DOCSLIB.ORG

Econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Scheumann, Waltina (Ed.); Herrfahrdt-Pähle, Elke (Ed.) Research Report Conceptualizing cooperation on Africa's transboundary groundwater resources Studies, No. 32 Provided in Cooperation with: German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn Suggested Citation: Scheumann, Waltina (Ed.); Herrfahrdt-Pähle, Elke (Ed.) (2008) : Conceptualizing cooperation on Africa's transboundary groundwater resources, Studies, No. 32, ISBN 978-3-88985-364-6, Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/199157 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Conceptualizing cooperation on Africa’s transboundary groundwater resources German Development Institute (DIE) The German Development Institute (DIE) is a multidisciplinary research, consul- tancy and training institute for Germany’s bilateral and for multilateral develop- ment co-operation. On the basis of independent research, it acts as consultant to public institutions in Germany and abroad on current issues of co-operation be- tween developed and developing countries. Through its 9-months training course, the German Development Institute prepares German and European University graduates for a career in the field of development policy. Editors: Waltina Scheumann E-Mail: [email protected] Elke Herrfahrdt-Pähle E-Mail: [email protected] Studies Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik 32 Conceptualizing cooperation on Africa’s transboundary groundwater resources Waltina Scheumann / Elke Herrfahrdt-Pähle (Editors) With contributions from Marianne Alker Malte Grossmann Elke Herrfahrdt-Pähle Waltina Scheumann Oscar Schmidt Theresa Steyrer Insa Theesfeld Study of the research and consultancy project "Conceptualizing cooperation on Africa’s transboundary groundwater resources" on behalf of the Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) Bonn 2008 Studies / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik ISSN 1860-0468 Conceptualizing cooperation on Africa’s transboundary groundwater resources / Waltina Scheumann …(eds.) With contributions from Marianne Alker … Study of the research and consultancy project “Cooperation on Africa’s trans- boundary groundwater resources” on behalf of the Ministry for Economic Coop- eration and Development (BMZ). – Bonn : Dt. Inst. für Entwicklungspolitik, 2008. – (Studies / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik ; 32) ISBN 978-3-88985-364-6 Enthält: Conceptualizing cooperation on Africa’s transboundary aquifer systems / Waltina Scheumann ; Elke Herrfahrdt-Pähle. – Findings of the case studies / Wal- tina Scheumann ; Elke Herrfahrdt-Pähle. – Recommendations for development cooperation / Waltina Scheumann ; Elke Herrfahrdt-Pähle ; Insa Theesfeld. – The Kilimanjaro Aquifer / Malte Grossmann. – The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System / Marianne Alker. – The Stampriet Artesian Aquifer Basin / Marianne Alker. – The North-West Sahara Aquifer System / Oscar Schmidt. – The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System / Marianne Alker. – Data screening: the five African transbound- ary aquifer systems / Waltina Scheumann ; Oscar Schmidt. – Institutional aspects of groundwater governance / Insa Theesfeld. – Transboundary groundwater man- agement – non-African case studies / Theresa Steyrer. © Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik gGmbH Tulpenfeld 6, 53113 Bonn ℡ +49 (0)228 94927-0 +49 (0)228 94927-130 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.die-gdi.de Preface The present volume is the outcome of a research project on “Trans- boundary Groundwater Resource Management in Africa”. Like its fore- runner, “Transboundary Water Resources Management in Africa” (Scheumann / Neubert 2006), it was carried out under the aegis of the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). Whereas the first study focused on rivers and lakes to the exclu- sion of groundwater resources in Africa, the second undertook to docu- ment and analyze transboundary efforts at cooperation in the management of transboundary groundwater resources in Africa. Compared to the immense body of literature on cooperative management of international surface waters, studies which attempt to conceptualize cooperation in the management of transboundary aquifers are few and far between. As a consequence, the project described here was designed to contribute facts and ideas to the ongoing international discussion on trans- boundary groundwater management in Africa. The major objectives of this BMZ-funded project may be defined as fol- lows: — To assess typical riparian constellations — To identify specific cooperation problems — To identify transboundary impacts deriving from national groundwa- ter uses — To identify cooperation mechanisms and discuss cooperation models — To develop recommendations for German development cooperation. The project components — Conceptual notes — Findings based on evidence from Africa — Recommendations for German development cooperation — A literature-based screening of the African transboundary aquifer systems — Case studies, namely the Kilimanjaro