Saharan Africa, Executive Directorofthe Anna LindhFoundationsinceJuly2008. As aformerjournalist religious experience,fundamentalismandsecularism,questionsofpower. Latin Europe, and differentengaged America. Hisworkhasincreasingly to approaches East, WesternMiddle throughout—the in—and migrating living Muslim communities in the interest with particular of religion the anthropology on His researchisfocused worked as a Research Associate at the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith StudiesinJordan. Visiting Professor of Cultural Anthropology at the University of Puerto Rico,andhas different organising been has Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. Capasso then Since 1994. on the many articlesandbooks published projects, andhasalso and social programmes in peace and dialogue of intercultural to thepromotion himself to devote the decision of theworld,beforetaking painter, architect andengineer, carrying outmorethan500projects invariouscountries Italy.Napoli, in Mediterraneo of Fondazione President as aphotographer,worked has He Voices’ and‘Dawrak:CitizensforDialogue’. in programmes of twoitsregional and coordinator Foundation Tunisia;‘Young Arab of the is theHead Boufrikha Tunisiansociety networkofthe civil national Lindh Anna inthecityofSoussethroughoutreachprojectsandvolunteeractivities. living environment of the Tunisian‘Wedivision loveSousse’the is aprojectthataimstoimprove which ‘WeFounder oftheinternational love’network, andfounderpresident association Meriem JERBI Jody JENSEN Zina ISHAQ-NIMRI Eleonora INSALACO Marco IANNIELLO Anne HERHOLDT Cengiz GÜNAY Marjon GOETINCK Professor of sociology and Director of the Maghreb Europe Institute at the University of Institute atthe University Europe Director oftheMaghreb and Professor ofsociology programmes inMauritaniaand Tunisia. development UN-financed on posts management included differenthas in this countries; experience of more than 15 years in the development field with international organisations Egypt. Her academictrainingwas insocialgovernance,complementedbya professional programmeswithemerging CSOs directing capacity-building in including Tunisia and for at theCentre Manager Project WomenArab for Training(CAWTAR),Research and state, governingglobalmarketsandcivilsociety. transformation ofthenation governance, global globalisation, and publicationinclude programme on international relations and European studies. Her major fields of research Studies, shedirectsthe European and of theInstituteSocial Founder of Budapest. economics attheCorvinusUniversity Sciences, andassistantprofessorininternational at theHungarian Sciences at theInstituteofPolitical fellow research Senior Academy of and isproductionmanageroftheBulletinRoyalInstitute. (URI) Initiative Religion United to affiliated is She planning. strategy and empowerment mobility,development, and youth communication, citizenship, cohesion, community civil societynetworking in interfaithdialogue, with over15yearsofexpertise inception, at RIIFS indifferentfor Inter-FaithStudies(RIIFS).Shehasworked since its capacities Network of of theJordanian Coordinator Institute at theRoyal Foundation, Anna Lindh studies andglobalcitizenshipeducation. College of Europe, with academic expertise in the fields of Euro-Med cooperation, Islamic of itsoperations.Sheisagraduatethe and evaluation and themonitoring programmes media and of thestrategiccultural,education she ischarge in 2005, its inception since of the headquarters at theinternational WorkingFoundation. Anna Lindh attheFoundation of the Coordinator Intercultural Report on Lindh Anna Trends,manager andProgrammes Germany andPaduainItaly. previously graduatedinstudiesonandhistoryof roman philology Art from in Heidelberg fields of migration, media, and other matters pertaining to intercultural dialogue. Inanniello in the publications various launching and to developing he hascontributed writer and Studies attheKarlsruheInstituteof Technology(KIT) basedinGermany. As aneditor has beenworkingattheZAK Since 2012,IannielloCentreforCulturalandGeneral of creativeactivisminEgypt. of thehistoric wake forms to dohermasterthesisonthenew shedecided Arab uprisings, East, andinthe Denmark. Since2009herstudiesandinterestturnedtowardstheMiddle in University from Roskilde development international and encounters of cultural studies of Networkforthe co-Head within the She hasabackground Foundation. Anna Lindh Project Coordinatorat the Danish Centrefor Culture andDevelopmentthe Danish Eastern affairs innationalandinternationalmedia. papers onthesequestions,andisalsoacommentator and policy on Turkish andMiddle Turkey