Mountain Aquifer, the Lake Chad Basin Aquifer, the North-West Sahara Aquifer System, the Nu- bian Sandstone Aquifer System and the Stampriet Artesian Aquifer Basin — An analytical discussion of “Institutional aspects of groundwater governance” The project was conducted from January to October 2007 under the super- vision of the German Development Institute (DIE), Bonn. Due to limited financial resources, all project components are the result of desk studies. The team members Waltina Scheumann (DIE, Bonn), Elke Herrfahrdt-Pähle (DIE, Bonn), Marianne Alker (DIE, Bonn), Insa Theesfeld (Leibniz Institute of Agricul- tural Development in Central and Eastern Europe, Halle), Malte Grossmann (University of Technology, Berlin), Oscar Schmidt (Humboldt University, Berlin), and Theresa Steyrer (Center for Development Re- search, Bonn). Valuable support and input were provided not only by regional partners in Africa but also by the reviewers (Volkmar Hartje and Annika Kramer), Shammi Puri (ISARM), Alice Aureli (UNESCO-IHP), the BMZ and by various German agencies for development cooperation, including the Fed- eral Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), and the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW). Contents Abbreviations Introduction 1 Part A: Analytical background and findings 9 Waltina Scheumann Conceptualizing cooperation on Africa’s transboundary aquifer systems 11 Waltina Scheumann / Elke Herrfahrdt-Pähle Findings of the case studies 35 Waltina Scheumann / Elke Herrfahrdt-Pähle / Insa Theesfeld Recommendations for German development cooperation 63 Part B: The African case studies 83 Malte Grossmann The Kilimanjaro Aquifer 87 Marianne Alker The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System 125 Marianne Alker The Stampriet Artesian Aquifer Basin 165 Oscar Schmidt The North-West Sahara Aquifer System 203 Marianne Alker The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System 231 Waltina Scheumann / Oscar Schmidt Data screening of the five African case studies 275 Part C: International experience 303 Insa Theesfeld Institutional aspects of groundwater governance 305 Theresa Steyrer Transboundary groundwater management – non-African case studies 339 Authors 374 Abbreviations AfDB African Development Bank AFW African Wildlife Foundation AMCOW African Ministers’ Council on Water AMO Aquifer Management Organisations ANBO African Network of Basin Organisations asl above sea level BCM Billion cubic meters BECC Border Environment Cooperation Commission BGR Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe / Federal Institute for Geo-sciences and Natural Resources BMBF Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung / German Federal Ministry of Education and Research BMZ Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung / German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development CAAC Catchment Area Advisory Committee CAR Central African Republic CDA Coast Development Community CEDARE Center for Environment and Development in the Arab Region and Europe CI Continental Intercalaire CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CILA Comisión Internacional de Limites y Aguas CNC Costs of non-cooperation CPI Corruption Perception Index CT Complexe Terminal DANIDA Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Technical
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Martian Crater Morphology
    ANALYSIS OF THE DEPTH-DIAMETER RELATIONSHIP OF MARTIAN CRATERS A Capstone Experience Thesis Presented by Jared Howenstine Completion Date: May 2006 Approved By: Professor M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Professor Christopher Condit, Geology Professor Judith Young, Astronomy Abstract Title: Analysis of the Depth-Diameter Relationship of Martian Craters Author: Jared Howenstine, Astronomy Approved By: Judith Young, Astronomy Approved By: M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Approved By: Christopher Condit, Geology CE Type: Departmental Honors Project Using a gridded version of maritan topography with the computer program Gridview, this project studied the depth-diameter relationship of martian impact craters. The work encompasses 361 profiles of impacts with diameters larger than 15 kilometers and is a continuation of work that was started at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas under the guidance of Dr. Walter S. Keifer. Using the most ‘pristine,’ or deepest craters in the data a depth-diameter relationship was determined: d = 0.610D 0.327 , where d is the depth of the crater and D is the diameter of the crater, both in kilometers. This relationship can then be used to estimate the theoretical depth of any impact radius, and therefore can be used to estimate the pristine shape of the crater. With a depth-diameter ratio for a particular crater, the measured depth can then be compared to this theoretical value and an estimate of the amount of material within the crater, or fill, can then be calculated. The data includes 140 named impact craters, 3 basins, and 218 other impacts. The named data encompasses all named impact structures of greater than 100 kilometers in diameter.