andthe Arab MiddleEast.awiderangeofarticles,analyses Günay haspublished transformation processesandthequestionoffocuslieson democratisation. Hisregional socio-economic reforms, political Islam, are research of fields His Vienna. of University at the Senior Fellow Austrian InstituteforInternational Affairs, andlectureratthe the pastyearsindomainofyouthandculture,includingBelgiumPalestine. East andNorth of theMiddle and Cultures during onprogrammes Africa’, andhasworked (MEDEA). Sheholdsofamastersdegreein‘StudiesLanguages Arab Cooperation at Manager Project and Euro- and Mediterranean on Institute forResearch The European civil societynetwork ofthe national of theBelgian Coordinator Foundation, Anna Lindh The Anna Lindh Report 2014

ANNEXES 132 ANNEXES 133 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Ayman OKEIL Ferenc MISZLIVETZ Antoine MESSARRA Robert MANCHIN Ann LUTTRELL Robert KUSEK Jamal KHALIL Aissa KADRI Director of the ZAK Centre for Cultural and General Studies at the Karlsruhe Institute at the Karlsruhe Studies and General for Cultural of the ZAKCentre Director Egyptian andInternationalCSOs. of many ofthe advisor rights. Okeilisalegal human for protecting mechanisms and instruments international andgoodlocalgovernance, issues relatedtodecentralization and Capacity Building Consultant since2005,as well as a lecturerandinstructoron Network ofthe of theEgyptiannational Anna LindhFoundation. A Development, Training Rights, andcoordinator and Human at MaatforPeace,Development Manager General society andEasternEuropeandemocratictransition. Integration Studies at the widely oncivil Corvinus University Budapest,hehaspublished at Sustainability ISES. Academic program directorof the Institute for Global andEuropean and Heritage Management in Cultural a UNESCOChair holds Monnet Professorand Academyof Hungarian at the Sciences Science andfounderpresidentof the boardofISES Foundation. HeisaJean forPolitical the Institute at advisor Scientific Lebanese University, the between a cooperation journalism, of aMasterinfrancophone is acoordinator Council. As Messaraworkedfor journalist Le Jour, L’Orient-Le Jour, among others, and and amemberofthe Council memberinLebanon Anna LindhFoundation’s Advisory Peace. HeisaConstitutional for PermanentCivil Foundation founder ofLebanese and University (1976-2010) and Saint-Joseph University Professor attheLebanese of GallupEurope. Director and Managing Princeton, andthenChairman President ofGallupOrganisation, ViceSenior was he 2014 till 1990 From books. of number a co-authored has and Music, of Academy Liszt Ferenc the and Economics of University Marx Karl the finishing after at theHungarian hiscareerattheInstituteofSociology He began Academy ofSciences organisation. consulting think tankand Nova Director ofEuropa Managing and President Network andisamemberofthe Advisory Council. forthe coordinator currently Sheisalso seminars. international managing ALF Ireland involved settingupsistercity relationship betweencitiesintheU.S. and Chinaproject there projects Her U.S. the in sector nonprofit the in working includes experience prior for theCorkWorldprogrammer in BookFestivalheld April eachyearsince2005.Her and outreacheventsat for education Responsible Triskel Arts Centre,Cork,Ireland,and Cultural CentreinKraków. of the Coordinator ofPolish the position holds at theInternational Foundation, Anna Lindh co-edited severalvolumesofarticlesandwrittenovertwentyacademicpapers.Kusek He has communication. poeticsofmemoryandlossintercultural life writinggenres, Institute of University,English Studies,Jagiellonian Kraków. His researchinterestsinclude Assistant ProfessorinthesectionofLiteraryandCulturalStudiesat Comparative the dans lavilleoùvulnérabilitédesouvrières’. ‘Vivre severalstudies,including: recently published la violence à Casablanca, déscolarisé and has organisations, social movements.Khalilworksasanexpertwithinternational includes culture, art, symbolism, exclusion, migration,insecurity, disability, sexuality and also interests research his while sciences, social and sociology of fields the in lies focus Professor of Sociology at the Universityof Hassan II Casablanca. His mainacademic with socialmovementsinthe Arab world. dealing 7universities, comprising in aconsortium of excellence programme European social movements,andhuman rights.Hecurrentlycoordinatesthe ‘Arab Sring`’,a intelligentsia, and of intellectuals the issue on particular in region, the Maghreb within systems andmigration on educational research focusesmailny Paris 8.Hisacademic Claire SPENCER Andrew SPATH Sara SILVESTRI SZELIGA Joanna SANETRA- Necdet SAGLAM Larbi SADIKI