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Mapping of Vinogradov Crater on Mars: Ancient Phyllosilicates to Alluvial Fans
    45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014) 2382.pdf GEOLOGIC MAPPING OF VINOGRADOV CRATER ON MARS: ANCIENT PHYLLOSILICATES TO ALLUVIAL FANS. S. A. Wilson1, J. A. Grant1, C. M. Weitz2 and R. P. Irwin1 1Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, 6th St. at Independence Ave. SW, Washington, DC, 20560 ([email protected]), 2Planetary Science Institute, 1700 E Fort Lowell, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ 85719. Introduction: Southern Margaritifer Terra on Mars preserves a long geologic history of water-related activity (Fig. 1). The northward-draining Uzboi– Ladon–Morava (ULM) outflow system dominates drainage in southwest Margaritifer Terra [1-4] and was incised during the Late Noachian to Hesperian [2]. Holden crater formed in the mid to Late Hesperian [5] and blocked the northern end of Uzboi, creating an enclosed basin that filled as a large paleolake [6]. The geology of Vinogradov crater and vicinity, located ~200 km west of Ladon basin and 250 km northwest of Holden crater (Fig. 1), is consistent with the long and diverse history of water in the region to the east [5]. Figure 2. Vinogradov crater is flanked by fan-bearing craters Roddy (D=85.8km; 21.7ºS, 320.6ºE), Gringauz (D=71.0km; 20.7ºS, 324.3ºE) and Luba (D=38.8km, 18.3ºS, 323ºE). Phyllosilicates are found in the depression (dashed line) between ejecta from Roddy and Gringauz (Fig. 3). MOLA 128 pixel/degree with 25 m contours over THEMIS daytime IR mosaic. Figure 1. Southern Margaritifer Terra indicating major place names. Stars show craters containing alluvial fans [7-8].
    [Show full text]
  • Large Impact Crater Histories of Mars: the Effect of Different Model Crater Age Techniques ⇑ Stuart J
    Icarus 225 (2013) 173–184 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Icarus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Large impact crater histories of Mars: The effect of different model crater age techniques ⇑ Stuart J. Robbins a, , Brian M. Hynek a,b, Robert J. Lillis c, William F. Bottke d a Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, 3665 Discovery Drive, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States b Department of Geological Sciences, 3665 Discovery Drive, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States c UC Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States d Southwest Research Institute and NASA Lunar Science Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302, United States article info abstract Article history: Impact events that produce large craters primarily occurred early in the Solar System’s history because Received 25 June 2012 the largest bolides were remnants from planet ary formation .Determi ning when large impacts occurred Revised 6 February 2013 on a planetary surface such as Mars can yield clues to the flux of material in the early inner Solar System Accepted 25 March 2013 which, in turn, can constrain other planet ary processes such as the timing and magnitude of resur facing Available online 3 April 2013 and the history of the martian core dynamo. We have used a large, global planetary databas ein conjunc- tion with geomorpholog icmapping to identify craters superposed on the rims of 78 larger craters with Keywords: diameters D P 150 km on Mars, 78% of which have not been previously dated in this manner.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prophecy That Is Shaping History
    The Prophecy That Is Shaping History: New Research on Ezekiel’s Vision of the End Jon Mark Ruthven, PhD Ihab Griess, PhD Xulon Press 11350 Random Hills Drive #800 Fairfax, Virginia 22030 Copyright Jon Mark Ruthven © 2003 In memoriam Pamela Jessie Ruthven PhD, LCSW 26 March 1952 – 9 April 2001 Wife, mother, and faithful friend i Preface Great events in history often gather momentum and power long before they are recognized by the experts and commentators on world affairs. Easily one of the most neglected but powerfully galvanizing forces shaping history in the world today is the prophecy of Gog and Magog from the 38th and 39th chapters of the book of Ezekiel. This prophecy from the Jewish-Christian Bible has molded geo-politics, not only with- in the United States and the West but also, to an amazing degree, in the Muslim world as well. It seems that, millennia ago, Ezekiel’s vision actually named the nation which millions today believe plays the major role in this prophecy: the nation of Russia. Many modern scholars have dismissed Ezekiel’s Gog and Magog prophecy as a mystical apocalypse written to vindicate the ancient claims of a minor country’s deity. The very notion of such a prediction—that semi-mythical and unrelated nations that dwelt on the fringes of Israel’s geographical consciousness 2,500 years ago would, “in the latter days,” suddenly coalesce into a tidal wave of opposition to a newly regathered state of Jews—seems utterly incredible to a modern mentality. Such a scenario, the experts say, belongs only to the fundamentalist “pop religion” of The Late, Great Planet Earth and of TV evangelists.
    [Show full text]
  • Peter Weiss. Andrei Platonov. Ragnvald Blix. Georg Henrik Von Wright. Adam Michnik
    A quarterly scholarly journal and news magazine. March 2011. Vol IV:1 From the Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES) Södertörn University, Stockholm FEATURE. Steklov – Russian BALTIC temple of pure thought W O Rbalticworlds.com L D S COPING WITH TRANSITIONS PETER WEISS. ANDREI PLATONOV. RAGNVALD BLIX. GEORG HENRIK VON WRIGHT. ADAM MICHNIK. SLAVENKA DRAKULIĆ. Sixty pages BETRAYED GDR REVOLUTION? / EVERYDAY BELARUS / WAVE OF RELIGION IN ALBANIA / RUSSIAN FINANCIAL MARKETS 2short takes Memory and manipulation. Transliteration. Is anyone’s suffering more important than anyone else’s? Art and science – and then some “IF YOU WANT TO START a war, call me. Transliteration is both art and science CH I know all about how it's done”, says – and, in many cases, politics. Whether MÄ author Slavenka Drakulić with a touch царь should be written as tsar, tzar, ANNA of gallows humor during “Memory and czar, or csar may not be a particu- : H Manipulation: Religion as Politics in the larly sensitive political matter today, HOTO Balkans”, a symposium held in Lund, but the question of the transliteration P Sweden, on December 2, 2010. of the name of the current president This issue of the journal includes a of Belarus is exceedingly delicate. contribution from Drakulić (pp. 55–57) First, and perhaps most important: in which she claims that top-down gov- which name? Both the Belarusian ernance, which started the war, is also Аляксандр Лукашэнка, and the Rus- the path to reconciliation in the region. sian Александр Лукашенко are in use. Balkan experts attending the sympo- (And, while we’re at it, should that be sium agree that the war was directed Belarusian, or Belarussian, or Belaru- from the top, and that “top-down” is san, or Byelorussian, or Belorussian?) the key to understanding how the war BW does not want to take a stand on began in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Meteoritical Society
    Meteoritical Society http://meteoriticalsociety.org 2017 ANNUAL MEETING INVITATION You are cordially invited to attend the 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, which will take place 24–28 July 2017 in Santa Fe (New Mexico, USA). The annual meeting is organized by the Institute of Meteoritics of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. It will be held at the Santa Fe Convention Center, which stays true to Santa Fe’s historic adobe architecture. Oral sessions, plenary sessions, and the public Barringer Invitational Lecture will take place in state-of-the-art auditoria of various sizes. Poster sessions will take place on-site throughout the week in dedicated rooms that open up to the beautiful courtyard of the convention center. The conference registration and the welcome party will be held Sunday, 23 July 2017, in the historic La Fonda hotel, situated on the famous The Barringer Meteorite Crater in Arizona (USA) will be visited during a 3-day post-conference fi eld-trip. Santa Fe Plaza, only minutes away from the convention center. On the afternoon of the Wednesday conference day, several excursions will be offered by which to explore the city of Santa Fe and the surrounding Santa Fe and the surrounding areas have a high concentration of artists areas (including the Santa Fe impact structure). The conference banquet who have come over the decades to capture the natural beauty of the on Wednesday evening will again be held in the beautiful La Fonda hotel. landscape, fl ora and fauna. Canyon Road has the highest concentration of art galleries in the city, and is a major destination for international The conference program will contain workshops that will precede collectors, tourists, and locals.