Maria-Angels ROQUE VON TROTHA Y.Caroline ROBERTSON- Director ofthe SchoolofGovernanceand EconomicsofRabat.Professor ofpolitical particular emphasisnowonpost-2011 transitions. has workedonNorth issues sincetheearly1980s,witha African andMediterranean broader MiddleEast, in addition to her coreresearchinterestinNorth Africa. Dr. Spencer and the Iran, Israel-Palestine on USandEUpolicy towardstheMediterranean, widely East. Shehaswrittenandcommented to theMiddle relating all researchandpublications Head oftheMiddleEastandNorth for Africa ProgrammeChathamHouse,responsible on thedevelopmentofcivilsociety. fellowships in Jordan from 2012-2014, he is researching the effect of leadership succession in the activism andcivilsocietydevelopment Arab World. WithFulbrightandBoren society andModelUnitedNations.Hisresearchprojects focusonsocialandpolitical research fellowinJordan. At Rutgers, he teachescoursesonMiddleEast politics and PhD Candidateinpoliticalscience at Rutgers Universityand Fulbright Haysdissertation Policy CentreinBrussels. immigrants’ integration, andsecurity. She hasbeenaSenior Advisor withtheEuropean in the Muslim identitypoliticsandpublicpoliciestowardsreligionEU, faith-based networks, Von HuegelInstitute. Dr. Silverstri’s concern researchandpublications interdisciplinary at the policy programme and public the religion leading ofCambridge, at theUniversity Lecturer Affiliated and London University City at Politics International in Lecturer Senior PhDcandidate attheKrakówUniversityofEconomics. cultural policy,dialogue. and intercultural development roleofcultureinsocio-economic of the coordinator in Poland. Foundation Anna Lindh on EU Author ofpublications in Kraków; Centre Cultural in theInternational 2005. Currentlychiefspecialist since on theEuropean coordinator (2003-2005), Poland Affairs UnitintheMinistryofCulture lecturer.university and manager Cultural in programme of theCulture2000 Coordinator the governmental,privateandNGOssector, deliveringtrainings. publications, books,articlesandteachingmaterialonNGOs, SMEs, IFRS. He worksfor Company. Was a former trainee of the European Union.Saglamhasauthoredmany network of the Anna Lindh Foundation.Heisthe director of 2N InnovationR&DResearch Association Of Civil Societyand Development Institute and coordinator of the Turkish Professor ofBusiness at Administration University in Anadolu Turkey andDirectorof holds aPhDfromthe Australian NationalUniversity. with specialreferencetothe Arab World, andmorerecentlyon Arab revolutions.Sadiki culture ofthe and democracy Arab andMuslimworld.Expertindemocratictransitions UK, and taughtatof the University Westminster from subjectsranging IRto politics and University. UniversityofExeter,Science Department, PreviouslybasedatthePolitical Professor in attheDepartmentofInternational Arab Democratisation Affairs, Qatar Professor ininternationaluniversitiesandresearchcenters. in (CSIC) Científicas Investigaciones de Cultural and She hasaPhDinSocial Barcelona. Anthropology,Visiting andhasbeen Superior Consejo the at worked Previously 2000. since seashores both Mediterranean between dialogue to strengthenintercultural dedicated de laMediterrània, (IEMed),, anddirectoroftherevueQuaderns Mediterranean Institute ofthe Society attheEuropean Director oftheDepartmentCulturesandCivil Culture andForeignPolicy(WIKA).. area ‘Technology, Culture, andSociety,of the andchairwoman for Academic Council Committee of the German UNESCOCommission,spokeswomanof the KIT competence coordinator of the Germannetworkof the Anna LindhFoundation, memberof the Culture of Technology (KIT) in Germany, and professorof sociology andculturalstudies.Sheis The Anna Lindh Report 2014

ANNEXES 134 ANNEXES 135 The Anna Lindh Report 2014 Swenja ZAREMBA TOZYMohamed Fondation EspaceduSavoirEurope–Méditerranée. for in theproject EuroMedMemoria-Carte participates topics. Shepresently Arab cultural Degree inScienceof Literature and Journalism.In her researchsheaddressesEuro- Studies attheKarlsruheInstituteof Technology(KIT) inGermany. She holdsaMaster’s and Research Management and General Assistant attheZAK|CentreforCultural of theGermannetwork Co-Coordinator and Project Anna LindhFoundation European Network Analysis PoliticalSocieties. the of Council Scientific the of member is He USAID. and FAO as such organizations, for Laboratoryof Mediterranean Sociology andasanexpertconsultantto international He is a specialist onMoroccan Islamist movements. Tozy alsoworksasa researcher science at the University HassanIIandthe in CasablancaUniversityof Aix enProvence. An initiative of

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