    [Show full text]
  • Sharon Atirah Wilson
    SHARON A. WILSON PURDY Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, MRC 315, 6th St. and Independence Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20013-7012 (p) 202.633.2489 (f) 202.786.2566 (e) [email protected] http://airandspace.si.edu/staffDetail.cfm?staffID=76 EDUCATION 2011-present University of Virginia, Ph.D., expected 2016, Environmental Sciences 2003-2005 University of Virginia, M.S., 2006, Environmental Sciences Thesis: The geomorphic and stratigraphic analysis of layered deposits in Terby crater, Mars, 152 p. 1997-2001 Middlebury College, B.A., 2001, Magna cum laude, Department of Geology Thesis: The geochemical analysis of Siluro-Devonian mafic dikes in the 15’ Woodsville quadrangle, east-central Vermont, 112 p. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 2005-present Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Washington DC & 2001-2003 Research, Image Targeting and Processing Scientist. Member of the Mars High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera team and Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover team 2006-2007 George Washington University, Geological Sciences, Washington, DC Environmental Geology Lab Instructor 2006 Northern Virginia Community College, Alexandria, VA Historical Geology Lecture and Lab Instructor University of Virginia, Department of Environmental Sciences, Charlottesville, VA 2005 Planetary Geology Lab Instructor 2003-2004 Physical Geology Lab Instructor 2001-2002 Abt Associates, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland Research Assistant/Environmental Consultant 2001 Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC Research Training Program. Used microchemical and microstructural techniques to characterize the aqueous alteration in Martian meteorites PUBLICATIONS (Peer-Reviewed) 23. Grotzinger, J. P., S. Gupta, M. C. Malin, D. M. Rubin, J. Schieber, K. Siebach, D.
    [Show full text]
  • IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA by Carroll J. Halva a Thesis Submitted To
    A geochemical investigation of "basalts" in southern Arizona Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Halva, Carroll Joe, 1938- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 09:11:23 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/553953 A GEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF "BASALTS" IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA by Carroll J. Halva A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements . For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1961 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests of permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This Thesis has been approved on the date shown below: \ Paul E.
    [Show full text]
  • Mars Atmospheric Chemistry and Methane Measurements
    Mars Atmospheric Chemistry and Methane Measurements Dr. Chris R. Webster Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology [Contributions from SAM team (PI Paul Mahaffy) including Sushil Atreya] KISS Study on Methane On Mars December 7 th - 11 th 2015 KISS Study - Methane on Mars, 1 Webster 2015 Mars Atmosphere Today • Typical surface pressures 6-8 mbar, scale height 11 km, surface temperatures ~210 K • Even when above freezing temperature, surface pressure too low for liquid water to form. • Mainly CO 2 (96%), argon-40 (2%), nitrogen (2%), oxygen (0.15%) and CO (0.06%) – Viking, SAM • Each pole in continuous darkness during winter, when up to 25% of CO 2 condenses at caps, subliming back into atmosphere in spring to produce seasonal cycles in pressure and composition. • Local dust clouds, global dust storms every 2 years, cirrus, frost- MRO • Thin ozone layer above Mars southern pole in winter • Trace gases detected: H 2O, O 3, CH 4, H 2O2, KISS Study - Methane on Mars, 2 Webster 2015 Mars Atmospheric Photochemistry • Villanueva et al. Icarus , 2012 • Atreya, Wong, Catling • Yung et al. Example of photochemical model output KISS Study - Methane on Mars, 3 Webster 2015 • Known ozone layers near surface and at 40-60 km • Montmessin and Lefevre (Nat. Geosciences 2013) use SPICAM- MEX data to discover 3 rd ozone layer at 30-70 km over southern winter pole • Recombination of O atoms from CO2 photolysis, then transport KISS Study - Methane on Mars, 4 Webster 2015 Mars Atmospheric Loss • McElroy 1972; McElroy + Nier + Yung 1976 • Viking 1976 nitrogen isotope enrichment provided evidence of atmospheric loss • Toby Owen D/H and hydrogen escape: Science 24 June 1988: 1767.
    [Show full text]
  • Topographic Map of Mars
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OPEN-FILE REPORT 02-282 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Prepared for the NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 180° 0° 55° –55° Russell Stokes 150°E NOACHIS 30°E 210°W 330°W 210°E NOTES ON BASE smooth global color look-up table. Note that the chosen color scheme simply 330°E Darwin 150°W This map is based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) 30°W — 60° represents elevation changes and is not intended to imply anything about –60° Chalcoporous v (Smith and others 2001), an instrument on NASA’s Mars Global Surveyor Milankovic surface characteristics (e.g. past or current presence of water or ice). These two (MGS) spacecraft (Albee and others 2001). The image used for the base of this files were then merged and scaled to 1:25 million for the Mercator portion and Rupes map represents more than 600 million measurements gathered between 1999 1:15,196,708 for the two Polar Stereographic portions, with a resolution of 300 and 2001, adjusted for consistency (Neumann and others 2001 and 2002) and S dots per inch. The projections have a common scale of 1:13,923,113 at ±56° TIA E T converted to planetary radii. These have been converted to elevations above the latitude. N S B LANI O A O areoid as determined from a martian gravity field solution GMM2 (Lemoine Wegener a R M S s T u and others 2001), truncated to degree and order 50, and oriented according to IS s NOMENCLATURE y I E t e M i current standards (see below).
    [Show full text]
  • (Travaux De L'aig 2007-2009).Pdf
    International Association of Geodesy TRAVAUX Volume 36 Reports 2007 – 2009 Edited for the IAG Scientific Assembly Buenos Aires, Argentina August/September 2009 Editors: H. Drewes, H. Hornik IAG Office at Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut Alfons-Goppel-Str. 11 80539 München, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Webpage: http://iag.dgfi.badw.de 2 Contents Introduction 5 Commission 1 – Reference Frames 7 Commission 2 – Gravity Field 81 Commission 3 – Earth Rotation and Geodynamics 141 Commission 4 – Positioning and Applications 157 Inter-Commission Committee on Theory (ICCT) 193 Communication and Outreach Branch (COB) 224 Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) 229 Bureau International de Poids et Mesures (BIPM) 231 International Altimetry Service (IAS) 243 International Bibliography Service (IBS) 247 International Centre for Earth Tides (ICET) 249 International Centre for Global Earth Models (ICGEM) 251 International Digital Elevation Model Service (IDEMS) 259 International DORIS Service (IDS) 261 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems’ Service (IERS) 267 International Geoid Service (IGeS) 271 International GNSS Service (IGS) 281 International Gravimetric Bureau (BGI) 283 International Gravity Field Service (IGFS) 293 International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) 295 International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) 311 Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) 321 Meeting and Annual Reports 329 3 4 Introduction The reports of the International Association of Geodesy are published continuously since 1923 (Tome 1). At the beginning these reports were called “Travaux de la Section de Géodésie de l’Union Géodésique et Géophysique Internationale“, and since 1938 “Travaux de l’Association de Géodésie”. They were published on occasion of the IUGG General Assemblies, which were held every three years until 1963, and since then every four years.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix:. Maps of the Terrestrial Planets
    APPENDIX Maps of the Terrestrial Planets Mercury SOUTH POLAR REGION SCALE 1 8388000 AT 56' LATITUDE POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION i \ \ \ \ .. \. 200 KILOMETERS 400 600 800 1000 NORTH POLAR REGION Mercury North 0 ZW KILOMETERS 400 600 800 1000 2W0 257. I 550. , 140. / / f30. r20. * / - - I +I". 1 1 / / / I North -GO'7 South SCALE 1 50000MO llmm 50 kml AT 0 LlT4TUDE MERCATOR PROlECTlON CONTOUR PLANET ELEVATION RADIUS l~~lornererrl IU~lometerrl 6063 Earth North Pole 278 South Pole 279 Earth Moon ' 1 "'rnl",,, , 'f 4 .I-.%, + I/>, ,,, /!v~00xu3 \\' 345 ! , , , 15 (15WI 0 NORTH POLAR REGION Moon Mars NORTH POLAR REGION Polar cap 81 11apparld on August 4. 1972 SOUTH POLAR REGION Polar cap as 11 sSWrd on February 28 1972 287 Mars 4u-t-t PLAt$ITIA F South SCALE 1 25.0m.0m A7 0' LATITUDE 1 12.549 CCO IT M' LATITUDE MERCITOR PROJLCTON m lorn ern CONTOUR lNTERYltL I KlLOMETRE 288 REFERENCES CHAPTER 1 Burns, J. A., 1976. Consequences of tidal slowing of Mercury: Icarus, v. 28, pp. 453-458. Beatty, J. K., B. O'Leary, and A. Chaikin, 1981. The New Solar Carr, M. H., L. S. Crumpler, J. A. Cutts, R. Greeley, J. E. System: Sky Publishing Corp., Cambridge, Mass. Guest, and H. Masursky, 1977. Martian impact craters and Shoemaker, E. M., 1962. Interpretation of lunar craters: Physics emplacement of ejecta by surface flow: J. Geophys. Res., v. 82, and Astronomy of the Moon (Kopal, Z., ed.), Academic Press, p. 4055. N.Y., pp. 283-359. Chapman, C. R., 1976. Chronology of terrestrial planet evolu- Shoemaker, E.
    [Show full text]